The document provides an overview of the government and politics of Romania. It discusses Romania's semi-presidential system and notes that executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is shared between the government and the two chambers of parliament. It also summarizes the role of the president, prime minister, and various governmental bodies like the parliament, constitutional court, and local governments.
The document summarizes the government and politics of Armenia. It describes Armenia as a presidential republic with executive power held by the government led by a president. Legislative power is shared by the government and the unicameral National Assembly. The president appoints the prime minister and government members. Elections have been criticized for deficiencies but opposition is able to campaign. Corruption remains an issue. The capital is Yerevan and Armenia is divided into 11 provinces for administration.
Probation and Probation Services in the EU accession countries, Chapter II, Probation in Bulgaria, author Daniel Stoyanov.
The Chapter describes the probation activities and the stage of Probation developments up to 2002. The book is the first from the series of CEP Probation in Europe.
Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy where the Prince and democratically elected parliament share power. It has a two-party system dominated by the conservative Progressive Citizens' Party and the liberal-conservative Patriotic Union. The Prince serves as head of state and has extensive political powers, while the cabinet exercises executive power and the parliament legislative power. Citizens also have strong direct democratic rights through referendums.
The document summarizes the political system and government of Albania. It outlines that Albania has a parliamentary representative democracy where the prime minister heads the government and multi-party system. Executive power lies with the Council of Ministers while legislative power is shared between the government and the Assembly of the Republic of Albania. The two dominant political parties are the Democratic Party of Albania and the Socialist Party of Albania.
Croatia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The President serves as head of state and is elected to a 5-year term, while the Prime Minister leads the government as head of the executive branch. Legislative power lies with the unicameral Sabor parliament. The judiciary is independent and Croatia has a three-tiered court system headed by the Supreme Court. The current President and Prime Minister are Ivo Josipović and Zoran Milanović, respectively.
The document summarizes the government and politics of Armenia. It describes Armenia as a presidential republic with executive power held by the government led by a president. Legislative power is shared by the government and the unicameral National Assembly. The president appoints the prime minister and government members. Elections have been criticized for deficiencies but opposition is able to campaign. Corruption remains an issue. The capital is Yerevan and Armenia is divided into 11 provinces for administration.
Probation and Probation Services in the EU accession countries, Chapter II, Probation in Bulgaria, author Daniel Stoyanov.
The Chapter describes the probation activities and the stage of Probation developments up to 2002. The book is the first from the series of CEP Probation in Europe.
Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy where the Prince and democratically elected parliament share power. It has a two-party system dominated by the conservative Progressive Citizens' Party and the liberal-conservative Patriotic Union. The Prince serves as head of state and has extensive political powers, while the cabinet exercises executive power and the parliament legislative power. Citizens also have strong direct democratic rights through referendums.
The document summarizes the political system and government of Albania. It outlines that Albania has a parliamentary representative democracy where the prime minister heads the government and multi-party system. Executive power lies with the Council of Ministers while legislative power is shared between the government and the Assembly of the Republic of Albania. The two dominant political parties are the Democratic Party of Albania and the Socialist Party of Albania.
Croatia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The President serves as head of state and is elected to a 5-year term, while the Prime Minister leads the government as head of the executive branch. Legislative power lies with the unicameral Sabor parliament. The judiciary is independent and Croatia has a three-tiered court system headed by the Supreme Court. The current President and Prime Minister are Ivo Josipović and Zoran Milanović, respectively.
Malaysia has a federal constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is selected from nine hereditary sultans and serves a five-year term. Executive power lies with the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives. The bicameral parliament consists of the House of Representatives and Senate. The judiciary is headed by the Federal Court, with lower courts including Sessions Courts and Magistrates' Courts. Malaysia is divided into states and federal territories at the local level, each with their own constitution and legislative assembly.
The Government of Pakistan is a central i.e. Federal government that is established under the constitution of Pakistan. Under the constitution of Pakistan a federal government represents the authority of four provinces and conventional parliamentary democratic state, which is collectively called as the State of Pakistan.
Malaysia has a federal constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is selected from nine hereditary sultans and serves a five-year term. Executive power lies with the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority party. The bicameral parliament consists of the House of Representatives and Senate. The judiciary is headed by the Federal Court, with lower courts including Sessions Courts and Magistrates' Courts. Malaysia is divided into states and federal territories at the local level, each with their own constitution and legislative assembly.
The Jordanian political system is based on the separation of powers
(Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary).The Jordanian parliament consist of
two houses, the house of senate (75 members appointed by the king), the
house of representatives (150 members elected by people).
The government is responsible to the lower house, The Legislative power has
the right to monitor the performance of executive power and hold it
accountable. Yet, the executive authority has the right to propose draft laws
and to issue provisional laws in certain cases.
- The relation between the legislative and executive authorities
according to the constitution and House bylaw.
PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
Presidential system of government is a government system in which the Executive and Legislature (Parliament) has a equal position. Both these bodies are equally elected by the people, so that the Executive Board is not responsible to the Legislature.
State Sovereignty separated (Separation of Power) into the three pillars of power. This division is known as the "Trias Politica" popularized by Montesquieu. The division in the form of Executive Power (President and His servant), Legislative Powers (DPR and Parliament), Judicial Power (Judiciary).
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
Parliamentary system is a system of government in which parliament has an important role in the government. In this case the parliament has the power to lift the prime minister and the parliament was able to bring down the government, by way of issuing a sort of no-confidence motion. Chief executive (head of government) is in the hands of a prime minister to the State As (head of state) is located on a queen, king or sultan,
MIX GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
System in this government matters taken the best of presidential system of government parliament and government system. have other than the president as head of state, also have the prime minister as head of government.
Understand in simple terms the structure of Albania's executive and legislative government, including the type of government, leadership positions among other information.
Indonesia has a constitutional republic government with an elected president and legislature. The president is both head of state and government, elected to a 5-year term. The bicameral legislature consists of the People's Consultative Assembly made up of the House of Representatives and Regional Representatives Council. The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court. Local government is divided into provinces, regencies, and cities.
Evolution and Nature of Philippine Political PartyBori Guillermo
The document discusses the evolution and characteristics of the political party system in the Philippines. It begins with a brief history of early political parties established during the American colonial period and describes the four different party systems that have emerged over time. It then analyzes key aspects of the current multiparty system including common practices like party switching. The document concludes by outlining the provisions of the Party-List System Act that aims to strengthen political representation through the election of sectoral representatives.
- The document discusses the history and evolution of Ghana's parliament from its origins in the colonial era to present day. Key milestones included the introduction of elected representatives in the 1920s and increased representation and powers over time.
- The main functions of Ghana's parliament are outlined as lawmaking, financial oversight of the government, oversight of the executive branch, representing constituents, and facilitating deliberation.
- The duties of a Member of Parliament are described as including duties to the nation, constituents, and their political party. They are meant to legislate, advocate, and offer oversight on behalf of citizens.
- In conclusion, the document argues that MPs in Ghana do not adequately consult constituents or record votes, and recommends
1. The government of Italy is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state who serves as a point of connection between the three branches of power, and a prime minister who runs the government as head of the Council of Ministers.
2. The bicameral Italian parliament consists of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, with members elected to five-year terms. Citizens must be at least 25 to vote for senators and 18 for other elections.
3. Italy's judicial system is based on Roman law modified by Napoleonic code and later statutes, and includes three degrees of trial and a Constitutional Court that can reject unconstitutional laws.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
The Japanese parliament is called the Diet. It is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives is considered more powerful as it can override decisions made by the House of Councillors. The Diet is responsible for making laws, approving budgets, and selecting the Prime Minister. It meets at least once per year to outline the government's plans.
This document provides an overview of the executive branch of the Indian government, including the president and cabinet system. Some key points:
- India adopted the British cabinet system of responsible government, where the prime minister and cabinet exercise executive authority.
- The president is elected by an electoral college composed of members of parliament and state legislative assemblies to serve as a ceremonial head of state for a 5-year term.
- The president's powers are largely ceremonial as the executive power is exercised by the prime minister and cabinet, making India's system similar to Britain's rather than the US presidential system.
FROM THE FIRST TO THE SECOND CONTE GOVERNMENT. DIARY OF A GOVERNMENT CRISIStelosaes
The first political phase of the legislature came to an end and another phase, underpinned by a new government majority, began.
But how did they get there? What are the main milestones that led to the birth of the second Conte Government?
PARLIAMENT AND STRUCTURE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENTTallat Satti
A parliamentary system is a form of democratic governance where the executive branch is accountable to the legislature. Key characteristics include:
1. The prime minister is elected and nominates other ministers which are approved by the head of state. Experienced members are preferred.
2. All ministers must work as a team and agree on issues. Disagreement can lead to resignation or expulsion from the cabinet.
3. Powers are shared between the legislative and executive branches, which check each other's authority. The government remains in power as long as it has the legislature's confidence.
Egypt has a semi-presidential system of government with President Mohammed Morsi limited to two four-year terms. The prime minister Hesham Mohamed Kandil heads the government. Following protests in 2011, executive power transferred to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces which dissolved parliament and suspended the constitution. The parliament meets for one eight-month session each year but has limited power to balance the extensive powers of the president. The judiciary is led by the Supreme Court. Political parties must be approved by the government. The military continues to wield influence as the head of the transitional Supreme Council of Armed Forces.
The CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM ON CUTTING THE NUMBER OF MPs telosaes
On 20 and 21 September 2020 a confirmatory referendum was held on whether or not to cut the number of Italian MPs. Where did the referendum come from and what were the steps of its approval process? What were the reasons that led to it? Which parties supported the Yes vote and which ones the NO vote? And Why? What happens
This document compares the political systems of Italy and the United Kingdom. It outlines that Italy has a democratic republic system with separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The UK has a constitutional monarchy with the Queen as head of state and a parliamentary government. Both countries have bicameral legislatures. The executive power is exercised by prime ministers and cabinets in each country. The judiciary is independent in both political systems.
The document summarizes the government and politics of Armenia. Armenia has a presidential republic system with executive power held by the president and government. Legislative power is shared between government and the unicameral National Assembly. The president is elected by popular vote for a 5-year term and appoints the prime minister and government. The National Assembly has 131 members elected for 5-year terms. Key cities include the capital Yerevan, Gyumri, and Vanadzor. Corruption remains an issue but Armenia aims to build a Western parliamentary democracy.
The document provides information about Greece. It discusses Greece's ancient history and the significance of Greek ideas in developing Western culture and democracy. It describes Greece's location in Southern Europe and climate variation due to its geographical position. Key facts include Athens being the capital city, Mount Olympus being the highest point, and the Aegean Sea surrounding over 6,000 Greek islands. Greece's economy relies heavily on tourism, with attractions including ancient sites like the Acropolis in Athens, Santorini known for its volcanic eruption, and the Temple of Poseidon providing scenic views.
Malaysia has a federal constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is selected from nine hereditary sultans and serves a five-year term. Executive power lies with the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives. The bicameral parliament consists of the House of Representatives and Senate. The judiciary is headed by the Federal Court, with lower courts including Sessions Courts and Magistrates' Courts. Malaysia is divided into states and federal territories at the local level, each with their own constitution and legislative assembly.
The Government of Pakistan is a central i.e. Federal government that is established under the constitution of Pakistan. Under the constitution of Pakistan a federal government represents the authority of four provinces and conventional parliamentary democratic state, which is collectively called as the State of Pakistan.
Malaysia has a federal constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong who is selected from nine hereditary sultans and serves a five-year term. Executive power lies with the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority party. The bicameral parliament consists of the House of Representatives and Senate. The judiciary is headed by the Federal Court, with lower courts including Sessions Courts and Magistrates' Courts. Malaysia is divided into states and federal territories at the local level, each with their own constitution and legislative assembly.
The Jordanian political system is based on the separation of powers
(Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary).The Jordanian parliament consist of
two houses, the house of senate (75 members appointed by the king), the
house of representatives (150 members elected by people).
The government is responsible to the lower house, The Legislative power has
the right to monitor the performance of executive power and hold it
accountable. Yet, the executive authority has the right to propose draft laws
and to issue provisional laws in certain cases.
- The relation between the legislative and executive authorities
according to the constitution and House bylaw.
PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
Presidential system of government is a government system in which the Executive and Legislature (Parliament) has a equal position. Both these bodies are equally elected by the people, so that the Executive Board is not responsible to the Legislature.
State Sovereignty separated (Separation of Power) into the three pillars of power. This division is known as the "Trias Politica" popularized by Montesquieu. The division in the form of Executive Power (President and His servant), Legislative Powers (DPR and Parliament), Judicial Power (Judiciary).
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
Parliamentary system is a system of government in which parliament has an important role in the government. In this case the parliament has the power to lift the prime minister and the parliament was able to bring down the government, by way of issuing a sort of no-confidence motion. Chief executive (head of government) is in the hands of a prime minister to the State As (head of state) is located on a queen, king or sultan,
MIX GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
System in this government matters taken the best of presidential system of government parliament and government system. have other than the president as head of state, also have the prime minister as head of government.
Understand in simple terms the structure of Albania's executive and legislative government, including the type of government, leadership positions among other information.
Indonesia has a constitutional republic government with an elected president and legislature. The president is both head of state and government, elected to a 5-year term. The bicameral legislature consists of the People's Consultative Assembly made up of the House of Representatives and Regional Representatives Council. The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court. Local government is divided into provinces, regencies, and cities.
Evolution and Nature of Philippine Political PartyBori Guillermo
The document discusses the evolution and characteristics of the political party system in the Philippines. It begins with a brief history of early political parties established during the American colonial period and describes the four different party systems that have emerged over time. It then analyzes key aspects of the current multiparty system including common practices like party switching. The document concludes by outlining the provisions of the Party-List System Act that aims to strengthen political representation through the election of sectoral representatives.
- The document discusses the history and evolution of Ghana's parliament from its origins in the colonial era to present day. Key milestones included the introduction of elected representatives in the 1920s and increased representation and powers over time.
- The main functions of Ghana's parliament are outlined as lawmaking, financial oversight of the government, oversight of the executive branch, representing constituents, and facilitating deliberation.
- The duties of a Member of Parliament are described as including duties to the nation, constituents, and their political party. They are meant to legislate, advocate, and offer oversight on behalf of citizens.
- In conclusion, the document argues that MPs in Ghana do not adequately consult constituents or record votes, and recommends
1. The government of Italy is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state who serves as a point of connection between the three branches of power, and a prime minister who runs the government as head of the Council of Ministers.
2. The bicameral Italian parliament consists of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, with members elected to five-year terms. Citizens must be at least 25 to vote for senators and 18 for other elections.
3. Italy's judicial system is based on Roman law modified by Napoleonic code and later statutes, and includes three degrees of trial and a Constitutional Court that can reject unconstitutional laws.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
The Japanese parliament is called the Diet. It is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives is considered more powerful as it can override decisions made by the House of Councillors. The Diet is responsible for making laws, approving budgets, and selecting the Prime Minister. It meets at least once per year to outline the government's plans.
This document provides an overview of the executive branch of the Indian government, including the president and cabinet system. Some key points:
- India adopted the British cabinet system of responsible government, where the prime minister and cabinet exercise executive authority.
- The president is elected by an electoral college composed of members of parliament and state legislative assemblies to serve as a ceremonial head of state for a 5-year term.
- The president's powers are largely ceremonial as the executive power is exercised by the prime minister and cabinet, making India's system similar to Britain's rather than the US presidential system.
FROM THE FIRST TO THE SECOND CONTE GOVERNMENT. DIARY OF A GOVERNMENT CRISIStelosaes
The first political phase of the legislature came to an end and another phase, underpinned by a new government majority, began.
But how did they get there? What are the main milestones that led to the birth of the second Conte Government?
PARLIAMENT AND STRUCTURE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENTTallat Satti
A parliamentary system is a form of democratic governance where the executive branch is accountable to the legislature. Key characteristics include:
1. The prime minister is elected and nominates other ministers which are approved by the head of state. Experienced members are preferred.
2. All ministers must work as a team and agree on issues. Disagreement can lead to resignation or expulsion from the cabinet.
3. Powers are shared between the legislative and executive branches, which check each other's authority. The government remains in power as long as it has the legislature's confidence.
Egypt has a semi-presidential system of government with President Mohammed Morsi limited to two four-year terms. The prime minister Hesham Mohamed Kandil heads the government. Following protests in 2011, executive power transferred to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces which dissolved parliament and suspended the constitution. The parliament meets for one eight-month session each year but has limited power to balance the extensive powers of the president. The judiciary is led by the Supreme Court. Political parties must be approved by the government. The military continues to wield influence as the head of the transitional Supreme Council of Armed Forces.
The CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM ON CUTTING THE NUMBER OF MPs telosaes
On 20 and 21 September 2020 a confirmatory referendum was held on whether or not to cut the number of Italian MPs. Where did the referendum come from and what were the steps of its approval process? What were the reasons that led to it? Which parties supported the Yes vote and which ones the NO vote? And Why? What happens
This document compares the political systems of Italy and the United Kingdom. It outlines that Italy has a democratic republic system with separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The UK has a constitutional monarchy with the Queen as head of state and a parliamentary government. Both countries have bicameral legislatures. The executive power is exercised by prime ministers and cabinets in each country. The judiciary is independent in both political systems.
The document summarizes the government and politics of Armenia. Armenia has a presidential republic system with executive power held by the president and government. Legislative power is shared between government and the unicameral National Assembly. The president is elected by popular vote for a 5-year term and appoints the prime minister and government. The National Assembly has 131 members elected for 5-year terms. Key cities include the capital Yerevan, Gyumri, and Vanadzor. Corruption remains an issue but Armenia aims to build a Western parliamentary democracy.
The document provides information about Greece. It discusses Greece's ancient history and the significance of Greek ideas in developing Western culture and democracy. It describes Greece's location in Southern Europe and climate variation due to its geographical position. Key facts include Athens being the capital city, Mount Olympus being the highest point, and the Aegean Sea surrounding over 6,000 Greek islands. Greece's economy relies heavily on tourism, with attractions including ancient sites like the Acropolis in Athens, Santorini known for its volcanic eruption, and the Temple of Poseidon providing scenic views.
The document discusses teaching methods and activities used in an education course. Teachers lead discussions on lesson objectives and current events to motivate students. Students participate in art projects, word games, tutorials, experiments and other hands-on activities to develop their skills and explore different subjects. The goal is for students to understand real-world problems and become critical thinkers who are prepared for future careers. A variety of visual aids, group work, and other techniques are used to engage students and help them learn.
The document provides an overview of the early civilizations that developed in the Americas. It discusses the origins and migrations of early peoples to North and South America over land bridges, as well as the development of complex societies and states in Mesoamerica like the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec. It also summarizes the Inca civilization in South America and some of the early cultures that emerged in North America, including among the Anasazi, Mound Builders, along the Mississippi River, and in the Northwest Coast region.
This document provides information on various topics related to Vestige, a direct selling company. It lists certifications and achievements from 2006-2011. It describes the natural processes involved in Cellular Nourishment Therapy. It provides information on Vestige products like dietary fibre, colostrum, oral care items, and hand wash. It outlines the benefits and risks of obesity. It details the bonus structure for distributors and how bonuses accumulate. It shares an overview of Vestige's business plan, products, global operations, manufacturing facilities and certification. It introduces educational programs for distributors and motivational seminars. Finally, it shares Vestige's mission of spreading wellness.
The document provides information about the government and political system of Latvia. Some key points:
- Latvia declared independence in 1918 and regained independence in 1991 after being occupied by the Soviet Union.
- Latvia is a parliamentary republic where sovereign power belongs to the people represented by a 100-member unicameral parliament elected every 4 years.
- The president is head of state elected by parliament for 4 years. A prime minister heads the government.
- Municipal elections also take place every 4 years to elect councils at the local level.
Comparing european governments united kingdom russia germanyklgriffin
The document compares and contrasts the parliamentary systems of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. The UK has a parliamentary democracy with the Prime Minister as head of government who is elected by the majority party in the House of Commons. Germany's system is similar but power is shared federally between the central government and 16 states. Russia has a federal system and a presidential democracy where the President is directly elected by citizens and has significant power over the legislature.
I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
The document summarizes the political system and government of the Republic of Macedonia. It describes the country's parliamentary republic system, with an elected President as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government. It provides details on the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as the major political parties and current office holders. Key figures discussed include President Gjorge Ivanov and Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski.
The document provides an overview of the American and Italian political systems. It describes how in the United States, power is separated into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches according to the Constitution. The President is both head of state and head of the executive branch. In Italy, the political system is based on representative democracy and separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The President represents national unity while the government executes laws passed by Parliament.
The Election Commission of India is a permanent constitutional body that oversees elections in the world's largest democracy. It has sole authority to conduct free and fair elections according to constitutional provisions and electoral laws. The Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, who are appointed by the President for six-year terms. It oversees a massive election machinery involving millions of personnel to manage elections across diverse regions of India.
Iran has a theocratic political system ruled by an Islamist ideology under the leadership of the Supreme Leader. It has an elected president and parliament but all candidates must be approved by the Guardian Council. The Supreme Leader is the highest political authority and appoints heads of key positions in the military, media, and security councils. The President is powerful but still subordinate to the Supreme Leader, nominating ministers who also require the Leader's approval.
Spain is a democratic country based on its 1978 constitution. It has a separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch includes the Congress and Senate, which make laws. The executive branch is the national government including the prime minister and ministers. The judicial branch interprets laws through courts and tribunals. Spain is also divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, each with their own regional government. The European Union aims to promote peace, security, and economic integration between countries through institutions like the European Parliament, Council, and Commission.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
The document summarizes the key political institutions in Hungary's political system. It describes the roles and processes of the government, parliament, president, constitutional court, and ombudsmen. The government is led by a prime minister who is nominated by the party that wins the most votes. The prime minister selects ministers and runs the country. The parliament makes laws, controls the government, and can replace the prime minister with a vote of no confidence. The president has a largely ceremonial role. The constitutional court and ombudsmen protect citizens' rights and ensure laws comply with the constitution.
Tajikistan has a presidential republic political system dominated by President Emomalii Rahmon and his party, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan. Rahmon has been president since 1994 and wields significant power, having eliminated political opponents. Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the Supreme Assembly, which is also dominated by Rahmon's party. Local government has representative and executive branches. While elections occur, they are not considered free and fair by observers due to state interference.
The Japanese Governmental Structure
What type of Government does Japan have???
The Japanese government, a constitutional monarchy, is based on a parliamentary cabinet system.
Executive power is vested in the cabinet, which consists of the prime minister and not more than 17 ministers of state that collectively are responsible to the Diet.
Separation of Powers
The Constitution of Japan, which came into effect in 1947, is based on the principles of popular sovereignty, respect for fundamental human rights, and the advocacy of peace. Japan’s political system is one of constitutional democracy. In accordance with the principle of “separation of powers,” the activities of the national government are formally divided into legislative, judicial, and executive organs.
Separation of Powers
The emperor is “the symbol of the State and unity of the people.” The emperor appoints the prime minister and chief judge of the Supreme Court as designated by the Diet, and performs “only such acts in matters of state” as provided for in the constitution along with the advice and approval of the cabinet, such as promulgation of amendments of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders and treaties, convocation of the Diet, dissolution of the House of Representatives, and so forth.
Separation of Powers
The Constitution of Japan proclaims a system of representative democracy in which the Diet is “the highest organ of state power.”
Separation of Powers
It is formally specified that the Diet, as the core of Japan’s system of governance, takes precedence over the government’s executive branch. The designation of the prime minister, who heads the executive branch, is done by resolution of the Diet. Japan practices a system of parliamentary cabinet by which the prime minister appoints the majority of the cabinet members from among members of the Diet. The cabinet thus works in solidarity with the Diet and is responsible to it. In this respect, the system is similar to that of Great Britain, but different from that of the United States, where the three branches of government are theoretically on a level of perfect equality.
Separation of Powers
The National Diet, composed of two houses - the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, is the highest organ of state power and the sole law-making organ of the State.
The House of Representatives may introduce “no-confidence motions” with respect to the cabinet. The cabinet, on the other hand, is able to dissolve the House of Representatives.
Separation of Powers
The National Diet also has the authority to designate the chief judge and appoint the other judges of the Supreme Court. It is the Supreme Court that determines the
France has a semi-presidential system of government with both a president and prime minister. The president is the head of state, elected every 5 years by popular vote, and controls foreign policy and defense. The prime minister is the head of government, appointed by the president but requiring approval from parliament. France also has a bicameral legislative branch consisting of the National Assembly and Senate. The judicial branch is led by the highest court, the Cour de Cassation. Power is further divided between national and regional governments, with regions having control over planning, economic development, and education.
Government in France
*french republic
*Government of France
--> Republic of France
-Executive
-- Misister
-- President
-legislative
-- Senate
-- Congress
-Judicial
*Function of the French government
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian constitution and government system. It establishes Italy as a democratic republic founded on labor with sovereignty held by the people. The constitution guarantees several fundamental rights and freedoms. Legislative power is held by the bicameral parliament consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. Executive power lies with the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister. The judiciary is independent. Other topics covered include the role of the President, referendums, and the division of powers between national and regional levels of government.
The document discusses key aspects of Colombia's constitution and government structure. It defines concepts like constitutional amendments and plebiscites. It explains that the 1991 constitution allowed for presidential reelection and ended the national front system. It describes the executive branch as headed by the president and including ministers and decentralized agencies. The judicial branch is organized around the Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and Council of State. Congress is elected by popular vote and divided into a Senate and House of Representatives with legislative and oversight functions.
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines established a democratic system of government with three independent branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It created oversight bodies like the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit to promote ethical conduct. However, the Philippines still faces challenges like corruption, uneven economic growth, and weak law enforcement. The Constitution aims to prevent another authoritarian regime like Ferdinand Marcos' martial law and restore democracy and civil liberties.
The Constitution of South Africa was passed in 1996 and is the highest law in the country. It protects citizens' rights, defines the institutions of government and their powers, and can only be changed through a difficult amendment process. The Constitution establishes a constitutional democracy with separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It also creates a system of cooperative government with national, provincial and local spheres that have distinct lawmaking and executive powers and responsibilities. The Bill of Rights guarantees both political and socio-economic rights for all people in South Africa.
The political system in Spain is a parliamentary monarchy based on separation of powers. The King is the head of state but does not have political power. Legislative power is held by a bicameral parliament consisting of the Congress of Deputies and Senate, which are elected every four years. The executive power comprises the Prime Minister and ministers who apply laws and propose new ones. The judicial power is exercised by courts and judges. Other institutions include the Ombudsman, Court of Auditors, and autonomous communities that make up Spain's decentralized territorial organization.
This document provides an overview of the democratic systems in the UK, Denmark, and Pakistan based on a study tour. It summarizes key aspects of each country's democracy and political system, parliamentary/committee system, and Denmark's unique electoral system. The UK system is governed by two major parties and has a constitutional monarchy. Denmark has a tradition of coalition minority governments that change every four years, proportional representation, and an independent judiciary. Pakistan can learn from the evolution of democratic institutions in successful Western democracies.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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9
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Romania
1. Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Siniloan, Laguna
Social Science 3
(Politics and Governance with Constitution)
The Romania Government
Submitted by:
Ram Chryztler P. Acero
Course:
BSEd2-A
Submitted to:
Estanislao Ramos
2. Romania Government System
Politics of Romania take place in a framework of a semi-presidential parliamentary
representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Romania is the head of
government and the President of Romania exercises the functions of head of state. Romania has a
multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested
in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies and the
Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Romania's 1991
constitution, amended in 2003 proclaims Romania a democratic and social republic, deriving its
sovereignty from the people. It also states that "human dignity, civic rights and freedoms, the
unhindered development of human personality, justice, and political pluralism are supreme and
guaranteed values".
The constitution provides for a President, a Parliament, a Constitutional Court and a separate
system of lower courts that includes The High Court of Cassation and Justice. The right to vote is
granted to all citizens over 18 years of age.
Flag of Romania
Coat of arms of Romania
Parliament of Romania
The Parliament of Romania (Romanian: ParlamentulRomâniei) is the national legislature of
Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor), and the Senate (Senat).
Prior to the modification of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A
text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission
(comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators that "negotiated" between the two
houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint
session of the Parliament. After the 2003 referendum, a law still has to be approved by both
houses, but each house has designated matters it gets to deliberate before the other, in capacity of
"deciding chamber" (Romanian: camerădecizională). If that first chamber adopts a law proposal
(relating to its competences), it is passed on to the other one, which can approve or reject. If it
makes amendments, the bill is sent back to the deciding chamber, the decision of which is final.
3. Government of Romania
The Government of Romania (Romanian: GuvernulRomâniei) forms one half of the country's
executive branch (the other half being the President). It is headed by the Prime-Minister, and
consists of the Ministries, various subordinated institutions and agencies, and the 42 Prefectures.
The seat of the Romanian Government is at Victoria Palace in Bucharest.
Elections in Romania
Romania elects on a national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The
president is elected for a five-year term by the people (after a change from four-year terms after
the 2004 election). The Romanian Parliament (ParlamentulRomâniei) has two chambers. The
Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor) has 346 members, elected for a four-year term by
proportional representation. The Senate (Senatul) has 143 members, elected for a four-year term
by mixed member proportional representation. Romania has a multi-party system, with
numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties
must work with each other to form coalition governments.
In 2007, for the first time, Romanians elected their representatives to the European Parliament.
The date for these elections was 25 November. See also European Parliament election, 2007.
Executive branch
The President is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two 5-year terms (4-year terms until
2004). S/he is head of state (charged with safeguarding the constitution, foreign affairs, and the
proper functioning of public authorities), supreme commander of the Armed Forces and
chairperson of the Supreme Council of National Defense. According to the constitution, s/he acts
as mediator among the power centers within the state, as well as between the state and society.
The president nominates the Prime Minister, following consultations with the party that holds the
majority in the Parliament. If none of the parties hold an absolute majority, the president chooses
the prime minister following consultations with all the parties represented in the parliament. The
nominated prime minister chooses the other members of the government and then the
government and its program must be confirmed by a vote of confidence from Parliament. The
prime minister is head of government; executive power is exercised by the government.
Legislative branch
The national legislature is a bicameral parliament (Romanian: Parliament), consisting of the
Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputation) and the Senate (Senat). Members are elected for 4year terms by universal suffrage under party list proportional representation electoral systems.
Starting last election (November 2008) members are elected using a mixed member proportional
representation.
4. The number of senators and deputies has varied in each legislature, reflecting the variation in
population. As of 2008, there are 137 senatorial seats and 334 seats in the Chamber of Deputies;
of the 334 deputy seats, 18 are held by the ethnic minorities’ representatives that would not pass
the 5% electoral threshold that all the other parties and organizations must pass.
Political parties and elections
For other political parties see List of political parties in Romania. An overview on elections and
election results is included in Elections in Romania.
Romania has a multiparty system, which makes a majority government virtually impossible. The
last eight years saw a settlement of the political scene, with merging of small parliamentary
parties with larger ones. Despite that, the politics of Romania are still vivid and unpredictable.
Currently there are five parliamentary parties (excluding the 18 ethnic minorities parties that
have one representative each).
Judicial branch
The Romanian legal system is based on the Napoleonic Code. The judiciary is to be independent,
and judges appointed by the president are not removable. The president and other judges of the
Supreme Court are appointed for a term of 6 years and may serve consecutive terms. Proceedings
are public, except in special circumstances provided for by law. The judicial power belongs to a
hierarchical system of courts culminating with the supreme court-ÎnaltaCurte de JustiţieşiCasaţie
(The High Court of Justice and Cassation). The Romanian judicial system is an inquisitorial
system, with a strong French influence.
The High Court of Cassation and Justice is the highest judicial authority. Its judges are appointed
by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates.
The Ministry of Justice represents "the general interests of society" and defends the rule of law
as well as citizens' rights and freedoms. The ministry is to discharge its powers through
independent, impartial public prosecutors.
The CurteaConstituţională (The Constitutional Court) judges issues of constitutionality when
invoked in any judicial court and judges the compliance of laws or other state regulations to the
Romanian Constitution, if these are brought before it. It is a court outside the judicial branch of
Government, and follows the tradition of the French Constitutional Council in requiring 9 judges
to hold a 9-year, non-renewable term. Following the 2003 revision of the Constitution, its
decisions cannot be overturned by any majority of the Parliament.
Regional institutions
The Romanian political mechanism
5. For territorial and administrative purposes, Romania is divided into 41 counties (judeţe, singular
judeţ) and the city of Bucharest. Each county is governed by an elected county council. Local
councils and elected mayors are the public administration authorities in villages and towns. The
county council is the public administration authority that coordinates the activities of all village
and town councils in a county.
The central government appoints a prefect for each county and the Bucharest municipality. The
prefect is the representative of the government at the local level and directs any public services
of the ministries and other central agencies at the county level. A prefect may block the action of
a local authority if he deems it unlawful or unconstitutional. The matter is then decided by an
administrative court.
Under new legislation in force since January 1999, local councils have control over spending of
their allocations from the central government budget as well as authority to raise additional
revenue locally. Central-government-appointed prefects formerly had significant authority over
the budget; this is now limited to a review of expenditures to ascertain their constitutionality.
Developments
Romania has made great progress in institutionalizing democratic principles, civil liberties, and
respect for human rights since the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
A large number of present-day Romanian politicians (members of all parties, across the current
political spectrum) are former members of the Romanian Communist Party. Since membership
in the party was a key requirement for advancing to high-level positions before 1989, many
people joined more out of a desire to get ahead than as a result of any deep political persuasion.
Nevertheless, the Communist past of some of Romania's politicians remains a source of
controversy.
1990–1992
Angry miners protesting near Victoria Palace, Bucharest (February 1990)
Over 200 new political parties sprang up after 1989, most gravitating around personalities rather
than programs. All major parties espoused democracy and market reforms, to varying degrees.
By far the largest party, the governing National Salvation Front (FSN) proposed slow, cautious
economic reforms and a social safety net. In contrast, the main opposition parties, the National
Liberal Party (PNL), and the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNŢCD) favored
quick, sweeping reforms, immediate privatization, and reducing the role of the ex-Communist
Party members. The Communist Party ceased to exist.
In the 1990 presidential and legislative elections, the FSN and its candidate for presidency, Ion
Iliescu, won with a large majority of the votes (66.31% and 85.07%, respectively). The strongest
6. parties in the opposition were the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), with
7.23%, and the PNL, with 6.41%.
After the FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman's brutal sacking just a few months before the 1992
general elections (following a descent on Bucharest in late 1991 by angry and dissatisfied coal
miners), the FSN broke in two. President Iliescu's supporters formed a new party called the
Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), while Roman's supporters kept the party's original
title, FSN.
1992–1996
The 1992 local, legislative, and presidential elections revealed a political rift between major
urban centers and the countryside. Rural voters, who were grateful for the restoration of most
agricultural land to farmers but fearful of change, strongly favored President Iliescu and the
FDSN, while the urban electorate favored the CDR (a coalition made up by several parties –
among which the PNŢCD and the PNL were the strongest – and civic organizations) and quicker
reform. Iliescu easily won reelection over a field of five other candidates. The FDSN won a
plurality in both chambers of the Parliament.
With the CDR, the second-largest parliamentary group, reluctant to take part in a national unity
coalition, the FDSN (now PDSR) formed a government under Prime Minister NicolaeVăcăroiu,
an economist, with parliamentary support from the nationalist Romanian National Unity Party
(PUNR) and Greater Romania Party (PRM), as well as from the Socialist Workers' Party (PSM).
In January 1994, the stability of the governing coalition became problematic when the PUNR
threatened to withdraw its support unless given cabinet portfolios. After intensive negotiations,
in August, two PUNR members received cabinet portfolios in the Văcăroiu government. In
September, the incumbent justice minister also joined the PUNR. PRM and PSM left the
coalition in October and December 1995, respectively.
1996–2000
The 1996 local elections showed a major shift in the political orientation of the Romanian
electorate. Opposition parties swept Bucharest and most of the larger cities in Transylvania and
Dobrogea. This trend continued in the legislative and presidential elections of the same year, in
which the opposition dominated the cities and made steep inroads into rural areas previously
dominated by President Iliescu and the PDSR, which had lost many voters in their traditional
stronghold constituencies outside Transylvania. The electoral campaign of the opposition
hammered away on the twin themes of the need to squelch corruption and to launch economic
reform. This message resonated well with the voters, resulting in a victory for the CDR coalition
and the election of Emil Constantinescu as president. In order to secure its electoral majority, the
CDR also invited Petre Roman's Democratic Party (formerly FSN) and the UDMR (representing
the Hungarian minority) into government over the following 4 years, Romania had three prime
7. ministers. However, despite these leadership changes, and constant internal frictions, the
governing parties managed to preserve their coalition.
2000–2004
The coalition lost in the first round of presidential elections in November 2000, as a result of
popular dissatisfaction with infighting among coalition parties in the previous four years, as well
as with economic hardship brought by structural reforms. In the second round of the presidential
elections, Iliescu, running again as the Social Democratic Party (PSD) candidate, won by a wide
margin against extreme nationalist Greater Romania Party (PRM) candidate CorneliuVadim
Tudor Iliescu appointed Adrian Năstase as Prime Minister. In parliament, the PSD government,
like its predecessor, relied on the support of the UDMR, which did not join the Cabinet but
negotiated annual packages of legislation and other measures in favor of Romania's ethnic
Hungarians.
Năstase, in his four years as prime minister, continued the pro-Western foreign policy set by the
previous government. The period was characterized by political stability unprecedented in postcommunist Romania and consistent economic growth. Romania joined NATO in spring 2004
and signed an accession treaty to join the EU. Nonetheless, the PSD government was plagued by
allegations of corruption, which would prove to be a significant factor in its defeat in local and
national elections in 2004.
In September 2003, the Democratic Party (PD) and National Liberal Party ( PNL) formed an
electoral alliance called the Justice and Truth (DA) Alliance in order to form a cohesive
mainstream political opposition bloc against the then ruling PSD. The DA Alliance agreed to
vote as a bloc in the Parliament and local councils and run common candidates in national and
local elections, among other measures.
In October 2003, the country held a constitutional referendum in order to pass several
constitutional amendments perceived as necessary for EU accession. The amendments included
provisions to allow foreigners to own land in Romania; and to change the elected term of the
President from four to five years.
2004–2008
In November 2004, TraianBăsescu, at that time the leader of the Democratic Party (PD), won the
presidential election. He fought a close election campaign, and was elected in December 2004 by
a narrow margin. He appointed as prime minister National Liberal Party (PNL) leader
CălinPopescu-Tăriceanu, who headed a new government composed of the PNL, PD, UDMR, and
the Conservative Party (formerly the Humanist Party). To secure a parliamentary majority, the
coalition government also relied on the support of 18 seats in the Parliament reserved for ethnic
minority representatives.
8. The Government's narrow majority in the Romanian Parliament led to calls by some for early
elections. In July 2005, Prime Minister Tăriceanu expressed plans to resign to prompt new
elections, but then recanted, noting the need for him and the cabinet to focus on relief efforts in
response to summer floods. In its first year, the government was also tested by a successfully
resolved hostage crisis involving three Romanian journalists kidnapped in Iraq; and the
appearance of avian influenza in several parts of the country, transmitted by wild birds migrating
from Asia.
The Government's overriding objective has been accession of Romania to the European Union.
On 3 January 2007, Romania became the 26th member of the E.U. At the same time, the
government maintained strong relations with the U.S., signing in December 2005 an agreement
that would allow U.S. troops to train and be positioned at several Romanian military facilities.
Băsescu and Tăriceanu also publicly committed to combat high-level corruption and implement
broader reform to modernize sectors such as the judicial system and health care.
On 19 April 2007 the Romanian Parliament suspended President TraianBăsescu on charges of
unconstitutional conduct. The suspension, passed in a vote of 322 parliamentarians to 108,
opening the way for a national referendum on his impeachment[2] which failed.
2008–present
The 2013 protests against the Roș iaMontană Project turned into an anti-government social
movement.
The November 2008 parliamentary elections were a close call, with the Social Democrats (PSD)
winning about 33.9% of the vote, President TraianBasescu's centrist Liberal Democrats (PDL)
taking 32.34%, and the ruling National Liberals (PNL) getting a mere 18.6%.[3] The Liberal
Democrats and Social Democrats formed a coalition after the election. Former prime minister
Theodor Stolojan eventually withdrew his candidacy for the premiership and President Basescu
nominated Emil Boc, president of the Liberal Democrats as Prime Minister.
With the onset of the Great Recession, Romanian political scene has seen tensions between the
President and Premier, but also between the civilian population and the two personalities. These
tensions have escalated with a political crisis in 2012 and a new attempt to impeach President
TraianBăsescu. During the referendum, more than 7.4 million people (nearly 90%) voted for his
removal from presidency. However, the Constitutional Court of Romania invalidated the
referendum, because wasn't reached the threshold of 50% + 1. Previously, Băsescu labeled this
attempt as a "coup d'état" and asked the public to boycott it. All these events have been heavily
criticized by international political figures.
The legislative elections of 9 December 2012 were regarded by public as a chance to change
something in Romania and to oust the President TraianBăsescu. The Social Liberal Union
obtained a huge majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, with 60.07% and
9. 58.61% of the votes respectively and in MP mandates, a record number of 395 seats. The new
prime-minister, Victor Ponta, quickly formed a new government. The failure to adopt reforms as
quickly as possible triggered a wave of national protests. Many people consider that the
government has not respected the promises of the 2012 electoral campaign. Two other projects
of national interest (shale drilling and Roș iaMontană mining project) unleashed massive
protests. Even if demonstrations had initially an ecological character, they turned into mass antigovernment protests.