Estonia is a northern European country that borders the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian, though Russian is also spoken. Estonia has a parliamentary republic government and is a member of the EU, Eurozone, NATO, and OECD. The unicameral parliament is the Riigikogu. Major political parties include the Reform Party, Centre Party, Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, and Social Democratic Party. The president is Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the prime minister is Andrus Ansip. Less than one-third of Estonians belong to a religion, most being Lutheran or Russian Orthodox.
The document provides an overview of Estonia, including key facts such as the capital (Tallinn), population (1.31 million), and currency (Euro). It then covers topics related to relocating to Estonia such as residence permits, moving pets and cars, housing options like renting and buying property, taxes, banking, education, healthcare, transportation, and everyday life. Specific details are provided on requirements and procedures for EU citizens and third country nationals regarding residence permits, importing vehicles, and other relocation matters.
The document discusses the government and politics of the Czech Republic. It notes that the Czech Republic is a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The legislature is bicameral, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. It also summarizes information about the current president, prime minister, and two major political parties - the Czech Social Democratic Party and the Civic Democratic Party.
The document summarizes the political system and government of Albania. It outlines that Albania has a parliamentary representative democracy where the prime minister heads the government and multi-party system. Executive power lies with the Council of Ministers while legislative power is shared between the government and the Assembly of the Republic of Albania. The two dominant political parties are the Democratic Party of Albania and the Socialist Party of Albania.
The document summarizes information about the Party of European Socialists (PES). It provides details about its leadership, member parties, affiliations, and goals of promoting social democracy. The PES consists of social democratic parties in EU member states and beyond, and functions as the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament. Its current leader is Sergei Stanishev, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Prime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland's ruling Civic Platform party left his position to become President of the European Council. He was replaced by Ewa Kopacz, who aims to continue Tusk's policies and maintain party unity until the 2015 parliamentary elections. Several cabinet positions saw new appointments, including Grzegorz Schetyna as Foreign Minister and Cezary Grabarczyk as Justice Minister. Current opinion polls show the Civic Platform still in the lead compared to opposition parties.
Estonia offers beautiful medieval cities and towns to explore, with many museums, art galleries and sculptures to see. It also has abundant natural beauty, with forests, lakes, rivers and hiking trails extending to remote areas like bogs and swamps. Estonia experiences four distinct seasons, from the awakening of spring through warm summers and golden autumns to the long white winters, where temperatures drop low enough to enjoy the sauna or partake in winter activities and traditions around Christmas.
The Republic of Finland is located in Northern Europe, bordered by Sweden, Norway and Russia. Helsinki is its capital. Finland has a population of 5.4 million within its total area of 338,145 sq km. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish. Finland adopted the euro currency in 2002 and joined the European Union in 1995. It has a parliamentary system of government led by a prime minister. The largest economic sectors are services, manufacturing and forestry industries.
The document provides information on the geography, religion, politics, and government of Iceland. It notes that Iceland is an island country located in the North Atlantic with a population that is predominantly Lutheran. The political system is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, with the Prime Minister as head of government. Key figures mentioned are President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, and Speaker of the Althing Ásta Ragnheiður Jóhannesdóttir. It also gives brief overviews of several political parties active in Iceland.
The document provides an overview of Estonia, including key facts such as the capital (Tallinn), population (1.31 million), and currency (Euro). It then covers topics related to relocating to Estonia such as residence permits, moving pets and cars, housing options like renting and buying property, taxes, banking, education, healthcare, transportation, and everyday life. Specific details are provided on requirements and procedures for EU citizens and third country nationals regarding residence permits, importing vehicles, and other relocation matters.
The document discusses the government and politics of the Czech Republic. It notes that the Czech Republic is a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The legislature is bicameral, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. It also summarizes information about the current president, prime minister, and two major political parties - the Czech Social Democratic Party and the Civic Democratic Party.
The document summarizes the political system and government of Albania. It outlines that Albania has a parliamentary representative democracy where the prime minister heads the government and multi-party system. Executive power lies with the Council of Ministers while legislative power is shared between the government and the Assembly of the Republic of Albania. The two dominant political parties are the Democratic Party of Albania and the Socialist Party of Albania.
The document summarizes information about the Party of European Socialists (PES). It provides details about its leadership, member parties, affiliations, and goals of promoting social democracy. The PES consists of social democratic parties in EU member states and beyond, and functions as the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament. Its current leader is Sergei Stanishev, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Prime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland's ruling Civic Platform party left his position to become President of the European Council. He was replaced by Ewa Kopacz, who aims to continue Tusk's policies and maintain party unity until the 2015 parliamentary elections. Several cabinet positions saw new appointments, including Grzegorz Schetyna as Foreign Minister and Cezary Grabarczyk as Justice Minister. Current opinion polls show the Civic Platform still in the lead compared to opposition parties.
Estonia offers beautiful medieval cities and towns to explore, with many museums, art galleries and sculptures to see. It also has abundant natural beauty, with forests, lakes, rivers and hiking trails extending to remote areas like bogs and swamps. Estonia experiences four distinct seasons, from the awakening of spring through warm summers and golden autumns to the long white winters, where temperatures drop low enough to enjoy the sauna or partake in winter activities and traditions around Christmas.
The Republic of Finland is located in Northern Europe, bordered by Sweden, Norway and Russia. Helsinki is its capital. Finland has a population of 5.4 million within its total area of 338,145 sq km. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish. Finland adopted the euro currency in 2002 and joined the European Union in 1995. It has a parliamentary system of government led by a prime minister. The largest economic sectors are services, manufacturing and forestry industries.
The document provides information on the geography, religion, politics, and government of Iceland. It notes that Iceland is an island country located in the North Atlantic with a population that is predominantly Lutheran. The political system is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, with the Prime Minister as head of government. Key figures mentioned are President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, and Speaker of the Althing Ásta Ragnheiður Jóhannesdóttir. It also gives brief overviews of several political parties active in Iceland.
The document provides an overview of Austria's political system and government. It discusses that Austria is a federal parliamentary republic with a Federal Chancellor as head of government and Federal President as head of state. Executive power is held by both local and federal governments. The two dominant political parties are the conservative Austrian People's Party and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Austria. It also summarizes the roles and backgrounds of the current Federal President, Chancellor, and President of the National Council.
Estonia is a country in Northern Europe with a population of about 1.3 million people. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has a long history of being ruled by other nations but gained independence in 1991. Some of the top tourist destinations in Estonia include the medieval capital of Tallinn, beach towns like Pärnu and Haapsalu, several historic castles, and islands in the Baltic Sea like Saaremaa and Hiiumaa that have small villages and natural attractions.
The document discusses Estonian science and scientists. It provides details about the Estonian Genome Project, including that by 2004 it had collected data from 10,000 people and as of 2014 had collected genes and health information from 52,000 donors. The document also profiles Riin Tamm, a geneticist working on the project, and Johannes Aavik, a philologist who played a key role in modernizing the Estonian language in the early 20th century. It notes that Estonia has one of the world's most advanced digital ecosystems, which benefits data-intensive research.
The document provides an overview of Finland's political system. Key points include:
- Finland has a parliamentary representative democratic republic system with a multi-party system. The president is head of state and conducts foreign policy while the prime minister is head of government.
- Legislative power lies with parliament. The judiciary is independent of the other branches.
- Major political parties include the National Coalition Party, Social Democratic Party, Centre Party, and True Finns party.
- The president nominates the prime minister and government, but executive power lies with the cabinet led by the prime minister.
Poland is a country located in Central Europe with a population of over 38 million people. It has a predominantly Catholic population and Warsaw serves as its capital and largest city. The country has a parliamentary republic government and is currently led by President Bronisław Komorowski and Prime Minister Donald Tusk. The two main political parties are the centrist Civic Platform party and the conservative Law and Justice party.
Estonia is a country located in Northern Europe that borders the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. It has a population of about 1.3 million people and its capital and largest city is Tallinn. Some of Estonia's most notable features include its blue, black, and white flag that represents the sky, soil and purity of the nation. The country also has a coat of arms displaying three blue lions. Popular tourist destinations in Estonia include the capital city of Tallinn, the summer capital of Pärnu, beaches along the coastline, and several islands located in the Baltic Sea. Estonia joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
Slovenia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The Prime Minister is the head of government and leads a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Government of Slovenia while legislative power is shared between the National Assembly and the National Council. Slovenia has a democratically elected President who serves as head of state. The country's politics feature several political parties including the center-left Positive Slovenia and the conservative Slovenian Democratic Party.
The document provides biographical information on several Estonian political and historical figures from the 20th century:
- Arnold Rüütel, who served as the 3rd President of Estonia from 2001 to 2006. He worked in high positions under Soviet occupation but also prepared Estonia's declaration of independence.
- Edgar Savisaar, a current politician and former Prime Minister and Mayor of Tallinn, who played an important leadership role in Estonia's transition to independence in the 1990s.
- Lennart Meri, the 2nd President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001, who was an influential writer and filmmaker as well as statesman and helped secure Estonia's
The document summarizes key information about politics and government in the Netherlands. It outlines that the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy located in Western Europe with islands in the Caribbean. Amsterdam is the largest city and capital, though The Hague is the seat of government. It then provides details on the monarchy, current Prime Minister Mark Rutte, Deputy Prime Minister Lodewijk Asscher, and the two main political parties, the conservative liberal VVD and the social democratic Labour Party, which are both currently in a ruling coalition government.
Finnish populism has been studied from 1959 to 2017, focusing on three key periods. The first period was from 1959-1995 under Veikko Vennamo and the Finnish Rural Party, representing agrarian anti-modernization populism. The second period from 1995-2017 was led by Timo Soini and the True Finns party, which shifted towards right-wing populism. The current period since 2017 has seen Jussi Halla-aho lead the party with an anti-immigration, anti-Islam agenda. Populism is analyzed as a political practice using tools like othering elites, invoking emotional belonging, and valorizing folk wisdom, as seen in Finnish populism and its response to
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
This document provides information about the political party Harmony Centre in Latvia. It discusses that Harmony Centre is a political alliance founded in 2005 comprising the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and the Socialist Party of Latvia. The alliance is chaired by Nils Ušakovs and represents the interests of Latvia's Russian-speaking population. It has been the second largest opposition party in Latvia's parliament and the second most voted party in Latvia's European Parliament elections.
Denmark is a Scandinavian country located in Northern Europe. It has a population of around 5.6 million people and its capital and largest city is Copenhagen. Denmark has a constitutional monarchy and a multi-party parliamentary democracy. The dominant religion is Christianity, specifically Lutheranism, though the country has become increasingly secular. The two largest political parties are the center-left Social Democrats and the center-right Venstre party. Queen Margrethe II is the head of state and Helle Thorning-Schmidt currently serves as Prime Minister as the leader of a coalition government.
The document provides information on the government and politics of Slovakia. It notes that Slovakia is a parliamentary republic led by President Ivan Gašparovič and Prime Minister Robert Fico. It outlines the major political parties in Slovakia and election results from 1998 to 2012, with Robert Fico's Direction – Social Democracy party receiving the most votes in recent elections.
The document summarizes key information about the government and politics of Hungary. It outlines that Hungary has a parliamentary republic government led by a president and prime minister. It then describes the major political parties represented in parliament like Fidesz, MSZP, and Jobbik. It provides histories and leaders of these parties as well as results from the 2010 parliamentary election where Fidesz won a majority of seats.
Estonia is a country in Northern Europe located on the Baltic Sea. It has a population of 1.33 million and its capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has a democratic parliamentary republic form of government divided into 15 counties. It is a member of the European Union, United Nations, NATO, and has signed the Kyoto Protocol.
Norway has a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy system of government. The King is the head of state, while executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and cabinet. Legislative power is shared between the government and the Storting (parliament). The current King is Harald V, and the Prime Minister is Jens Stoltenberg of the Labour Party. Other notable political figures mentioned include Dag Terje Andersen, the President of the Storting, and Tore Schei, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The document provided details on Norway's system of government and some key political leaders.
Estonia is a democratic republic located in Northern Europe. It gained independence in 1991 and has a population of 1.5 million people. Some key facts are that Pärnu is the summer capital, Tallinn is the main capital and largest city, and the highest point is Suur Munamägi at 308 meters. Estonians commonly play sports like football and Estonia has a coat of arms depicting three blue lions.
Take or Tache Ionescu was a Romanian politician, journalist, lawyer and diplomat who started his career as a member of the National Liberal Party before joining the Conservative Party in 1891. As a social conservative, he supported progressive and nationalist policies and promoted Balkan alliances while calling for the incorporation of Transylvania, Banat, and Bukovina into Romania. Representing his own faction within the Conservative Party, he clashed with its leadership in 1907-1908 and went on to create and lead his own Conservative-Democratic Party.
The history, economy, and culture of JENA, a university city in east-central Germany and one of the most important cities in the federal state of Thuringia.
The document provides an overview of Austria's political system and government. It discusses that Austria is a federal parliamentary republic with a Federal Chancellor as head of government and Federal President as head of state. Executive power is held by both local and federal governments. The two dominant political parties are the conservative Austrian People's Party and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Austria. It also summarizes the roles and backgrounds of the current Federal President, Chancellor, and President of the National Council.
Estonia is a country in Northern Europe with a population of about 1.3 million people. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has a long history of being ruled by other nations but gained independence in 1991. Some of the top tourist destinations in Estonia include the medieval capital of Tallinn, beach towns like Pärnu and Haapsalu, several historic castles, and islands in the Baltic Sea like Saaremaa and Hiiumaa that have small villages and natural attractions.
The document discusses Estonian science and scientists. It provides details about the Estonian Genome Project, including that by 2004 it had collected data from 10,000 people and as of 2014 had collected genes and health information from 52,000 donors. The document also profiles Riin Tamm, a geneticist working on the project, and Johannes Aavik, a philologist who played a key role in modernizing the Estonian language in the early 20th century. It notes that Estonia has one of the world's most advanced digital ecosystems, which benefits data-intensive research.
The document provides an overview of Finland's political system. Key points include:
- Finland has a parliamentary representative democratic republic system with a multi-party system. The president is head of state and conducts foreign policy while the prime minister is head of government.
- Legislative power lies with parliament. The judiciary is independent of the other branches.
- Major political parties include the National Coalition Party, Social Democratic Party, Centre Party, and True Finns party.
- The president nominates the prime minister and government, but executive power lies with the cabinet led by the prime minister.
Poland is a country located in Central Europe with a population of over 38 million people. It has a predominantly Catholic population and Warsaw serves as its capital and largest city. The country has a parliamentary republic government and is currently led by President Bronisław Komorowski and Prime Minister Donald Tusk. The two main political parties are the centrist Civic Platform party and the conservative Law and Justice party.
Estonia is a country located in Northern Europe that borders the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. It has a population of about 1.3 million people and its capital and largest city is Tallinn. Some of Estonia's most notable features include its blue, black, and white flag that represents the sky, soil and purity of the nation. The country also has a coat of arms displaying three blue lions. Popular tourist destinations in Estonia include the capital city of Tallinn, the summer capital of Pärnu, beaches along the coastline, and several islands located in the Baltic Sea. Estonia joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
Slovenia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The Prime Minister is the head of government and leads a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Government of Slovenia while legislative power is shared between the National Assembly and the National Council. Slovenia has a democratically elected President who serves as head of state. The country's politics feature several political parties including the center-left Positive Slovenia and the conservative Slovenian Democratic Party.
The document provides biographical information on several Estonian political and historical figures from the 20th century:
- Arnold Rüütel, who served as the 3rd President of Estonia from 2001 to 2006. He worked in high positions under Soviet occupation but also prepared Estonia's declaration of independence.
- Edgar Savisaar, a current politician and former Prime Minister and Mayor of Tallinn, who played an important leadership role in Estonia's transition to independence in the 1990s.
- Lennart Meri, the 2nd President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001, who was an influential writer and filmmaker as well as statesman and helped secure Estonia's
The document summarizes key information about politics and government in the Netherlands. It outlines that the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy located in Western Europe with islands in the Caribbean. Amsterdam is the largest city and capital, though The Hague is the seat of government. It then provides details on the monarchy, current Prime Minister Mark Rutte, Deputy Prime Minister Lodewijk Asscher, and the two main political parties, the conservative liberal VVD and the social democratic Labour Party, which are both currently in a ruling coalition government.
Finnish populism has been studied from 1959 to 2017, focusing on three key periods. The first period was from 1959-1995 under Veikko Vennamo and the Finnish Rural Party, representing agrarian anti-modernization populism. The second period from 1995-2017 was led by Timo Soini and the True Finns party, which shifted towards right-wing populism. The current period since 2017 has seen Jussi Halla-aho lead the party with an anti-immigration, anti-Islam agenda. Populism is analyzed as a political practice using tools like othering elites, invoking emotional belonging, and valorizing folk wisdom, as seen in Finnish populism and its response to
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
This document provides information about the political party Harmony Centre in Latvia. It discusses that Harmony Centre is a political alliance founded in 2005 comprising the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and the Socialist Party of Latvia. The alliance is chaired by Nils Ušakovs and represents the interests of Latvia's Russian-speaking population. It has been the second largest opposition party in Latvia's parliament and the second most voted party in Latvia's European Parliament elections.
Denmark is a Scandinavian country located in Northern Europe. It has a population of around 5.6 million people and its capital and largest city is Copenhagen. Denmark has a constitutional monarchy and a multi-party parliamentary democracy. The dominant religion is Christianity, specifically Lutheranism, though the country has become increasingly secular. The two largest political parties are the center-left Social Democrats and the center-right Venstre party. Queen Margrethe II is the head of state and Helle Thorning-Schmidt currently serves as Prime Minister as the leader of a coalition government.
The document provides information on the government and politics of Slovakia. It notes that Slovakia is a parliamentary republic led by President Ivan Gašparovič and Prime Minister Robert Fico. It outlines the major political parties in Slovakia and election results from 1998 to 2012, with Robert Fico's Direction – Social Democracy party receiving the most votes in recent elections.
The document summarizes key information about the government and politics of Hungary. It outlines that Hungary has a parliamentary republic government led by a president and prime minister. It then describes the major political parties represented in parliament like Fidesz, MSZP, and Jobbik. It provides histories and leaders of these parties as well as results from the 2010 parliamentary election where Fidesz won a majority of seats.
Estonia is a country in Northern Europe located on the Baltic Sea. It has a population of 1.33 million and its capital and largest city is Tallinn. Estonia has a democratic parliamentary republic form of government divided into 15 counties. It is a member of the European Union, United Nations, NATO, and has signed the Kyoto Protocol.
Norway has a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy system of government. The King is the head of state, while executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and cabinet. Legislative power is shared between the government and the Storting (parliament). The current King is Harald V, and the Prime Minister is Jens Stoltenberg of the Labour Party. Other notable political figures mentioned include Dag Terje Andersen, the President of the Storting, and Tore Schei, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The document provided details on Norway's system of government and some key political leaders.
Estonia is a democratic republic located in Northern Europe. It gained independence in 1991 and has a population of 1.5 million people. Some key facts are that Pärnu is the summer capital, Tallinn is the main capital and largest city, and the highest point is Suur Munamägi at 308 meters. Estonians commonly play sports like football and Estonia has a coat of arms depicting three blue lions.
Take or Tache Ionescu was a Romanian politician, journalist, lawyer and diplomat who started his career as a member of the National Liberal Party before joining the Conservative Party in 1891. As a social conservative, he supported progressive and nationalist policies and promoted Balkan alliances while calling for the incorporation of Transylvania, Banat, and Bukovina into Romania. Representing his own faction within the Conservative Party, he clashed with its leadership in 1907-1908 and went on to create and lead his own Conservative-Democratic Party.
The history, economy, and culture of JENA, a university city in east-central Germany and one of the most important cities in the federal state of Thuringia.
Mexico has a long history with numerous indigenous civilizations. It gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century and is now a federal presidential republic. Mexico has experienced economic challenges in recent decades due to the global financial crisis and drug violence. It has a population of over 125 million people and its largest ethnic group is Mestizo.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
The history of trade unions, from the dawn of the labor movement in Great Britain, mainland Europe, and the United States in the 19th century to the successes and challenges in the 20th and 21st centuries.
A presentation about socialism, a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Eindhoven is a city in the southern Netherlands located along the Dommel River. It has a population of over 229,000, making it the fifth largest city in the Netherlands. Eindhoven emerged in the early 20th century as a major business center due to the founding of Philips electronics company in 1891. While Philips relocated its headquarters, Eindhoven remains an important technology center. Eindhoven also has factories for DAF trucks and is a rail and canal transportation hub connected to nearby Eindhoven Airport. The city has several institutions of higher education including Eindhoven University of Technology and museums such as the Van Abbemuseum.
Denmark is a Scandinavian country located in Northern Europe. It has a total area of 43,094 square km and a population of over 5.6 million people. Denmark joined NATO in 1949 and the European Union in 1973, but has opted out of adopting the euro currency or participating in the EU's defense cooperation. The country has a highly developed economy and ranks highly in quality of life, education, healthcare, civil liberties and human development.
Armenia has a long history of domination by foreign empires and was the first country to adopt Christianity. It declared independence in 1918 but was invaded by Soviet Russia in 1920. Armenia has ongoing territorial disputes with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. The country has a population of over 3 million people, most of whom are ethnic Armenian. Armenia has a unitary parliamentary republic government and became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Debrecen is the second largest city in Hungary, located in the eastern part of the country. It has a long history as an important cultural and religious center, and was briefly the capital of Hungary during a revolution in the 19th century. Today, Debrecen remains an economic center with industries like pharmaceuticals and transportation links that support trade and development.
A brief history of the formerly Hungarian city Cluj-Napoca (German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), a Romanian city since 1920. Historic sites are also included in this presentation.
Australia was first settled by prehistoric migrants from Southeast Asia at least 40,000 years ago. Britain claimed the eastern coast in 1770 and the rest of the continent in 1829, establishing six colonies which federated in 1901 to form the nation of Australia. Today, Australia is a highly developed market economy and democratic constitutional monarchy located in Oceania between the Indian and South Pacific Oceans, with most of its population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts.
Thailand was founded as a unified kingdom in the 14th century and is the only Southeast Asian country to have avoided European colonial rule. It transitioned to a constitutional monarchy after a peaceful revolution in 1932. Located in Southeast Asia, Thailand has a tropical climate and borders Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia. Most of the population of over 68 million is ethnically Thai and Buddhist. The country has experienced political turmoil in recent decades including multiple coups.
Tatarstan is a federal subject of Russia located along the Volga River. The capital and largest city is Kazan. The population is mostly Tatar, with Russians as a minority. Tatarstan has a diverse economy focused on oil production, industry, and agriculture. It has a long history as part of the Golden Horde and later the Khanate of Kazan before becoming part of Russia in the 16th century.
Morocco has been ruled by a series of Muslim dynasties since the 8th century. It gained independence from France in 1956 and is now a constitutional monarchy with the king as head of state. Morocco's government includes a bicameral parliament and constitutional monarchy. The country is located in North Africa and borders the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33 million people and its largest ethnic groups are Arab-Berber. The official languages are Arabic and Berber.
After World War I, the United Kingdom established the semi-autonomous state of Transjordan which gained independence in 1946 as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan lost control of the West Bank to Israel after the 1967 Six-Day War and its long-time ruler King Hussein signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994, permanently surrendering Jordanian claims to the West Bank. Jordan is a relatively small country located in the Middle East between Israel, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and the West Bank, with a population of over 10 million people mostly concentrated in the capital of Amman in the northwest.
Iceland was originally settled by Norse and Celtic immigrants in the 9th-10th centuries AD. It established the world's oldest existing legislative assembly, the Althingi, in 930 AD. Iceland gained independence from Norway and Denmark in the early 20th century. The island's economy depends highly on industries like fishing and tourism. Iceland has a unitary parliamentary republic government and is known for its natural beauty, literacy rate, and Nordic social policies.
Traveling with Frontier Airlines through Boston Logan International Airport offers a budget-friendly and efficient experience. With the modern facilities at Terminal C, extensive services, and amenities provided by Frontier, passengers can enjoy a comfortable journey. Whether you're a frequent flyer or a first-time traveler, this guide aims to help you navigate BOS with ease and make the most of your trip.
Embark on an unforgettable journey to Goa, India,GoaDarling
Embark on an unforgettable journey to Goa, India, a captivating destination brimming with vibrant culture, pristine beaches, and culinary delights. Whether you're planning a College Group trip to Goa or seeking the perfect Goa tour package for family, this enchanting locale promises an experience like no other
A list of budget-friendly things that families can do in San Antonio! Dive into its rich history and vibrant culture at iconic landmarks like the Alamo. Explore colorful Market Square and stroll along the scenic River Walk. Enjoy family-friendly fun at Brackenridge Park and capture breathtaking views at the Tower of the Americas—all without breaking the bank!
With the American Airlines name change policy, you can alter the incorrect name on your flight ticket/boarding pass without any fuss. Therefore, it’s essential to understand the major guidelines before requesting a name change/correction. However, if you still encounter any issues, you can navigate to the AA website or approach the airline over the phone. Additionally, you can talk with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 to get your problem fixed in a few minutes.
How Does Allegiant Air Name Change Policy Work.pptxFlying Rules
Allegiant Air name change policy provides a straightforward and flexible workflow for requesting a name change/correction on the ticket. However, if you encounter any problems or have doubts, you can get in touch with the airline’s customer support. Furthermore, you can reach out to a consolidation desk at +1-800-865-1848 for immediate assistance.
visit at: https://www.flyingrules.com/name-change/allegiant-air-name-change-policy
Our Bahrain Visa PowerPoint Presentation offers a detailed and comprehensive guide to the Bahrain visa application process. It is designed to assist travelers, travel agents, and businesses in navigating the various visa types, including tourist, business, work, student, and family visas. Each section provides an in-depth look at eligibility criteria, required documents, and step-by-step application procedures. Additionally, the presentation includes valuable tips for avoiding common application mistakes, an overview of processing times, and details on fees and payment methods. This presentation aims to ensure a smooth and successful visa application experience, making travel to Bahrain as seamless as possible.
The 09 Days Tour to Skardu by road offers a breathtaking journey through some of Pakistan’s most spectacular landscapes. Skardu, nestled in the heart of the Karakoram mountain range, is renowned for its stunning vistas, crystal-clear lakes, and rugged terrain.
Explore Austin's dynamic history and cultural tapestry on a captivating journey. From its origins as Texas' capital to architectural marvels like the Texas State Capitol and cultural hubs such as the Driskill Hotel. Dive into its diverse heritage, legendary music scene, key historical moments, natural beauty, and vibrant culinary delights.
Discover the exhilarating world of manta ray night snorkeling in Kona, Hawaii. Led by expert guides, participants witness these majestic creatures feeding on plankton under mesmerizing underwater lights. With stringent safety measures, environmental responsibility, and emergency preparedness, enjoy this unique adventure responsibly and securely with trusted tour operators.
2. Estonia in brief
Location: Northern Europe, bordering
Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, and Gulf
of Riga.
Official name: Republic of Estonia
(Eesti Vabariik)
Capital (and largest city): Tallinn
Official language: Estonian*
Recognized regional languages:
Swedish
Demonym: Estonian
*Võro and Seto in southern Estonia are
spoken alongside Estonian; Russian
remains unofficial language in Ida-
Virumaa and Tallinn, owing to Soviet
program advancing mass
immigration of urban industrial
workers from Russia in post-war era.
3. Geography of Estonia
Estonia is bordered by
Latvia (343 km) to north
and Lake Peipus and
Russian Federation to east
(338.6 km).
Across Baltic Sea, Sweden
lies in west and Finland
lies in north.
5. Religion in Estonia
Less than one-third of
Estonia’s population
declared themselves as
believers in a religion; of
those, most are Protestant
(Lutheran) and Russian
minority is Eastern
Orthodox.
According to 2000
census, only 29.2% of
population regarded
themselves to be affiliated
with a religion.
7. Estonia’s membership in world
organizations
Member of European
Union, Eurozone, NA
TO and OECD.
8. Government of Estonia
Government (valitsus):
Parliamentary republic
President (Eesti Vabariigi
President): Toomas Hendrik
Ilves (independent until 1
January 2007; now SDE)
Prime Minister (Eesti
Vabariigi peaminister):
Andrus Ansip (RE)
Parliament speaker: Ene
Ergma (IRL)
Current coalition: (RE, IRL)
Legislature: Riigikogu
9. Riigikogu
Estonia’s unicameral
parliament, through which all big
state-related questions pass.
Apart from approving
legislation, it designates high
officials, including PM and Chief
Justice of the Supreme
Court, and elects (either by
itself, or if necessary, along with
representatives of local
government with broader
electoral college).
Also approves important foreign
treaties inflicting military and
proprietary
responsibilities, change
laws, and so on; confirms budget
introduced by government as law
and controls executive power.
10. Parliamentary parties
Estonian Reform Party
(Eesti
Reformierakond, RE)
Estonian Centre Party
(Eesti Keskerakond, K)
Union of Pro Patria and
Res Publica (Isamaa ja
Res Publica Liit, IRL)
Social Democratic Party
(Sotsiaaldemokraatlik
Erakond, SDE)
11. Non-parliamentary parties
Estonian Christian Democrats (Erakond Eesti Kristlikud
Demokraadid, EEKD) – formerly Estonian People’s Union (Eesti
Kristlik Rahvapartei, EKR)
Estonian Greens (Erakond Eestimaa Rohelised, EER)
People’s Union of Estonia (Eestimaa Rahvaliit, ER) – later
blended with Estonian Patriotic Movement (Eesti Rahvuslik
Liikumine, ERL) into Conservative People’s Party of Estonia
Estonian United Left Party (Eestimaa Ühendatud
Vasakpartei, EUP; Объединённая левая партия
Эстонии, Ob'edinënnaja levaja partija Estonii; OLPE)
Estonian Independence Party (Eesti Iseseisvuspartei, EIP)
Russian Party in Estonia (Vene Erakond Eestis, VEE) – blended
into Social Democratic Party on 12 January 2012.
12. Toomas Hendrik Ilves
Born 26 December 1953 in
Stockholm, Sweden; his parents were
Estonian fugitives.
Fourth and current President of Estonia
since 9 October 2006.
Ex-diplomat and journalist; served as
leader of Social Democratic Party during
1990s and subsequently as member of
European Parliament.
Was elected to presidency by electoral
college on 23 September 2006; he was
sworn in on 9 October 2006.
Was raised in the United States in
Leonia, New Jersey, where he graduated
from Leonia High School in 1972 as
valedictorian.
Obtained bachelor’s degree in psychology
from Columbia University in 1976 and
master’s degree in same area from
University of Pennsylvania two years later.
Other than his native Estonian, he speaks
fluent English, German and Spanish.
13. Andrus Ansip
Born 1 October 1956 in Tartu.
Current PM of Estonia since 12 April 2005;
also current chairman of market liberal
Estonian Reform Party.
Graduated from University of Tartu with
degree in Chemistry in 1979.
Went on to work as engineer at Tartu State
University between 1979 and 1983 (with two-
year break for required military service).
Was later Instructor in Industry Department
and Head of the Organizational Department
of the Tartu District Committee of Estonian
Communist Party between 1986 and 1988.
Has participated in several banking and
investment ventures.
Has been Member of Board of Directors of
the People’s Bank of Tartu (Estonian:
Rahvapank), Chairman of the Board of
Livonia Privatization IF, and CEO of
Investment Fund Broker Ltd. (Estonian:
Fondiinvesteeringu Maakler AS).
Was also Chairman of the board for Radio
Tartu.
14. Ene Ergma
Born 29 February 1944 in Rakvere.
Member of Riigikogu and scientist;
current Parliament speaker.
Member of Union of Pro Patria and Res
Publica; was member of Res Publicia prior
to merge with Pro Patria.
Obtained her Diploma cum laude
(B.Sc./M.Sc. equivalent) in astronomy and
Ph.D. in physics and mathematics from
Lomonosov Moscow State University, and
D.Sc. degree from Institute of Space
Research in Moscow.
Was professor of Astronomy at University
of Tartu (since 1988).
Was elected to Estonian Academy of
Sciences in 1994.
Majority of her scientific study has
explored evolution of compact
objects, i.e., white dwarfs and neutron
stars, as well as gamma ray bursts.
15. Estonian Reform Party
Centre-right, free market liberal party.
Founded 18 November 1994.
Led by current PM Andrus Ansip; has 33 members in 101
member Riigikogu, making it biggest party in legislature.
Has participated in government for all, with exception of
three years, since its founding.
Founded by then-President of Bank of Estonia Siim Kallas
as break from Pro Patria.
Secured 19 seats in Riigikogu at 1995 parliamentary
election, making it second-biggest party at that time.
Substituted Estonian Centre Party in government in autumn
of 1995, remaining there until following year.
Lost a seat in 1999, but returned to cabinet in coalition with
Pro Patria and People’s Party Moderates; has participated in
different coalitions since, with Andrus Ansip as PM since
2005.
Gained 31 seats in 2007 parliamentary election, which made
it biggest party for the first time, increasing seat tally again
in 2011 parliamentary election, with 33 seats.
Has had significant influence, particularly with regards to
Estonia’s free market and low taxes policies, as it has been
in most government coalitions in Estonia since mid-1990s.
Full member of Liberal International since 1996, having
previously been observer from 1994 to 1996, as well as
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.
Its founder and first chairman, Siim Kallas, has been
Commissioner of European Commission since 2004; Kallas
is also one of the first VPs of Barraso Commission.
16. Estonian Centre Party
Centrist, social liberal party.
Member of European Liberal Democrat and
Reform Party.
With more than 12,000 members, it has
biggest membership of an Estonian party.
Founded 12 October 1991, on foundation of
Popular Front of Estonia, after several parties
broke away from it; at the time, the party was
known as Rahvakeskerakond (People’s
Centre Party), for purpose of distinguishing it
from smaller Maa-Keskerakond (Rural Centre
Party).
Its chairman is Edgar Savisaar; vice chairmen
of the party are Kadri Simson and Enn
Eesmaa.
Asserts that its purpose is creation of strong
middle class in Estonia; claims it is a “middle
class liberal party”, even though it has
reputation of having more policies leaning to
the left, against setting of Estonia’s
economically liberal parties.
Is by far most popular party among Estonia’s
Russian minority.
17. Union of Pro Patria and Res
Publica
Liberal-Conservative party.
Founded 4 June 2006, with merge
of two conservative parties: Pro
Patria Union and Res Publicia.
Had 32 out of 101 seats in
Riigikogu and one of Estonia’s
seats in European Parliament, up
until 2007 parliamentary election.
Member of European People’s
Party (EPP), with roughly 8,500
members.
This blended party comprised of
two individual boards and two party
leaders; this was substituted by
unified board and leader in May
2007.
Its candidate for PM was Mart
Laar, who became one of the
party’s chairmen.
18. Social Democratic Party
Social-democratic party, currently led
by Sven Mikser.
Founded 8 September 1990.
Member of Party of European
Socialists since 16 May 2003; also
member of Socialist International
since November 1990.
Previously called People’s Party
Moderates; in this way, it won 6
seats with 7.0% share of vote in
Riigikogu in 2003.
Most successful party in 2004
European Parliamentary Election in
Estonia, in which it gathered 36.8%
of national vote, giving back 3 MEPs.
Its youth wing is known as Young
Social Democrats.