Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
Different models of issue voting in britainAnurag Gangal
This document discusses various models of issue voting and how they explain voting behavior in recent British elections. It summarizes the key models including the Michigan Model, Clarke's proximity model, valence voting model, and position issue model. It analyzes how these models have helped understand factors like party alignments, issue salience, economic conditions, and leadership images that influence how British voters make choices. However, it also notes limitations of these models in fully capturing an increasingly disengaged electorate and failures to consider strategic versus sincere voting behavior with multiple candidates.
Issue Ownership And Representation A Theory Of Legislativelegal2
This document summarizes a theory proposed by Patrick J. Egan about how legislative responsiveness to public opinion can vary based on "issue ownership". The theory is that political parties are seen as having expertise in handling certain issues, known as "issue ownership". Egan develops a model showing that legislators are generally responsive to public preferences but may deviate on issues their party "owns" due to the public trusting that party more on that issue. He tests this using data on public opinion and Congressional roll-call voting in the US, finding support for the theory that representatives have more flexibility in their voting on issues their party owns.
PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION: AND OVERVIEWAletha
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It discusses four main intellectual imperatives in the field: 1) holism and modeling the whole policy process, 2) examining the consequences of policies, 3) producing useful knowledge, and 4) ensuring democracy. The field draws from multiple origins like America, France, Germany, and Latin America. It covers defining public policy, the structure of the field, and its historical development focused on understanding the world and enacting change. Research examines topics like the policy cycle, issue typologies, behavioral outcomes, and democratic participation. The overall goal is a holistic and problem-solving approach.
Educational achievement_level of political convictionAndrew Taylor
This study aimed to summarize the relationship between educational achievement and political conviction, as expressed through political participation. The study utilized data from the 2012 ANES survey, focusing on three dependent variables measuring different forms of participation: donations of money, vocal/written support, and contributions of time. It found a positive trend between higher education levels and higher levels of participation across all three variables. However, the correlations were relatively weak, indicating education is not strongly predictive of participation. Future studies should explore other predictive factors like gender, age, class, or partisanship. The study also noted a sharp increase in monetary donations at higher education levels, warranting further investigation.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between public opinion and the creation of public policy. It discusses models of how public opinion can influence policymakers through electoral pressure, political parties, and interest groups. However, policymakers may also create policy based on their own beliefs rather than public opinion. Studies have found the relationship between public opinion and policy varies by issue and can be affected by the intensity and breadth of public views. Larger and sustained shifts in salient issues are more likely to influence policy changes.
Here are a few key considerations when making public policy decisions:
- Gather information from a wide range of credible sources to get the fullest possible picture of an issue. However, recognize that information will never be perfect.
- Carefully evaluate costs and benefits of policy options to allocate limited resources in a way that maximizes positive outcomes. Prioritize helping the most vulnerable groups.
- Anticipate unintended consequences and try to mitigate potential downsides. Policy impacts are complex so consider second-and third-order effects.
- Engage stakeholders and listen to diverse perspectives, especially those most affected. However, public opinion is not always well-informed so do not be swayed by vocal minorities.
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
Different models of issue voting in britainAnurag Gangal
This document discusses various models of issue voting and how they explain voting behavior in recent British elections. It summarizes the key models including the Michigan Model, Clarke's proximity model, valence voting model, and position issue model. It analyzes how these models have helped understand factors like party alignments, issue salience, economic conditions, and leadership images that influence how British voters make choices. However, it also notes limitations of these models in fully capturing an increasingly disengaged electorate and failures to consider strategic versus sincere voting behavior with multiple candidates.
Issue Ownership And Representation A Theory Of Legislativelegal2
This document summarizes a theory proposed by Patrick J. Egan about how legislative responsiveness to public opinion can vary based on "issue ownership". The theory is that political parties are seen as having expertise in handling certain issues, known as "issue ownership". Egan develops a model showing that legislators are generally responsive to public preferences but may deviate on issues their party "owns" due to the public trusting that party more on that issue. He tests this using data on public opinion and Congressional roll-call voting in the US, finding support for the theory that representatives have more flexibility in their voting on issues their party owns.
PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION: AND OVERVIEWAletha
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It discusses four main intellectual imperatives in the field: 1) holism and modeling the whole policy process, 2) examining the consequences of policies, 3) producing useful knowledge, and 4) ensuring democracy. The field draws from multiple origins like America, France, Germany, and Latin America. It covers defining public policy, the structure of the field, and its historical development focused on understanding the world and enacting change. Research examines topics like the policy cycle, issue typologies, behavioral outcomes, and democratic participation. The overall goal is a holistic and problem-solving approach.
Educational achievement_level of political convictionAndrew Taylor
This study aimed to summarize the relationship between educational achievement and political conviction, as expressed through political participation. The study utilized data from the 2012 ANES survey, focusing on three dependent variables measuring different forms of participation: donations of money, vocal/written support, and contributions of time. It found a positive trend between higher education levels and higher levels of participation across all three variables. However, the correlations were relatively weak, indicating education is not strongly predictive of participation. Future studies should explore other predictive factors like gender, age, class, or partisanship. The study also noted a sharp increase in monetary donations at higher education levels, warranting further investigation.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between public opinion and the creation of public policy. It discusses models of how public opinion can influence policymakers through electoral pressure, political parties, and interest groups. However, policymakers may also create policy based on their own beliefs rather than public opinion. Studies have found the relationship between public opinion and policy varies by issue and can be affected by the intensity and breadth of public views. Larger and sustained shifts in salient issues are more likely to influence policy changes.
Here are a few key considerations when making public policy decisions:
- Gather information from a wide range of credible sources to get the fullest possible picture of an issue. However, recognize that information will never be perfect.
- Carefully evaluate costs and benefits of policy options to allocate limited resources in a way that maximizes positive outcomes. Prioritize helping the most vulnerable groups.
- Anticipate unintended consequences and try to mitigate potential downsides. Policy impacts are complex so consider second-and third-order effects.
- Engage stakeholders and listen to diverse perspectives, especially those most affected. However, public opinion is not always well-informed so do not be swayed by vocal minorities.
This study aims to examine how political knowledge affects political participation differently for men and women. Specifically, it aims to refute the view that women benefit more from political knowledge than men. The study hypothesizes that political knowledge may actually depress political participation for some groups. It will analyze data on over 1,500 Americans to test how political participation rates vary with political knowledge levels for men and women, as well as for introverted and extroverted personality types. Previous literature commonly finds that women gain more politically from knowledge than men, but the author argues the data does not clearly support this claim and may show men participating less as knowledge increases.
This document discusses different conceptions of citizenship that underlie civic education programs. It identifies three main conceptions: personally responsible citizens who obey laws and help their community through volunteering; participatory citizens who actively engage in community organizations and efforts; and justice-oriented citizens who critically analyze social problems and work towards systemic solutions for social justice. The document argues that while developing personal responsibility in citizens is important, it is an inadequate focus for democratic education as it can obscure needs for collective action and distract from analyzing and addressing root causes of social issues.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of each approach. Elite theory posits that public policy primarily reflects the interests and values of a ruling elite class, rather than the masses. Group theory views public policy as the result of competition and compromise between various interest groups in society. Rational choice theory assumes that policymakers make decisions by rationally pursuing their self-interest. The document examines the strengths and limitations of each theoretical perspective in understanding the policymaking process.
Approaches to the study of Public Policy.pdfWAQARULLAHZIA1
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, political systems theory, incremental theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses elite theory in depth, outlining the views of Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca that society is divided into a ruling elite minority and a subordinate masses majority. The elite possess unique skills and influence policymaking in their own interests according to this theory. The document analyzes the strengths and limitations of each approach to public policy studies.
Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this MoseStaton39
Report #3: Changing Public Opinion
Before beginning this assignment, make certain that you have read Chapter 6 in your text (“Public Opinion
and Political Action”), the 2021 Pew Research Center Report titled “Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government; Little Change Since 2019” (March 17), and the 2020 article by Eli Finkel et al. from Science titled,
“Political Sectarianism in America” (October, Vol. 370, Issue 6516). Then write a brief report that contains
three separate sections that address all the points in each set of questions. Notice the expected word count
for each section (exceeding the word count will not negatively affect your grade, but please try to stay within
the range).
1. Relying on the Pew Research Center Report, briefly summarize what Americans think about the role
of the federal government in addressing various policy issues (indicate specific areas and indicate
where support is strongest and where it is weakest). Also, describe general levels of trust of and
contentment with the federal government and indicate what changes can be detected over time.
(approximately 150-200 words)
2. How do attitudes about federal government responsibilities differ by age, race, income, and
partisanship (Democrats and Republicans)? Be sure to indicate where the differences are the least and
where they are the greatest on each of these dimensions (age, race, income, and partisanship).
(approximately 150-200 words)
3. Based on your reading of “Political Sectarianism in America,” (a) summarize the article’s major
findings, (b) list and describe the three causes identified for the increase in political sectarianism, and
(c) identify and elaborate on a few of the consequences of this trend. (approximately 150-200 words)
Be careful not to plagiarize. If you want to quote directly, do so using quotation marks (giving the page number
if available). But try to do this sparingly and simply use your own words in addressing the questions.
In your writing, use an analytical tone that is free of your personal opinions. In other words, try to answer the
questions in a straightforward and objective manner.
When you are done, save the document as a Word file or as an Adobe PDF file (it cannot be Google docs, etc.)
and upload it through Moodle (these parts are very important!). Papers not uploaded by the deadline will receive
a grade penalty.
WARNING: This is an individual assignment and you are to do your own work. Use of another person’s
words without proper citation or copying from another student’s paper is considered plagiarism. All papers are
checked and retained in a plagiarism software program to identify cheating. Any suspicion of plagiarism or
other violations of the university’s academic conduct policies are turned over to the Dean of Students.
Links to the articles:
Pew Report: "Americans See Broad Responsibilities for Government"
Science: "Political Sectarianism in America"
...
Different models of issue voting in britainAnurag Gangal
This document summarizes and compares different models of issue voting, and how they explain voting behavior in recent British elections. It discusses models like the Michigan Model, proximity models, valence voting models, and how they have evolved over time from the 1950s to today. While no single model can fully capture unpredictable voter behavior, these models provide useful frameworks for analyzing trends and major patterns of issue-based voting. The document also analyzes how factors like party identification, policy preferences, leadership images, and economic conditions influence how voters make choices between parties in British elections.
This document discusses framing effects in politics and how they may impact politicians and citizens differently. It summarizes previous research showing that citizens are often vulnerable to framing biases in their political preferences and decision-making. The document questions whether elected officials are also susceptible to framing effects or if they are better able to avoid them due to greater political experience and sophistication. It hypothesizes that politicians will be less impacted by framing than citizens, and that susceptibility to framing will decrease as political experience and position increases. The document aims to test this by comparing how politicians and citizens respond to differently framed policy questions.
Democratization, media and elections: Electoral reform in MexicoIbero Posgrados
This document discusses electoral reform and media in Mexico. It provides context on theories of media systems and their relationship to democracy. Specifically, it analyzes Mexico's media system, which exhibits characteristics of the "Polarized Pluralist Model" with high politicization, state intervention in media, and unequal public information consumption dividing the politically active from inactive. The document also discusses how electoral campaigns have become increasingly media-dependent, adapting to entertainment-focused media formats that can simplify issues.
The document discusses three major theoretical models of voting behavior:
1) The sociological model emphasizes the influence of social factors and that voters align with candidates/parties that their social groups support.
2) The psychosocial model views party identification as the main determinant of voting decisions.
3) Rational choice theory focuses on variables like rational decision making, choice, and how information influences voting choices. The document reviews the key assumptions of each model and argues they are complementary in explaining electoral behavior.
Public opinion and public policy are closely linked in representative democracies. Research examines this relationship in several ways: by comparing the positions of elected officials and public opinion through surveys; by analyzing how roll call voting by legislators corresponds to their constituents' preferences; and by assessing how well government policies match majority public preferences on issues. While much research finds significant representation of public views in politician positions and policymaking, causal relationships are difficult to determine, and representation may vary across issues and institutions. Ongoing responsiveness between public opinion and policy is important for effective democracy.
Public Choice. Political economic digest series - 5 Akash Shrestha
In this series we’ll be discussing about Public Choice. Public Choice Theory is directed toward the study of politics based on ecomonic principles. We generally, tend to think that politicians and government officials are benevolent “public servants” who faithfully carry out the “will of the people.” In tending to the public’s business, voters, politicians, and policymakers are supposed somehow to rise above their own self-interests. However it is not true at all.
Public opinion refers to how people think or feel about issues, but it is difficult to measure accurately. Pollsters use random sampling and ask questions fairly to gauge public opinion on issues people can reasonably form opinions about. Factors like gender, education level, social class, race, region, and ideology can influence people's political views and opinions. While most Americans do not think ideologically, political elites try to frame issues and norms to influence public opinion within limits.
University of Massachusetts BostonScholarWorks at UMass Bost.docxouldparis
This document analyzes factors associated with the proposal and passage of restrictive voter access legislation in states from 2006-2011. It finds that proposal and passage are highly partisan and strategic affairs, with more restrictive laws being proposed and passed in states with larger minority populations and those that have become more competitive in recent elections. The results suggest that limiting minority voter turnout may be a central driver of these legislative developments.
This document discusses factors that influence youth voter turnout in the United States. It notes that while the youth vote could influence elections, youth voter turnout has declined significantly over time. Three main theories are discussed to explain voter participation: rational choice theory, which cites factors like competitiveness; socialization theory, which emphasizes the role of family and community in developing political behaviors; and psychological theories, which focus on individual attitudes and perceptions. However, the document notes that none of these theories fully explain the inconsistent and generally low levels of youth voter turnout seen in the U.S. The relationship between politicians and young voters is described as one of "mutual neglect," with lack of outreach to youth seen as an important factor.
This document discusses a study on altruistic punishment in elections. The study uses a voting experiment to provide evidence that many voters are willing to vote at a cost to punish candidates who broke electoral promises, even when the voter is indifferent to the election outcome. Specifically, the experiment found that at least 14% of indifferent voters chose to vote against a candidate who broke a promise, incurring a personal cost to do so, indicating they voted based on altruistic punishment motives rather than strategic concerns. This provides quantitative evidence that altruistic punishment, the desire to sanction uncooperative behavior, can influence political voting decisions.
To What Extent is Political Campaign Solicitation Gendered in the United Stat...Andrea Dub
This document provides a literature review of existing research on the gender gap in political campaign donations in the United States. It finds that while women have increasingly participated in voting, their financial contributions to political campaigns have remained stagnant at around 25-30% for decades. Existing literature has not adequately addressed why this gender disparity exists, often attributing it to outdated assumptions about women's socioeconomic status. The review identifies a gap in research focusing specifically on gender variations in campaign fundraising practices and the role of political fundraisers. This paper aims to help fill that gap through interviews exploring how fundraisers view and solicit donations from male and female donors.
Governments have always paid attention to public opinion, even oppressive regimes, to understand dissent and effectively control populations. Some early expressions of public opinion included rebellions and declining tax revenues signaling eroding support. Modernly, there are informal and formal ways to measure public opinion. Informally, elections provide some insights but are imperfect, and interest groups, media, letters, and calls also offer clues to public views. Formally, quantitative methods like scientific surveys are most common, using techniques like face-to-face, telephone, and mail interviews of representative samples to gauge opinions on issues.
1 Week 3 Rational and Expressive Choice .docxMARRY7
This document discusses rational and expressive choice theories of voter behavior. It summarizes that rational choice theory became popular in the 1970s and viewed voters as making rational calculations to vote based on perceived costs and benefits. However, the paradox of participation questioned this by arguing voters may not participate due to free rider problems. Some evidence suggests expressive choice theory provides a better explanation, viewing participation as a way to express identity rather than produce outcomes.
This document provides an introduction to the study guide for the course "Comparative Political Systems" for MA Political Science students at the University of Calicut School of Distance Education. It outlines the 7 modules that will be covered in the course, including the Nature, Evolution and Scope of Comparative Politics, Theories of Comparative Politics, Federalism and Constitutionalism, functions of government, interest groups and party systems, bureaucracy, and a comparative analysis of political systems in the UK, USA, France, Russia, and China. It also lists the authors who prepared and reviewed the material. The course uses a comparative approach to analyze different countries' political institutions and processes.
The document provides information about a laboratory manual for independent biology study called LabPaq. It discusses safety concerns when handling laboratory equipment and materials, as they can be dangerous if mishandled. The document emphasizes storing LabPaq boxes safely out of reach of children and pets due to risks of injury from small items or toxic chemicals. Contact information is provided for emergencies involving accidental consumption or exposure to hazardous substances.
Professional Memo 1 IFSM 201 Professional Memo .docxLacieKlineeb
Professional Memo 1
IFSM 201 Professional Memo
Before you begin this assignment, be sure you have read the Small Merchant Guide to Safe
Payments documentation from the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS)
organization. PCI Data Security Standards are established to protect payment account data
throughout the payment lifecycle, and to protect individuals and entities from the criminals who
attempt to steal sensitive data. The PCI Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) applies to all entities
that store, process, and/or transmit cardholder data, including merchants, service providers, and
financial institutions.
Purpose of this Assignment
You work as an Information Technology Consultant for the Greater Washington Risk Associates
(GWRA) and have been asked to write a professional memo to one of your clients as a follow-up
to their recent risk assessment (RA). GWRA specializes in enterprise risk management for state
agencies and municipalities. The county of Anne Arundel, Maryland (the client) hired GWRA to
conduct a risk assessment of Odenton, Maryland (a community within the Anne Arundel
County), with a focus on business operations within the municipality.
This assignment specifically addresses the following course outcome to enable you to:
• Identify ethical, security, and privacy considerations in conducting data and information
analysis and selecting and using information technology.
Assignment
Your supervisor has asked that the memo focus on Odenton’s information systems, and
specifically, securing the processes for payments of services. Currently, the Odenton Township
offices accept cash or credit card payment for the services of sanitation (sewer and refuse),
water, and property taxes. Residents can pay either in-person at township offices or over the
phone with a major credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard and Visa). Over the
phone payment involves with speaking to an employee and giving the credit card information.
Once payment is received, the Accounting Department is responsible for manually entering it
into the township database system and making daily deposits to the bank.
The purpose of the professional memo is to identify a minimum of three current controls
(e.g., tools, practices, policies) in Odenton Township (either a control specific to Odenton
Township or a control provided by Anne Arundel county) that can be considered best
practices in safe payment/data protection. Furthermore, beyond what measures are
currently in place, you should highlight the need to focus on insider threats and provide a
minimum of three additional recommendations. Below are the findings from the Risk
Assessment:
• The IT department for Anne Arundel County requires strong passwords for users to
access and use information systems.
https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/pdfs/Small_Merchant_Guide_to_Safe_Payments.pdf
https://www.pcisec.
Principals in EpidemiologyHomework #2Please complete the fol.docxLacieKlineeb
Principals in Epidemiology
Homework #2
Please complete the following:
1. Utilizing the following list of communicable/infectious/exposure related conditions/diseases:
a. STI (Gonorrhea)
b. Hepatitis C
c. HIV (adult)
d. Tuberculosis
Please provide a description of the reporting requirements in
Virginia
and include all of the following elements for
each
of the above diseases (a-d).
Please include the name of the State, in the textbox above, in which you are providing information from and include all reference website URLs that the reporting information was obtained from for each disease below.
· Case definition: include suspect, probable, and/or confirmed, if appropriate
· Reporting criteria: time frame, method (e.g. by phone, Fax form, electronic), and required agency to report to (e.g. local HD, State HD, or CDC)
· Major elements of the information required to be reported (list categories or important information). If there is a
reporting form
availab1le, please attach a copy (
not all diseases have a manual reporting form or some forms are used for multiple diseases, only need to attach one copy and note which diseases utilize the same attached form
). If there is any standard follow-up patient/client information needed after reporting, please provide a description of this. If there is none, state this.
a. STI (Gonorrhea) –
b. Hepatitis C –
c. HIV (adult) –
d. Tuberculosis –
.
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This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of each approach. Elite theory posits that public policy primarily reflects the interests and values of a ruling elite class, rather than the masses. Group theory views public policy as the result of competition and compromise between various interest groups in society. Rational choice theory assumes that policymakers make decisions by rationally pursuing their self-interest. The document examines the strengths and limitations of each theoretical perspective in understanding the policymaking process.
Approaches to the study of Public Policy.pdfWAQARULLAHZIA1
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, political systems theory, incremental theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses elite theory in depth, outlining the views of Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca that society is divided into a ruling elite minority and a subordinate masses majority. The elite possess unique skills and influence policymaking in their own interests according to this theory. The document analyzes the strengths and limitations of each approach to public policy studies.
Report #3 Changing Public Opinion Before beginning this MoseStaton39
Report #3: Changing Public Opinion
Before beginning this assignment, make certain that you have read Chapter 6 in your text (“Public Opinion
and Political Action”), the 2021 Pew Research Center Report titled “Americans See Broad Responsibilities for
Government; Little Change Since 2019” (March 17), and the 2020 article by Eli Finkel et al. from Science titled,
“Political Sectarianism in America” (October, Vol. 370, Issue 6516). Then write a brief report that contains
three separate sections that address all the points in each set of questions. Notice the expected word count
for each section (exceeding the word count will not negatively affect your grade, but please try to stay within
the range).
1. Relying on the Pew Research Center Report, briefly summarize what Americans think about the role
of the federal government in addressing various policy issues (indicate specific areas and indicate
where support is strongest and where it is weakest). Also, describe general levels of trust of and
contentment with the federal government and indicate what changes can be detected over time.
(approximately 150-200 words)
2. How do attitudes about federal government responsibilities differ by age, race, income, and
partisanship (Democrats and Republicans)? Be sure to indicate where the differences are the least and
where they are the greatest on each of these dimensions (age, race, income, and partisanship).
(approximately 150-200 words)
3. Based on your reading of “Political Sectarianism in America,” (a) summarize the article’s major
findings, (b) list and describe the three causes identified for the increase in political sectarianism, and
(c) identify and elaborate on a few of the consequences of this trend. (approximately 150-200 words)
Be careful not to plagiarize. If you want to quote directly, do so using quotation marks (giving the page number
if available). But try to do this sparingly and simply use your own words in addressing the questions.
In your writing, use an analytical tone that is free of your personal opinions. In other words, try to answer the
questions in a straightforward and objective manner.
When you are done, save the document as a Word file or as an Adobe PDF file (it cannot be Google docs, etc.)
and upload it through Moodle (these parts are very important!). Papers not uploaded by the deadline will receive
a grade penalty.
WARNING: This is an individual assignment and you are to do your own work. Use of another person’s
words without proper citation or copying from another student’s paper is considered plagiarism. All papers are
checked and retained in a plagiarism software program to identify cheating. Any suspicion of plagiarism or
other violations of the university’s academic conduct policies are turned over to the Dean of Students.
Links to the articles:
Pew Report: "Americans See Broad Responsibilities for Government"
Science: "Political Sectarianism in America"
...
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The document discusses three major theoretical models of voting behavior:
1) The sociological model emphasizes the influence of social factors and that voters align with candidates/parties that their social groups support.
2) The psychosocial model views party identification as the main determinant of voting decisions.
3) Rational choice theory focuses on variables like rational decision making, choice, and how information influences voting choices. The document reviews the key assumptions of each model and argues they are complementary in explaining electoral behavior.
Public opinion and public policy are closely linked in representative democracies. Research examines this relationship in several ways: by comparing the positions of elected officials and public opinion through surveys; by analyzing how roll call voting by legislators corresponds to their constituents' preferences; and by assessing how well government policies match majority public preferences on issues. While much research finds significant representation of public views in politician positions and policymaking, causal relationships are difficult to determine, and representation may vary across issues and institutions. Ongoing responsiveness between public opinion and policy is important for effective democracy.
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Public opinion refers to how people think or feel about issues, but it is difficult to measure accurately. Pollsters use random sampling and ask questions fairly to gauge public opinion on issues people can reasonably form opinions about. Factors like gender, education level, social class, race, region, and ideology can influence people's political views and opinions. While most Americans do not think ideologically, political elites try to frame issues and norms to influence public opinion within limits.
University of Massachusetts BostonScholarWorks at UMass Bost.docxouldparis
This document analyzes factors associated with the proposal and passage of restrictive voter access legislation in states from 2006-2011. It finds that proposal and passage are highly partisan and strategic affairs, with more restrictive laws being proposed and passed in states with larger minority populations and those that have become more competitive in recent elections. The results suggest that limiting minority voter turnout may be a central driver of these legislative developments.
This document discusses factors that influence youth voter turnout in the United States. It notes that while the youth vote could influence elections, youth voter turnout has declined significantly over time. Three main theories are discussed to explain voter participation: rational choice theory, which cites factors like competitiveness; socialization theory, which emphasizes the role of family and community in developing political behaviors; and psychological theories, which focus on individual attitudes and perceptions. However, the document notes that none of these theories fully explain the inconsistent and generally low levels of youth voter turnout seen in the U.S. The relationship between politicians and young voters is described as one of "mutual neglect," with lack of outreach to youth seen as an important factor.
This document discusses a study on altruistic punishment in elections. The study uses a voting experiment to provide evidence that many voters are willing to vote at a cost to punish candidates who broke electoral promises, even when the voter is indifferent to the election outcome. Specifically, the experiment found that at least 14% of indifferent voters chose to vote against a candidate who broke a promise, incurring a personal cost to do so, indicating they voted based on altruistic punishment motives rather than strategic concerns. This provides quantitative evidence that altruistic punishment, the desire to sanction uncooperative behavior, can influence political voting decisions.
To What Extent is Political Campaign Solicitation Gendered in the United Stat...Andrea Dub
This document provides a literature review of existing research on the gender gap in political campaign donations in the United States. It finds that while women have increasingly participated in voting, their financial contributions to political campaigns have remained stagnant at around 25-30% for decades. Existing literature has not adequately addressed why this gender disparity exists, often attributing it to outdated assumptions about women's socioeconomic status. The review identifies a gap in research focusing specifically on gender variations in campaign fundraising practices and the role of political fundraisers. This paper aims to help fill that gap through interviews exploring how fundraisers view and solicit donations from male and female donors.
Governments have always paid attention to public opinion, even oppressive regimes, to understand dissent and effectively control populations. Some early expressions of public opinion included rebellions and declining tax revenues signaling eroding support. Modernly, there are informal and formal ways to measure public opinion. Informally, elections provide some insights but are imperfect, and interest groups, media, letters, and calls also offer clues to public views. Formally, quantitative methods like scientific surveys are most common, using techniques like face-to-face, telephone, and mail interviews of representative samples to gauge opinions on issues.
1 Week 3 Rational and Expressive Choice .docxMARRY7
This document discusses rational and expressive choice theories of voter behavior. It summarizes that rational choice theory became popular in the 1970s and viewed voters as making rational calculations to vote based on perceived costs and benefits. However, the paradox of participation questioned this by arguing voters may not participate due to free rider problems. Some evidence suggests expressive choice theory provides a better explanation, viewing participation as a way to express identity rather than produce outcomes.
This document provides an introduction to the study guide for the course "Comparative Political Systems" for MA Political Science students at the University of Calicut School of Distance Education. It outlines the 7 modules that will be covered in the course, including the Nature, Evolution and Scope of Comparative Politics, Theories of Comparative Politics, Federalism and Constitutionalism, functions of government, interest groups and party systems, bureaucracy, and a comparative analysis of political systems in the UK, USA, France, Russia, and China. It also lists the authors who prepared and reviewed the material. The course uses a comparative approach to analyze different countries' political institutions and processes.
The document provides information about a laboratory manual for independent biology study called LabPaq. It discusses safety concerns when handling laboratory equipment and materials, as they can be dangerous if mishandled. The document emphasizes storing LabPaq boxes safely out of reach of children and pets due to risks of injury from small items or toxic chemicals. Contact information is provided for emergencies involving accidental consumption or exposure to hazardous substances.
Similar to Political Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1993 .docx (20)
Professional Memo 1 IFSM 201 Professional Memo .docxLacieKlineeb
Professional Memo 1
IFSM 201 Professional Memo
Before you begin this assignment, be sure you have read the Small Merchant Guide to Safe
Payments documentation from the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS)
organization. PCI Data Security Standards are established to protect payment account data
throughout the payment lifecycle, and to protect individuals and entities from the criminals who
attempt to steal sensitive data. The PCI Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) applies to all entities
that store, process, and/or transmit cardholder data, including merchants, service providers, and
financial institutions.
Purpose of this Assignment
You work as an Information Technology Consultant for the Greater Washington Risk Associates
(GWRA) and have been asked to write a professional memo to one of your clients as a follow-up
to their recent risk assessment (RA). GWRA specializes in enterprise risk management for state
agencies and municipalities. The county of Anne Arundel, Maryland (the client) hired GWRA to
conduct a risk assessment of Odenton, Maryland (a community within the Anne Arundel
County), with a focus on business operations within the municipality.
This assignment specifically addresses the following course outcome to enable you to:
• Identify ethical, security, and privacy considerations in conducting data and information
analysis and selecting and using information technology.
Assignment
Your supervisor has asked that the memo focus on Odenton’s information systems, and
specifically, securing the processes for payments of services. Currently, the Odenton Township
offices accept cash or credit card payment for the services of sanitation (sewer and refuse),
water, and property taxes. Residents can pay either in-person at township offices or over the
phone with a major credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard and Visa). Over the
phone payment involves with speaking to an employee and giving the credit card information.
Once payment is received, the Accounting Department is responsible for manually entering it
into the township database system and making daily deposits to the bank.
The purpose of the professional memo is to identify a minimum of three current controls
(e.g., tools, practices, policies) in Odenton Township (either a control specific to Odenton
Township or a control provided by Anne Arundel county) that can be considered best
practices in safe payment/data protection. Furthermore, beyond what measures are
currently in place, you should highlight the need to focus on insider threats and provide a
minimum of three additional recommendations. Below are the findings from the Risk
Assessment:
• The IT department for Anne Arundel County requires strong passwords for users to
access and use information systems.
https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/pdfs/Small_Merchant_Guide_to_Safe_Payments.pdf
https://www.pcisec.
Principals in EpidemiologyHomework #2Please complete the fol.docxLacieKlineeb
Principals in Epidemiology
Homework #2
Please complete the following:
1. Utilizing the following list of communicable/infectious/exposure related conditions/diseases:
a. STI (Gonorrhea)
b. Hepatitis C
c. HIV (adult)
d. Tuberculosis
Please provide a description of the reporting requirements in
Virginia
and include all of the following elements for
each
of the above diseases (a-d).
Please include the name of the State, in the textbox above, in which you are providing information from and include all reference website URLs that the reporting information was obtained from for each disease below.
· Case definition: include suspect, probable, and/or confirmed, if appropriate
· Reporting criteria: time frame, method (e.g. by phone, Fax form, electronic), and required agency to report to (e.g. local HD, State HD, or CDC)
· Major elements of the information required to be reported (list categories or important information). If there is a
reporting form
availab1le, please attach a copy (
not all diseases have a manual reporting form or some forms are used for multiple diseases, only need to attach one copy and note which diseases utilize the same attached form
). If there is any standard follow-up patient/client information needed after reporting, please provide a description of this. If there is none, state this.
a. STI (Gonorrhea) –
b. Hepatitis C –
c. HIV (adult) –
d. Tuberculosis –
.
Prevalence Of Pressure Ulcer Name xxxUnited State Universit.docxLacieKlineeb
Prevalence Of Pressure Ulcer
Name xxx
United State University
Course xxxx
Professor xxxx
The Prevalence of Pressure Ulcer Among The Elderly And Decreased Mobility Patients in The Hospitals And Healthcare Facilities.
Abstract
Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers remain to be amongst the continuous and persistent healthcare issues that are affecting the delivery of quality healthcare services. Pressure ulcers or pressure sores or bedsores refer to the injuries of the skin and the underlying tissues that are mainly caused by the prolonged pressure on the skin. According to the National Health Service, these conditions are common in individuals who are bedridden or are sitting on wheelchairs and chairs for an extended period. The disease occurs on the body parts that are commonly exposed to the pressure for example the spine, hips, elbows, and heels. The issue of pressure ulcers is a major public health concern since it consumes large sums of money to address the problem (Grey et al., 2016). On average, a client is being charged $ 37,800 for extreme cases of pressure ulcers.
This study aims to implement certain method to prevent pressure ulcers among the elderly above 60 years and decreased mobility patients in the hospital and healthcare facilities through the use of Braden scale, applying mepilex foam dressing to bony prominence areas, and repositioning. Patients especially elderly adults are experiencing lengthy hospital stays and this is exposing them to the high risk of pressure ulcers. According to Rondinelli et al (2018), several factors are linked to pressure ulcers. These multi-factorial factors involve hormonal changes, impairment of blood perfusion, inflammation, degenerative changes, and reduction in the effectiveness of immunity. The majority of elderly patients suffer from frailty and other chronic diseases that reduce their ability to engage in daily activities (ADLs) and even experiences limited movements. This increases their level of exposure to hospital-acquired pressure injury (HAPI). This is a health concern that requires the development of effective evidence-based interventions to help in the creation of awareness concerning therapy and preventive approaches such as the application of the Braden Scale to help in detecting the risks of adult patients. It is also important to design approaches that are helpful in the protection of the bony regions using pads and repositioning of the patients after every 2 hours (Lyder & Ayello, 2018).
Many healthcare facilities have attempted to design effective evidence-based interventions but the issue of healthcare-acquired pressure ulcers continued to persist. Despite the increased efforts to implement evidence-based procedures to guide the nurses in reducing the pressure ulcers issue within the acute care facilities, the number of reported cases of pressure ulcers continues to be a major issue (Grey et al., 2016). The majority of healthcare facilities are fa.
Professional Disposition and Ethics - Introduction kthometz post.docxLacieKlineeb
Professional Disposition and Ethics - Introduction
kthometz posted on 09-27-2022 11:26 AM 10-25-2022 06:18 PM
WGU’s mission is to “change lives for the better by creating pathways to opportunity.” Teachers College Way is to “change lives for the better by catalyzing Next-Gen teaching, learning, and leading across the education spectrum.
Next-Gen Candidates
A Next-Gen candidate is transformative in teaching, learning, and leading across the education spectrum. Teachers College strives to foster organizational systems and culture that allow candidates, faculty, and staff to do their life’s best work. Next-generation education begins with the core belief that the art and science of teaching, learning, and leading in education must continually evolve, becoming better and better with each subsequent generation. Catalyzing Next-Gen teaching, learning, and leading requires experience in a transformative educational environment.
Healthy Learning
Teachers College endeavors to offer a healthy learning environment that supports the professional growth and development of each Next-Gen candidate and expands the professional opportunities for each Next-Gen graduate. The development of Professional Dispositions and Ethics for Next-Gen candidates strengthens the educational experience and conveys the Teachers College’s commitment to impactful teaching, learning, and leading to the greater professional community.
A vital aspect of transforming Professional Dispositions and Ethics is the integration of restorative practices. Next-Gen candidates are empowered to use effective, evidence-based best practices to create healthy learning environments where all learners rise and thrive. Teachers College provides candidates with a safe educational environment - a place where candidates can develop and strengthen their academic, physical, psychological, ethical, and social understandings (learn more about
Healthy Learning). Our Professional Dispositions and Ethics at WGU is supported by the five primary critical healthy-learning focus areas that are key drivers of learner academic, professional, and personal success. These five pillars, while being powerful concepts individually, gain collective strength and create a thriving, healthy learning environment, where all individuals are equipped to fully embody and practice Teachers College Professional Disposition and Ethics.
The five pillars of Healthy Learning are:
1. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I)
2. Social-Emotional Learning (SEL)
3. Character Education
4. Mental Health
5. Basic Needs
Figure 1
Figure 1:This graphic represents the research, reflection, policy & practice impact the five pillars of Healthy Learning. This figure shows that the five pillars of Healthy Learning are interconnected.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&I) impact all spaces within education. It is vital to address ongoing challenges of the inequalities of access and attainment am.
Problem 7PurposeBreak apart a complicated system.ConstantsC7C13.docxLacieKlineeb
Problem 7Purpose:Break apart a complicated system.Constants:C7:C13Gas-Sparge
System
Pmo794(DI/DT)^4.38DI0.36(DI2N/v)^0.115DT1.22(DIN2/g)^1.96(DI/Dt)N2.8(Q/NDI3)v8.90E-07Right Sideg9.81PM←ANSWERSQ0.00416Computed Pm917The difference between the Computed Pm and Calculated Pm
Problem 8Purpose:Calculate Wind ChillConstants:ParametersWind Speed (km/h)a13.12Air Temp oC1020304050b0.621510c-11.370d0.3965-10-20←ANSWERS-30-40QuestionsThe formula to be used in E5 such that it can be filled down and across to make the table is: ….The name for cell B6 is …To modify this worksheet for Fahrenheit you need to …..
Problem 13Purpose:Calculate square roots using Heron's MethodConstants:N225Sqrt is←ANSWERSGuessN/GuessAverageTestError10
2
Project Topic Proposal
Harita Patel
Professor Dr. Bernard Parenteau
CIS 4498
Date: 11/1/22
Project Topic Proposal
The proposed topic is cyber security. My proposal in this software development project of this class is to develop cyber security software to be a tool that protects systems against malicious attacks and online threats. The software should b able to detect and block threats that can not be detected by antivirus. The technology to be used will be defensive Artificial intelligence. Cybersecurity professional experts can utilize guarded man-made consciousness (simulated intelligence) to distinguish or stop cyberattacks. Sagacious cybercriminals use innovations like hostile computer-based intelligence and ill-disposed AI since they are harder for conventional network protection instruments to identify. Offensive AI incorporates profound fakes, bogus pictures, personas, and recordings that convincingly portray individuals or things that never occurred or don't exist. Noxious entertainers can utilize ill-disposed AI to fool machines into breaking down by giving them mistaken information. Cybersecurity professionals can utilize cautious computer-based intelligence to recognize and prevent hostile man-made intelligence from estimating, testing, and figuring out how the framework or organization's capabilities. Defensive AI can reinforce calculations, making them more challenging to break. Network protection analysts can direct more extreme weakness tests on AI models.
Artificial intelligence cautious apparatuses can precisely anticipate assault vectors, pinpoint the delicate region of the organization and frameworks, and even set it up groups for approaching occasions(Graham, Olson,& Howard, 2016). The progression of computerized data is developing a regular schedule making it progressively challenging to oversee and structure it or even to isolate what is significantly based on what is pointless. Confronted with this test, new encouraging advancement innovations are being created to bring 'information examination's to the following developmental level. Man-made consciousness (man-made intelligence), specifically, is supposed to become huge in many fields. A few types of computer-based inte.
Procedure1. Research occupation as it relates to Occupati.docxLacieKlineeb
Procedure
:
1. Research occupation as it relates to Occupational Therapy
2. Provide statistics, tests, and measurements for the purpose of delivering evidence-based practice and/or service delivery options as it relates to occupation.
3. Adapt the presentation for the following:
a. Consumers
b. Potential employers
c. Colleagues
d. Third Party Payers
e. Regulatory Boards
f. Policy Makers
4. You will present this information to the class in the form of a power point presentation and each slide should be labeled with for your target audience.
.
Problem 1 (10 Points)Jackson Browne Corporation is authorized to.docxLacieKlineeb
Problem 1 (10 Points)
Jackson Browne Corporation is authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of $1 par value common stock. During 2021, its first year of operation, the company has the following stock transactions.
Jan. 1 Paid the state $10,000 for incorporation fees.
Jan. 15 Issued 400,000 shares of stock at $5 per share.
July 2 Issued 110,000 shares of stock for land. The land had an asking price of $800,000. The stock is currently selling on a national exchange at $6 per share.
Sept. 5 Purchased 12,000 shares of common stock for the treasury at $7 per share.
Dec. 6 Sold 8,000 shares of the treasury stock at $10 per share.
Instructions
Indicate the accounts and their respective balances that are increased and/or decreased in the above transactions for Jackson Browne Corporation.
You must show your computations to receive full credit.
Problem 2 (12 Points)
The following items were shown on the balance sheet of ELO Corporation on December 31, 2021:
Stockholders’ equity
Paid-in capital
Capital stock
Common stock, $6 par value, 800,000 shares
authorized; ______ shares issued and ______ outstanding $3,000,000
Additional paid-in capital
In excess of par
1,500,000
Total paid-in capital 4,500,000
Retained earnings
1,850,000
Total paid-in capital and retained earnings 6,350,000
Less: Treasury stock (10,000 shares)
50,000
Total stockholders’ equity
$6,300,000
Instructions
Complete the following statements and
show your computations.
(a) The number of shares of common stock issued was _______________.
(b) The number of shares of common stock outstanding was ____________.
(c) The total sales price of the common stock when issued was $____________.
(d) The cost per share of the treasury stock was $_______________.
(e) The average issue price of the common stock was $______________.
(f) Assuming that 25% of the treasury stock is sold at $8 per share, the balance in the Treasury Stock account would be $_______________.
Problem 3 (10 Points)
Journey Company had the following transactions involving notes payable.
October 1, 2021 Borrows $300,000 from Washington State Bank by signing a 6-month, 4% note.
Dec. 31, 2021 prepares the adjusting entry.
April 1, 2022 Pays principal and interest to Washington State Bank.
Instructions
Indicate the accounts and their respective balances that are increased and/or decreased for each of the above transactions.
You must show all your calculations to receive full credit.
Problem 4 (18 Points)
Turner Inc. is considering two alternatives to finance its construction of a new $6 million plant.
(a) Issuance of 600,000 shares of common stock at the market price of $10 per share.
(b) Issuance of $6 million, 4% bonds at par.
Instructions
Complete the following table.
You MUST show your work to receive full credit.
Issue StockIssue Bond.
Primary Task Response Within the Discussion Board area, write 350.docxLacieKlineeb
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 350–450 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Additional Information:
Eddison Electronic Company (EEC) provides electricity for several states in the United States. You have been employed as a cost accountant at this organization. You have recently hired Susan Thompson, who has experience with financial accounting. Financial accounting includes preparing journal entries that provide a record of the day-to-day activities of the company and preparing financial statements, such as an income statement, a statement of owners’ equity balance sheet, and a cash flow statement. Although Susan has experience with and fully understands financial accounting, she has no experience with managerial accounting.
With your fellow classmates, please discuss what Susan should know about managerial accounting.
Explain the similarities and differences between financial and managerial accounting.
Provide examples of the reports used for financial reporting and how those reports differ from managerial accounting reports.
Determine how managers might use accounting information for planning and controlling purposes.
.
Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick Winslow Taylor .docxLacieKlineeb
Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911)
Introduction
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, in his address to the Governors at the White House,
prophetically remarked that “The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to
the larger question of national efficiency.”
The whole country at once recognized the importance of conserving our material
resources and a large movement has been started which will be effective in accomplishing this
object. As yet, however, we have but vaguely appreciated the importance of “the larger question
of increasing our national efficiency.”
We can see our forests vanishing, our water-powers going to waste, our soil being carried
by floods into the sea; and the end of our coal and our iron is in sight. But our larger wastes of
human effort, which go on every day through such of our acts as are blundering, ill-directed; or
inefficient, and which Mr. Roosevelt refers to as a lack of “national efficiency,” are less visible,
less tangible, and are but vaguely appreciated.
We can see and feel the waste of material things. Awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed
movements of men, however, leave nothing visible or tangible behind them. Their appreciation
calls for an act of memory, an effort of the imagination. And for this reason, even though our
daily loss from this source is greater than from our waste of material things, the one has stirred
us deeply, while the other has moved us but little.
As yet there has been no public agitation for “greater national efficiency,” no meetings
have been called to consider how this is to be brought about. And still there are signs that the
need for greater efficiency is widely felt.
The search for better, for more competent men, from the presidents of our great
companies down to our household servants, was never more vigorous than it is now. And more
than ever before is the demand for competent men in excess of the supply.
What we are all looking for, however, is the readymade, competent man; the man whom
some one else has trained. It is only when we fully realize that our duty, as well as our
opportunity, lies in systematically cooperating to train and to make this competent man, instead
of in hunting for a man whom some one else has trained, that we shall be on the road to national
efficiency.
In the past the prevailing idea has been well expressed in the saying that “Captains of
industry are born, not made”; and the theory has been that if one could get the right man,
methods could be safely left to him. In the future it will be appreciated that our leaders must be
trained right as well as born right, and that no great man can (with the old system of personal
management) hope to compete with a number of ordinary men who have been properly
organized so as efficiently to cooperate.
In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first. This in no sense,
.
Printed by [email protected] Printing is for personal, privat.docxLacieKlineeb
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Due Date: 11:59 pm EST Sunday of Unit 4
Points: 100
Overview:
In this assignment, you will review Case Study #12: SpaceX. This case describes Elon
Musk’s unique approach to strategy when creating SpaceX. Think about the types of
strategies from chapters 5 and 6 that Elon Musk utilized.
Instructions:
You will need to review the case study in your textbook, then answer the following
questions utilizing topics covered in previous chapters.
• What were Elon Musk’s motives for creating SpaceX? How do these motives
influence the kinds of decisions he made in creating the firm?
• Thinking about Musk’s prior experiences, capabilities, and motives, what do you
think are his strengths and weaknesses in creating SpaceX?
• What did SpaceX do differently from other space companies?
• Discuss whether you believe the incumbent space companies will adopt
elements of SpaceX’s model (be specific about which). Do you think the
incumbents will survive? Do you believe Jeff Bezos’s Blue Origin is a significant
threat?
Requirements:
• Submit a two-three page Word document covering the elements of the
assignment.
• Develop a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Use paragraph format and
transitions.
• Focus on the quality of writing and content.
• Use APA format with a title page, in-text citations, and references. Abstract is not
required. The title page, reference page, and appendices are excluded in page
length requirement.
• Research and cite at least two credible sources in APA format.
Be sure to read the criteria below.
Primary Care Integration in Rural AreasA Community-Focused .docxLacieKlineeb
Primary Care Integration in Rural Areas:
A Community-Focused Approach
Emily M. Selby-Nelson, PsyD
Cabin Creek Health Systems, Charleston,
West Virginia
Joshua M. Bradley, PsyD
Tri-Area Community Health, Laurel Fork, Virginia
Rebekah A. Schiefer, MSW
Oregon Health & Science University
Alysia Hoover-Thompson, PsyD
Stone Mountain Health Services,
Jonesville, Virginia
Current and developing models of integrated behavioral health service delivery have
proven successful for the general population; however, these approaches may not
sufficiently address the unique needs of individuals living in rural and remote areas. For
all communities to benefit from the opportunities that the current trend toward inte-
gration has provided, it is imperative that cultural and contextual factors be considered
determining features in care delivery. Rural integrated primary care practice requires
specific training, expertise, and adjustments to service delivery and intervention to best
meet the needs of rural and underserved communities. In this commentary, the authors
present trends in integrated behavioral health service delivery in rural integrated
primary care settings. Flexible and creative strategies are proposed to promote in-
creased access to integrated behavioral health services, while simultaneously address-
ing patient care needs that arise as a result of the barriers to treatment that are prevalent
in rural communities.
Keywords: integrated behavioral health, integrated primary care, rural, rural health
The need for integrated health care is well
documented. Nearly 70% of primary care ap-
pointments include issues associated with psy-
chosocial factors (Gatchel & Oordt, 2003).
Many patients would prefer to receive behav-
ioral health services in their primary care pro-
vider’s office, as opposed to a specialty mental
health setting (Lang, 2005). Patients in primary
care offices are also more likely to follow
through with a behavioral health referral when
that service is provided in the same office (Slay
& McCleod, 1997). Overall, integrated behav-
ioral health services have been shown to suc-
cessfully enhance health care services and yield
improvements in medical and behavioral health
conditions (Kwan & Nease, 2013).
Integrated care models may be especially im-
pactful in areas where access to specialty care is
limited, such as rural communities. However, a
discussion of the adjustments warranted when
developing integrated behavioral health ser-
vices in rural practice settings is all but absent in
the literature. Significant treatment needs in ru-
ral areas, combined with poor availability of
referral-based services in rural communities, re-
quire effective integrated primary care (IPC) to
be provided in a flexible, patient-tailored, and
community-focused manner. In this paper, we
aim to outline the special considerations neces-
sary for conducting IPC in rural communities
wherein behavioral health providers (BHPs)
may struggle to balance in.
PrepareStep 1 Prepare a shortened version of your Final Pape.docxLacieKlineeb
Prepare:
Step 1: Prepare a shortened version of your Final Paper (at least four pages) by including the following:
Introduction paragraph and thesis statement you developed for your Week 3 Assignment.
Background information of the global societal issue you have chosen.
Brief argument supporting at least two solutions to the global societal issue.
Conclusion paragraph.
Must document any information used from at least five scholarly sources in APA style as outlined in the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s Citing Within Your PaperLinks to an external site. Note that you will need at least eight scholarly sources for your Final Paper in Week 5.
Final paper
Write: This Final Paper, an argumentative essay, will present research relating the critical thinker to the modern, globalized world. In this assignment, you need to address the items below in separate sections with new headings for each.
In your paper,
Identify the global societal problem within the introductory paragraph.
Conclude with a thesis statement that states your proposed solutions to the problem. (For guidance on how to construct a good introduction paragraph, please review the Introductions & ConclusionsLinks to an external site. from the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing CenterLinks to an external site..)
Describe background information on how that problem developed or came into existence.
Show why this is a societal problem.
Provide perspectives from multiple disciplines or populations so that you fully represent what different parts of society have to say about this issue.
Construct an argument supporting your proposed solutions, considering multiple disciplines or populations so that your solution shows that multiple parts of society will benefit from this solution.
Provide evidence from multiple scholarly sources as evidence that your proposed solution is viable.
Interpret statistical data from at least three peer-reviewed scholarly sources within your argument.
Discuss the validity, reliability, and any biases.
Identify the strengths and weaknesses of these sources, pointing out limitations of current research and attempting to indicate areas for future research. (You may even use visual representations such as graphs or charts to explain statistics from sources.)
Evaluate the ethical outcomes that result from your solution.
Provide at least one positive ethical outcome as well as at least one negative ethical outcome that could result from your solution.
Explain at least two ethical issues related to each of those outcomes. (It is important to consider all of society.)
Develop a conclusion for the last paragraphs of the essay, starting with rephrasing your thesis statement and then presenting the major points of the topic and how they support your argument. (For guidance on how to write a good conclusion paragraph, please review the Introductions & ConclusionsLinks to an external site. from the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Cente.
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Strategy and Ope.docxLacieKlineeb
This document summarizes a case study for optimizing the supply chain of a dairy company, Lácteos SA. It provides context on Lácteos SA's current operations, including its product portfolio, suppliers, distribution center, delivery points, and key performance metrics. It also outlines the objectives of optimizing the network design and lists key data points and questions to consider, such as evaluating alternative distribution center locations and outsourcing/insourcing strategies.
Primary Care Interventions for Prevention and Cessation of Tob.docxLacieKlineeb
Primary Care Interventions for Prevention and Cessation of Tobacco Use
in Children and Adolescents
US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
US Preventive Services Task Force
Summary of Recommendations
The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians provide interventions, including education or
brief counseling, to prevent initiation of tobacco use among school-aged children and adolescents. B
The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and
harms of primary care–feasible interventions for the cessation of tobacco use among school-aged
children and adolescents.
I
See the Figure for a more detailed summary of the recommendation for clinicians. See the Practice Considerations section for more information on effective
interventions to prevent initiation of tobacco use and for suggestions for practice regarding the I statement. USPSTF indicates US Preventive Services Task Force.
IMPORTANCE Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the US. An estimated
annual 480 000 deaths are attributable to tobacco use in adults, including from secondhand
smoke. It is estimated that every day about 1600 youth aged 12 to 17 years smoke their first
cigarette and that about 5.6 million adolescents alive today will die prematurely from a
smoking-related illness. Although conventional cigarette use has gradually declined among
children in the US since the late 1990s, tobacco use via electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is
quickly rising and is now more common among youth than cigarette smoking. e-Cigarette
products usually contain nicotine, which is addictive, raising concerns about e-cigarette use
and nicotine addiction in children. Exposure to nicotine during adolescence can harm the
developing brain, which may affect brain function and cognition, attention, and mood; thus,
minimizing nicotine exposure from any tobacco product in youth is important.
OBJECTIVE To update its 2013 recommendation, the USPSTF commissioned a review of the
evidence on the benefits and harms of primary care interventions for tobacco use prevention
and cessation in children and adolescents. The current systematic review newly included
e-cigarettes as a tobacco product.
POPULATION This recommendation applies to school-aged children and adolescents younger
than 18 years.
EVIDENCE ASSESSMENT The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that primary
care–feasible behavioral interventions, including education or brief counseling, to prevent
tobacco use in school-aged children and adolescents have a moderate net benefit. The
USPSTF concludes that there is insufficient evidence to determine the balance of benefits
and harms of primary care interventions for tobacco cessation among school-aged children
and adolescents who already smoke, because of a lack of adequately powered studies on
behavioral counseling interventions and a lack of studies on medications.
RECOMMENDATION The USPSTF recommends that.
Presentation given in 2 separate PP documents as example.8-10 .docxLacieKlineeb
Presentation given in 2 separate PP documents as example.
8-10 slides on PowerPoint Topic (Cover Page and Reference Page EXCLUDED)
Topic: Post Partum Hemorrhage PPH Note: I have the content
Must use 2-3 scholarly articles from LEARN (Given when Bid accepted)
2-3 in-text APA Citations (Citationmachine.net)
Turn In It score MUST be less than 20%
Slides must include
Etiology,
Nursing Interventions,
Patient Education,
Treatment (if applicable).
Link a video in the last page as reference
First PP colors and presentation on file
Second PP given with the content
.
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation (8 slides minimum) that presents a.docxLacieKlineeb
The document instructs the recipient to create an 8 slide minimum PowerPoint presentation that summarizes a peer-reviewed academic journal article published within the past 10 years focusing on an organizational leadership topic. The presentation should provide a synopsis of one article related to organizational leadership.
PRAISE FOR CRUCIAL CONVERSATIONS Relationships ar.docxLacieKlineeb
PRAISE FOR CRUCIAL CONVERSATIONS
"Relationships are the priority of life, and conversations are the
crucial element in profound caring of relationships. This book
helps us to think about what we really want to say. If you want
to succeed in both talking and listening, read this book."
-Dr. Lloyd J. Ogilvie, chaplain, United States Senate
"Important, lucid, and practical, Crucial Conversations is a
book that will make a difference in your life. Learn how to flour
ish in every difficult situation."
-Robert E. Quinn, ME Tracy Collegiate Professor of
OBHRM, University of Michigan Business School
"I was personally and professionally inspired by this book-and
I'm not easily impressed. In the fast-paced world of IT, the success
of our systems, and our business, depends on crucial conversations
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technical, far too often we forget about the 'human systems' that
make or break us. These skills are the missing foundation piece."
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"The book is compelling. Yes, I found myself in too many of their
examples of what not to do when caught in these worst-of-all
worlds situations! GET THIS BOOK, WHIP OUT A PEN AND
GET READY TO SCRIBBLE MARGIN NOTES FURIOUSLY,
AND PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE THE INVALUABLE
TOOLS THESE AUTHORS PRESENT. I know I did-and it
helped me salvage several difficult situations and repair my
damaged self-esteem in others. I will need another copy pretty
soon. as I'm wearing out the pages in this one!"
-James Belasco. best-selling author of Flight of the Buffalo,
l!l1trl!prl!l1eur. professor. und l!xl!cutive director of the Financial
Tilllrs Knowkdgc Diuloguc
"Crucial Conversations is the most useful self-help book I have
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-John Hatch, founder, FINCA International
"One of the greatest tragedies is seeing someone with incredible
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Crucial Conversations addresses the number one reason execu
tives derail, and it provides extremely helpful tools to operate in
a fast-paced, results-oriented environment."
-Karie A. Willyerd, chief talent officer, Solectron
"The book prescribes, with structure and wit, a way to improve on
the most fundamental element of organizational learning and
growth-honest, unencumbered dialogue between individuals.
There are one or two of the many leadership/management
'thought' books on my shelf that are frayed and dog-eared from
use. Crucial Conversations will no doubt end up in the same con
dition."
-John Gill, VP of Human Resources, Rolls Royce USA
Crucial
Conversations
Crucial
Conversations
Tools for Talking
When Stakes Are High
by
Kerry Patterson, .
Porwerpoint The steps recommended for efficiently developing an ef.docxLacieKlineeb
Porwerpoint : The steps recommended for efficiently developing an effective and consistent PowerPoint presentation include: 1.planning, 2.entering content, 3.editing, 4.formatting, 5.previewing, and 6.delivering (e.g. print, email, publish). Identify a key consideration one should make when planning a PowerPoint presentation? Describe the differences between building slide shows from blank presentations, themes, and templates. Discuss how PowerPoint presentations can be used both professionally and personally.
100 words minimum
.
Prepare a 2-page interprofessional staff update on HIPAA and appro.docxLacieKlineeb
Prepare a 2-page interprofessional staff update on HIPAA and appropriate social media use in health care.
Introduction
As you begin to consider the assessment, it would be an excellent choice to complete the Breach of Protected Health Information (PHI) activity. The activity will support your success with the assessment by creating the opportunity for you to test your knowledge of potential privacy, security, and confidentiality violations of protected health information. The activity is not graded and counts towards course engagement.
Health professionals today are increasingly accountable for the use of protected health information (PHI). Various government and regulatory agencies promote and support privacy and security through a variety of activities. Examples include:
· Meaningful use of electronic health records (EHR).
· Provision of EHR incentive programs through Medicare and Medicaid.
· Enforcement of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) rules.
· Release of educational resources and tools to help providers and hospitals address privacy, security, and confidentiality risks in their practices.
Technological advances, such as the use of social media platforms and applications for patient progress tracking and communication, have provided more access to health information and improved communication between care providers and patients.
At the same time, advances such as these have resulted in more risk for protecting PHI. Nurses typically receive annual training on protecting patient information in their everyday practice. This training usually emphasizes privacy, security, and confidentiality best practices such as:
· Keeping passwords secure.
· Logging out of public computers.
· Sharing patient information only with those directly providing care or who have been granted permission to receive this information.
Today, one of the major risks associated with privacy and confidentiality of patient identity and data relates to social media. Many nurses and other health care providers place themselves at risk when they use social media or other electronic communication systems inappropriately. For example, a Texas nurse was recently terminated for posting patient vaccination information on Facebook. In another case, a New York nurse was terminated for posting an insensitive emergency department photo on her Instagram account.
Health care providers today must develop their skills in mitigating risks to their patients and themselves related to patient information. At the same time, they need to be able distinguish between effective and ineffective uses of social media in health care.
This assessment will require you to develop a staff update for the interprofessional team to encourage team members to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and security of patient information.
Preparation
To successfully prepare to complete this assessment, complete the following:
· Review the infographics on protecting PHI provided in the.
post 5-7 Sentences of a response to the Discovery Board Whic.docxLacieKlineeb
post 5-7 Sentences of a response to the Discovery Board
Which group of Jews was most similar to Jesus of Nazareth? Why?
the group is Pharisees
Grading Rubric for ALL Discussions
Accurate use of English including careful documentation (including ability to paraphrase and use quotations). 5 pts
Accurate and complete reflection of material read for assignment. 5 pts
must be original work
check for spelling
.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Political Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1993 .docx
1. Political Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1993
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF
GOOD CITIZENSHIP AND
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Elizabeth Theiss-Morse
Theorists have variously defined what it means to be a good
citizen. But how do citizens
themselves views their responsibilities? And is there any
relationship between a person's
view of citizenship and his or her political participation? This
paper uses a combination of
methods to explore these issues. A Q method study reveals four
citizenship perspectives
that provide evidence for striking differences in how people
define the participatory re-
sponsibilities of a good citizen. An exploratory survey analysis
finds that the four citizen-
ship perspectives are significantly related to political behavior,
even when socioeconomic
status and attitudinal variables related to participation are
controlled. While adding to
2. our understanding of participation, these findings also
underscore the importance of in-
vestigating the conceptualizations of citizens to gain more
complete understandings of
how political systems work.
Most studies of good citizenship fall into two categories:
pedagogical
works on the best means of teaching good citizenship 1 and
theoretical
works on its meaning. There are few empirical studies that deal
even tan-
gentially with good citizenship, and these usually begin with an
idealized
view of "the good citizen" and find that citizens fall far short of
this stan-
dard.2 Largely neglected are citizens' own conceptualizations of
good citi-
zenship; that is, what do people themselves think it means to be
a good
citizen?
This paper attempts to answer "What is good citizenship?" from
the per-
spective of citizens, and then tests whether citizenship
conceptualizations
are related to participatory behavior. I begin with a brief
overview of the
few studies that examine citizens' conceptualizations of good
citizenship.
Then I discuss at some length the combination of methods used
in this
Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, Department of Political Science,
4. Political theorists have examined in depth the qualities of good
citizen-
ship.3 Unfortunately, empirical political scientists have
produced only a
handful of studies analyzing the public's understandings of the
concept.
Three studies stand out as exemplars: Almond and Verba's The
Civic Cul-
ture (1963), Lane's (1965) study of citizenship and patriotism,
and Conover,
Crewe, and Searing's (1991) analysis of U.S. and British
citizens' under-
standings of good citizenship.
As part of a longer survey, Almond and Verba (1963) asked
respondents
in five nations what obligations people owe their country.'
They inter-
preted these responses in terms of three citizenship orientations:
parochial,
subject, and participant. The parochial orientation does not
acknowledge
specialized political roles (that is, the political leader may also
be the reli-
gious or social leader) and expects nothing from the political
system. The
subject orientation emphasizes that people are affectively
oriented toward
the political system and have expectations about what the
government
should provide, but they are deferential to political elites and
mainly react
to what the government does. The participant orientation
stresses an activ-
ist relationship with the government: people are concerned with
both the
5. inputs and outputs of the system and perceive part of their role
as making
demands on the government. Almond and Verba found that the
participant
orientation is dominant in the U.S., although people generally
hold a com-
bination of the three.
Rather than defining a priori the qualities of a good citizen,
Lane (1965)
simply talked to 15 men in depth about their views of what
good citizen-
ship entails. Their responses varied a great deal, with
emphases ranging
from extensive participation to obedience to laws to private
morality and self-
control. Lane demonstrated that the meaning of good citizenship
is ambiguous
and open to interpretation by the public.
Conover, Crewe, and Searing's (1991) recent study investigated
U.S. and
British citizens' beliefs concerning the rights, duties, and
identities of citi-
zens. Using focus groups in both countries, the authors found
that in general
British citizens are more likely to hold communitarian and U.S.
citizens
liberal self-understandings. Importantly, however, views of
citizenship are
GOOD CITIZENSHIP 357
6. much more complex than this generalization implies: citizens in
both coun-
tries draw on a mix of both traditions in their self-
understandings.
These three studies provide important insights into people's
conceptual-
izations, yet each has shortcomings. First, the studies by
Almond and
Verba and Conover, Crewe, and Searing are comparative
analyses, and
they indeed find differences in citizenship conceptualizations
among citi-
zens of different countries. But these broad differences tend to
overshadow
the variations among U.S. citizens. Lane provides evidence
supporting the
likelihood that U.S. citizens hold diverse conceptualizations.
Second, problems arise when citizenship conceptualizations
are defined
a priori or when they are left completely open to respondent
definition. By
defining orientations a priori, Almond and Verba may have
misinterpreted the
beliefs people hold by not accurately categorizing their beliefs
or by missing
other orientations altogether. Lane, on the other hand,
demonstrated that a
researcher who refrains from predefining the qualities of good
citizenship may
discover wide variation in people's conceptualizations. But Lane
did not
determine whether these wide-ranging conceptualizations
cluster around
central foci; that is, whether basic understandings of citizen-
7. ship exist within
diverse views. Conover et al. take the middle road in this
regard: they
approach their data gathering with theoretically based views of
citizenship but
allow respondents to move beyond these predefined views by
asserting their
own understandings of citizenship.
Third, these studies are primarily concerned with people's
understandings of
good citizenship, and to some extent how these understandings
orient them to
the political system. But do people's citizenship
conceptualizations have
broader impacts, especially in relation to political behavior?
None of these
studies directly investigates the relationship between citizenship
conceptualizations and political behavior, yet people may act
within a political
system the way they think good citizens ought to act. This
relationship needs
to be explored.
More empirical work is needed on individuals' understandings
of good
citizenship, especially if we agree with Conover et al. (1991, p.
805) that
"citizenship is a fundamental identity that helps situate the
individual in
society." Using an innovative research design, I analyze
people's "citizen-
ship perspectives" on the participatory duties of a good citizen,
a major
definitional element of good citizenship.
8. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN
This study uses a combination of methods to discover and
measure peo-
ple's citizenship perspectives and to relate these to political
behavior. The two
components of the methodology are Q methodology and survey
re-
358 THEISS-MORSE
MARKETING STRATEGY
CLASS : TUESDAY/THURSDAY 2:00 PM- 3:20 PM
INSTRUCTOR: AMIR JAVADINIA
E-MAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]
ZOOM ADDRESS: HTTPS://FAU-
EDU.ZOOM.US/J/3547009109
OFFICE HOURS : TUESDAY/THURSDAY 12:00 PM- 1:30 PM
LECTURE 8
Competitive Advantage
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• Competitive advantage is anything that gives you a temporary
9. head start over the competition.
• It is what you have better than your competitors
• A competitive advantage can ultimately decide whether a
customer chooses you or your competitor.
• It can also help you get faster the market or get larger market
share.
• But the competitive advantage is not permanent. It is a
temporary thing that you can quickly lose
either by your own mistake, by the competition’s efforts or
simply by the market situation.
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Examples:
• Better product or better service
• Better customer support or customer services
• Faster response to the customer requests
• Faster go to market approach
• Cheaper product (usually cheaper at comparable competitive
offer quality)
• Better distribution channels (how you offer or deliver to the
customer)
10. • Better promotion and marketing
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
More Examples
• Better people, human resources - more helpful, motivated
workers, smarter, and more educated,
• Better information flow, better communication
• More flexible business processes
• Better market information (about competition, trends) and the
ability to adapt quickly
• More efficient business processes (leads to cheaper and faster
processes)
• Better leadership, better strategic management
1- Provides value (Relative to competitors)
2- Unique to the Firm
3- Cannot be imitated or substituted by
competitors
SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
11. SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
8
ROUTES TO COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
1- Achieving Cost Leadership
2- Achieving Differentiation
9
ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
1 Economies of Scale
2 Experience and Learning
3 Capacity Utilization
4 Linkages
5 Interrelationships
6 Degree of Integration
7 Timing
8 Policy Choices
9 Location and Institutional Factors
12. ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
10
1- Economies of Scale
• Doing things differently in volume or more efficiently
• The most effective way of reducing costs
• E.g. More production rate or less waste
• Usually there is an optimal size: very large production may
increase complexity
ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
11
2- Experience and Learning
• Employees having performed the necessary tasks many times
before.
• Possible in all aspects of business: manufacturing, marketing,
advertising, selling, … .
• That’s why companies with larger market share have a cost
advantage.
• Experience can also be achieved by hiring experts and training
13. ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
12
3- Optimal Capacity Utilization
• Planning production and inventory to minimize the impact of
seasonal demand fluctuations
4- Linkage
• Side internal/external activities (other than manufacturing and
marketing) that may affect costs:
• Quality control and inspection: The better product test and
quality check,
the lower cost of product failure and return or warranty costs
• Distribution relationships: Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing
and delivery by
getting customer data from retailers
• Supplier relationships: Lower cost of raw material, ...
ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
13
14. 5- Interrelationships
• With other SBUs (Small Business Units) in the corporate to
share some activities such
as R&D and quality control in order to save costs. E.g., the line
of iPhone and the line
of MacBook share a software quality control process.
6- Integration
• Which activities should the firm do itself (integrated into
corporation)? Which ones
should be outsourced?
• Manufacturing: Make vs. buy decisions
• Contracting delivery or service
ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
14
7- Timing (of market entry or product introduction)
• Sometimes first mover may have cost advantage by
• Securing prime locations
• Cheap or good quality raw materials
15. • Technological leadership
• Sometimes second (late) mover may have cost advantage by
• Benefiting from market awareness
• Leaning from the mistakes of the first mover
.
ACHIEVING COST LEADERSHIP
15
8- Policy Choices
• Example: Ryanair
• Reducing service levels and charging for all extras which
enabled company
to offer low fares.
9- Location and institutional factors
• Better geographic location to take advantage in distribution,
assembly, raw
materials, or energy costs
• Government regulations
• The sensitivity of government to lobbyists and pressure groups
is important.
16. ACHIEVING DIFFERENTIATION
1 Product Differentiation
2 Distribution Differentiation
3 Price Differentiation
4 Promotional Differentiation
5 Brand Differentiation
16
17
PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
1- Differentiation the core and expected product
2- Augmenting the product
3 Quality
4 Packaging
5 Service
18
17. PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
1 Differentiation the core and expected product
• A new way, e.g. step-change in technology, of providing
benefits.
2 Augmenting the product
• Offering more exciting features
3 Quality
• E.g. Durability of product, reliability of service
4 Packaging
• Storing, protecting, facilitating usage, creating image, and
promoting the product
5 Service
• After-sales services and relationships with customers
19
ACHIEVING DIFFERENTIATION
1 Product Differentiation
2 Distribution Differentiation
• Using a different network
• How internet has changed distribution?
18. 3 Price Differentiation
• If you have cost advantages you can reduce prices and survive
price wars
• If you have product/service differentiation you can charge
premium prices
• If you address multiple customer segments you can offer a
menu of prices
4 Promotional Differentiation
• Public Relations (PR): Creating relationships with media to
get positive exposure.
• How social media has changed promotions and distributions?
5 Brand Differentiation
• Changing images, social status, and emotions connected to
your brand
OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE COMPETITIVE
STRATEGIES
20
1 Build (growth) strategies
2 Hold (maintenance) and defensive strategies,
3 Niche Market (focus) strategies
19. 4 Harvest (reaping) strategies
5 Deletion (divestment) strategies
OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE COMPETITIVE
STRATEGIES
21
1 Build (growth) strategies
• In growing markets by market expansion:
• New Users
• New uses
• Increased frequency of use
• In non-growing markets by stealing shares from weak
competitors
BUILD STRATEGIES: STEALING FROM COMPETITORS
22
1 Frontal attack
2 Flanking attack
20. 3 Encirclement attack
4 Bypass strategy
5 Guerilla tactics
23
BUILD STRATEGIES: STEALING FROM COMPETITORS
1- Frontal attack
• Attacking competitor where it is strong
• When you are superior on at least one key area
24
BUILD STRATEGIES: STEALING FROM COMPETITORS
2- Flanking attack
• Attacking where the competitor is weak
Example:
• Attacking geographical regions or customer
segments underserved by the defender
Key factors:
21. • Identification of the competitor’s weaknesses
and its inability to serve particular segments
25
BUILD STRATEGIES: STEALING FROM COMPETITORS
3- Encirclement attack
• Cutting the competitor from critical
resources, and access to suppliers or
customers
• Example:
• Isolate the competitor from the
supply of raw material
26
BUILD STRATEGIES: STEALING FROM COMPETITORS
4- Bypass strategy
• Avoid competing where the competitor is strong: leapfrogging
by
a new technology or trade model
22. • Remember core offer: coming up with a totally new way of
satisfying needs, e.g. iPod replacing cd players.
• Don’t try to imitate resources of the competitor, achieve new
ones.
27
BUILD STRATEGIES: STEALING FROM COMPETITORS
5- Guerilla tactics
• Are employed primarily as ‘spoiling’ activities
to weaken the competition.
• Often used by a weaker attacker on a stronger
defender.
Example
• Selective price cuts, especially during a
competitor’s new product testing or launch
• Executive raids and legal maneuvers
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
23. 28
• Good for market leaders operating in mature or declining
markets
• Specially in cash generator markets
• Even in growing markets when potential rewards of expansion
is outweighed by
its costs
Examples:
• Price cutting when you have cost advantage by economies of
scale or
experience
• Guarding of technological expertise
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
29
Types:
1 Position defense
2 Flanking defense
3 Pre-emptive strike
4 Counter-offensive
24. 5 Mobile defense
6 Contraction defense
30
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
1- Position defense
• Erecting barriers to copy and/or
entry by:
• Differentiation on non-copyable
grounds (e.g. distinctive skills,
competencies and marketing assets)
• Brand name and reputation
• Higher quality
• Lower prices
31
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
2- Flanking defense
25. • Against a flanking attack
• Identify where the attacker is going to strike
your weaknesses and work on those weaknesses
• Concerns:
• New position weakens the company on the core
position
• It may be hard to defend the new position
32
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
3- Pre-emptive strike
• Attacking the competitor before it can mount at
attack
• Or merely signal an intention to attack
33
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
4- Counter-offensive
26. • Attacking the competitor right after it attacked you
• Most effective where the aggressor is vulnerable
through overstretching resources.
34
COUNTER-OFFENSIVE EXAMPLE
• When Xerox attempted to break into the mainframe computer
market against the
established market leader, IBM launched a classic counter-
offensive in Xerox’s bread-and-
butter business (copiers). The middle-range copiers were the
major cash generators of
Xerox operations and were, indeed, creating the funds to allow
Xerox to attack in the
mainframe computer market. The IBM counter was a limited
range of low-priced copiers
directly competing with Xerox’s middle-range products, with
leasing options that were
particularly attractive to smaller customers.
• The counter-offensive had the effect of causing Xerox to
abandon the attack on the
27. computer market (it sold its interests to Honeywell) to
concentrate on defending its copiers.
35
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
5- Mobile defense
• continuously update and improve the company’s offerings to
the marketplace
• keep the product in line with changing customer requirements.
• Persil going through many reformulations as washing habits
have changed and evolved.
• Good for markets where technology and/or customer wants
and needs are
changing rapidly.
36
DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES
6- Contraction defense
• Giving up untenable ground to reduce overstretching and
allow concentration on
the core business that can be defended against attack
28. • Necessary where the company has diversified too far away
from the core skills
37
MARKET NICHE STRATEGIES
• To identify new and potential niches not yet exploited by
major competitors.
• Focusing effort (not blindly pursue any potential customer)
• An ability to segment the market
• Efficient use of R&D resources
• Concentrating not on pioneering work but on improvements to
existing technologies
• Thinking small
38
HARVESTING STRATEGIES
• Obtaining maximum returns from the product before its
eventual death or withdrawal from the market
• Since no long-term future could be imagined for them because
29. of major changes in customer
requirements or technology
• For products which are obsolete or do not generate cash
• Cutting expenses:
• Marketing support
• Advertising
• Sales support
• R&D
• Reducing production and increasing prices
39
DIVESTMENT/DELETION STRATEGIES
What makes a poor literature review?
It's easy to write a bad literature review and difficult to write a
good one. The main mistake that a lot of people
make is to write a literature review that looks like this:
LITERATURE REVIEW
Until recently many researchers have shown interest in the field
30. of coastal erosion
and the resulting beach profiles. They have carried out
numerous laboratory
experiments and field observations to illuminate the darkness of
this field. Their
findings and suggestions are reviewed here.
JACHOWSKI (1964) developed a model investigation
conducted on the interlocking
precast concrete block seawall. After a result of a survey of
damages caused by the
severe storm along the coast of USA, a new and especially
shaped concrete block
was developed for use in shore protection. This block was
designed to be used in a
revetment type seawall that would be both durable and
economical as well as
reduce wave run-up and overtopping, and scour at its base or
toe. It was proved
that effective shore protection could be designed utilising these
units.
HOM-MA and HORIKAWA (1964) studied wave forces acting
on the seawall which
was located inside the surf zone. On the basis of the
experimental results
conducted to measure wave forces against a vertical wall, the
authors proposed an
empirical formula of wave pressure distribution on a seawall.
The computed
results obtained by using the above formula were compared well
with the field
data of wave pressure on a vertical wall.
SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (1965) conducted experiments
on scour of sea bottom
31. in front of harbour seawalls, basing on the theoretical
investigation of solitary
wave interaction with a vertical wall using a Boussinesque type
equation. It
showed that the numerical results were in reasonable agreement
with laboratory
experimental data.
Here are some of the questions a literature review SHOULD
answer:
1. What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?
2. What are the most important studies in this area?
3. What are the key concepts, theories and issues in this area?
4. What are the relationships between these key concepts,
theories and issues?
5. What are the main debates?
6. Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our
knowledge and understanding?
7. What needs further research?
8. What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too
limited?
9. What contribution to knowledge can the present study be
expected to make?
Try answering these questions after reading the above review:
• Which of the questions does this literature review answer?
• Which of them doesn’t it answer?
• What system has the writer used to organise the literature
review?
• Briefly summarise what’s wrong with this literature review.
32. Answers:
Which of the questions does this literature review answer?
This literature offers a summary of previous research, so it does
answer the first
question. It simply tells the reader what was discovered in
previous research.
Which of them doesn't it answer?
This literature review doesn't answer any of the questions from
2 to 9. It doesn't
evaluate the research it summarises, nor does it show the
relationships between the
different theories, views and approaches it describes.
Which method has the writer used to organise the literature
review?
The writer has organised this literature review around the
researchers and has presented
it chronologically (arranging the work by when it was
published). Notice that by
organising it around the researchers (the summaries are listed
after the names of the
people who did the research) and not around the research
(around key concepts) the
writer emphasises the people and not their work. There are no
themes shown, and no
sense of how all the different studies relate to each other.
33. Is it a good literature review? Why?
We don't believe that it is a good literature review. It only gives
a summary of previous
research; it does not use the literature to explain more about his
own research problem.
Also, it is not critical: after we read it we still do not know
which theories or findings are
important, which are inconclusive and what the shortcomings
are.
The main problem with this literature review is that it does not
show how previous
research relates to the writer's own research problem, or the
relationship between
different research already carried out. Given the organisation
the writer has used, this
literature review could not be effective because there is little
scope for showing
relationships, drawing comparisons or making evaluations.
University of Westminster
Politics, International Relations, Development Studies
Workshop 2: Literature Review 1
Literature Search and Organisation
(and formulating your research question and topic)
34. 6PIRS022W: Dissertation – Module Leader: Dr Bridget Cotter
Workshop Plan
Research Questions and Titles
What is a Literature Review?
Kerry Gilfillan from Learning Development
Smart searching: Finding Credible Sources
Organising your reading
PIR Research Journeys: Sam and Jac on the Rendition Project
Research question
Ask yourself:
Do I have a research question?
Is my question interesting?
What potential contribution does it make to the field?
Is my question answerable
Is it precise and narrow enough to be covered within word limit
and the required time?
Is the study feasible, ie. are there data, research
techniques/methods, literature available?
If necessary, produce alternative questions and discuss them
with your supervisor!
Mind Map your Topic
What are your initial ideas about what you will need to discuss
in the dissertation?
Start by mind-mapping relevant theories, arguments, debates
35. Keep working on your Title
17
A working title helps you focus….
Keep adapting it as you research
Run it past your supervisor as you go
Don’t worry about getting it perfect
You can always change it later.
Keep working on your Question
A good question helps you focus….
It should be SMART (like a “SMART goal”)
Use the same advice as for titles below!!
Assignments & Assessment
A) 1,000 word literature review: worth 10%
Deadline: 13.00, Monday 21 November 2022
B) 10,000 word dissertation: worth 90%
deadline: 13.00, Tuesday 2 May 2023
----------------------------------------
On the following slide: list these research proposals from ‘1’ to
‘8’: ‘1’ is most like a research question; 8 the least
List these research questions from ‘1’ to ‘8’
The US interventions after 9/11
How Significant is women’s role in terrorist organisations? – A
case study of ISIS
Is war inevitable, or will the ‘responsibility to protect’ maintain
peace?
36. From Excluded to Tolerated and Beyond: Women’s long journey
to gender equality in modern American politics
How effective are government measures for increasing women’s
substantive representation in the UK Parliament?
Conservative Party policy and Covid
Is the liberal democratic order best suited to shape
environmental policy or is environmental authoritarianism the
future?
Researching Islamophobia in The United States and Europe post
9/11
List these research questions from ‘1’ to ‘8’
1. How effective are government measures for increasing
women’s substantive representation in the UK Parliament?
2. How significant is women’s role in Islamic terrorist
organisations? – A case study of ISIS
3. Is the liberal democratic order best suited to shape
environmental policy or is environmental authoritarianism the
future?
4. Is war inevitable, or will the ‘responsibility to protect’
maintain peace?
5. From Excluded to Tolerated and Beyond: Women’s long
journey to gender equality in modern American politics
6. Conservative Party policy and Covid
7. Researching Islamophobia in The US and Europe since 9/11
8. The US interventions after 9/11
Perfecting a Research Question
37. Topic idea: social media and protest
Question: What is the relationship between social media and
protest groups.
There are many links between them, so which type do you want
to focus on? Are you looking for cause and effect? Which direct
of this relationship is interesting to you? What are the existing
research studies mainly on?
Revised Question: What is the role of social media in protest
groups?
Now my question indicates the direction of the relationship –
the impact of X on Y. Still quite broad. Social media plays a lot
of roles in groups.
More Specific question: What is the role of social media in the
emergence of contemporary protest movements?
I have read and now know there is a social movement literature,
so I have changed my terminology. And I have decided to focus
on how social movements grow and gain political influence.
Perfecting a Research Question
Our question has a direction but it is still quite a big job to
answer it!
What is the role of social media in the emergence of
contemporary protest movements?
How could this question be made specific enough to answer?
Best method: Case study
What is the role of social media in the emergence of
contemporary protest movements? Case study of the Black
Lives Matter movement
This allows me to get into the specifics of how the use of social
media has aided a social movement in getting its message heard,
in growing its membership and influence, in raising global
awareness of its issue.
After studying the case, I can then answer the question: what
does this case tell us about the broader issue of the role of
social media in the emergence of contemporary protest
38. movements.
What is a literature review?
Process: a stage in your research that helps you…
Search, find, make note of what is out there
read, think, and understand your topic
develop your project and your bibliography
Product: written piece of work
An essay-length piece
Proof of the process (above)
to submit to Turnitin for your CW1
Includes a bibliography and references
Method: it is what we do when we write a library-based
dissertation
The process of reading, summarising, synthesising, criticising
literature on your topic…. In other words: literature-based
research.
(sometimes) a Section in Dissertation: ONLY if doing primary
research
If producing your own empirical date. But NOT needed if your
work is mainly library based (which most of you are doing)
What is the “Literature” in a Literature Review?
The word literature (in 'literature review') broadly refers to the
scholarly or scientific writing on a topic
Sources for the literature review should be research-based and
peer-reviewed.
A book is a piece of “literature”.
“A literature” is a body of work by different authors; a
collection of sources on a topic.
You might need to use more than one “literature” in your
dissertation.
39. Peer review is key!
Academic Research
Found in academic publications
Peer Reviewed Sources
Academic Books
Journal articles
Research Reports
Book Chapters
Conference papers
Theses
13
Other Research-based studies
Professionally produced research for a non-academic
institutions, including papers and reports from
Think Tanks
Charities
NGOs
Advocacy Groups
Government websites
International organisations
National and local Government departments
Use their online resources and archives, write to them (if full
paper is not available on website), network / make contacts,
email questions, request possible meetings.
40. 14
NOW BUILD YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY!
Annotated Bibliographies
Project management
Dissertation as a marathon, rather than a sprint
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41. University of Westminster
Politics, International Relations, Development Studies
Workshop 3: Literature Review 2
Writing your Literature Review
6PIRS022W: Dissertation – Module Leader: Bridget Cotter
Today’s Lecture on Literature Review
Assessment Requirements
What to include in the Review
Writing your Review – style and approach
References and Bibliography
What are the requirements?
Development Expected since last year
“The Literature Review for this module will be significantly
developed and different from the work you did for your
Research Methods module. (p.2)
If doing the same topic you should
build on the dissertation proposal that you submitted in your
second year…integrating tutor feedback (10-11);
demonstrate that you have made significant progress since last
year (11).
formulate an entirely new piece of work.
42. “This is not the same as the research search and review you did
for your Level 5 Political Research module.” (11)
You will be expected to demonstrate:
Identify your research question beyond a general ‘topic’ of
choice. The question will need to be clearly stated in the
assignment. (p.11)
Research the relevant literature beyond what was required in
your proposal. In particular, your literature review should cover
at least 20 sources.
Found ways to categorise and characterize the types of research
and literature available and relevant to your work
Expand the bibliography to reflect your research into the
literature beyond what was required in your proposal last year
All of the above is from page 11 of the Handbook
Marking Criteria (p.11)
Your literature review will be assessed according to the:
Breadth of the literature discussed
Coherence of the themes and structure of the review
Fit between literature review and research question
Clarity of writing style
Presentation, including academic conventions
What should I include in my review?
What is a Lit Review again?
An objective, concise, and critical summary of published
research literature pertinent to your subject of study.
In most cases, you should think of it as stage in the research
43. process, rather than a draft section of your final dissertation.
(p.2)
Remember to refer back to Lecture 2 for tips on finding sources
Also see examples on Bb
You can use the following questions as prompts
Write about the ones that are most relevant for you.
Don’t feel you have to cover all of them.
(Note! the order of these questions is not a guide to the
structure of your review)
Questions to get started
What does my reader need to know?
Which empirical RESEARCH STUDIES have been done on your
topic? What is the knowledge? Who conducted the most
important studies, when, where? Academic or other?
What are the key CONCEPTS in your subject of study and who
has developed these? How do they help us?
Which THEORIES have been developed to analyse, explain, and
evaluate your topic (and who are the key theorists?) How do
they help us understand?
What DON’T we know? Are there gaps in the literature,
neglected areas of study?
These are the questions that drive the Literature Review!
What insights can I bring to bear?
For what purpose has the research knowledge been used by
various analysts?
What are the different political and ideological perspectives
evident in the literature?
44. What are the different methodological approaches to this topic?
If empirical: what kinds of methods are used? What schools of
thought are the researchers and theorists from?
What do the concepts mean and how can they help to interpret,
explain and assess my topic?
How do the theories help us analyse the information I have
about my topic?
These are the questions that drive the Literature Review.
What needs evaluating?
What YOU think about these studies and analyses?
Which research, concepts and theories offer the most insight?
What are the strengths and weakness of the evidence, concepts
and theories?
What research questions are being asked and what is NOT being
asked?
What are the biases in the literature?
What are the limits of the literature?
These are the questions that drive the Literature Review.
Is a Literature Review the same as an essay?
No. It is different from an essay.
The main tasks of an essay:
to substantively answer a set essay question
the essay intro focuses on the question and the structure of the
argument
present an argument including extensive evidence
to persuade the reader of an argument
present evidence to show strengths and weaknesses of a range of
arguments
Evaluate the evidence and the various arguments
Give a thorough account of the topic including some detail of
the topic and analysis of this
45. The tasks of a Literature review (The Product)
Define your research question in relation to the literature
To introduce the reader to the key aspects of your topic
introduce the reader to the relevant strands of literature
Surveys the relevant and available literature
Demonstrates your knowledge of the literature and the subject
Gives overview of most important research studies, theories,
and analyses of your topic
categorises the literature thematically
the introduction focuses on the character of the literature and
the structure of the review (ie how you are organising the
review)
Evaluates, compares and contrast the significant theories,
studies, approaches in the literature (compares and contrasts)
Identifies trends, controversies, debates
Evaluates strengths and weaknesses of the literature
As a Process: the Review Helps you
Use the review to develop your research
Have a dialogue with the literature: from when you start your
research until the end
A review helps you to
work out your thoughts about your subject
narrow down your research aims and thesis statement
Work out your
empirical contribution
analytical contribution
to situate your topic in the field
understand the literature
decide on your research methods and methodology
46. How is it different from last year?
Includes more – possibly more relevant - sources
Most likely to show:
More knowledge of what is available and relevant
More advanced research and reading effort
Clearer picture of your research question
A more mature perspective on the literature
Stronger ability to stand back and generalise
Better synthesis and categorisation of literature
Less descriptive/detailed summary of specific sources
More concise writing
Incorporated tutor comments from proposal
How do I write my review?
Ideas for Organising your Review
20
Start General and get more specific.
Around key concepts, strands of your research, different
literature subject areas
Around perspectives, ideologies, arguments, approaches,
methodologies (grouping the sources)
Give a few illustrative examples from the more pertinent studies
(but not lots of details of the evidence offered by these)
Use inline references as a shorthand way of referring to your
specific sources
47. Writing Discursively
20
Is this a good review? What could be improved?
Student work on women’s political representation in the UK
Childs (2006) states that even after the great strides forward
after the 1997 election, women still make up less than 20% of
MPs. (p.3) She cites a number of reasons for this. Firstly,…
Jones (2005) argues that women are excluded from becoming
representatives at the point of candidacy selection. (p.134) She
based this on a 1993 study of parliamentary candidates (by
Danfield and Clover 1993), which, she argues, demonstrated
that…
Fallowfield (2003) has conducted a series of interviews gauging
the opinions of women MPs on why it is so difficult for women
to gain entry to Parliament. (p.24-27) She concludes that…
21
22
This Review is more discursive
Research studies present a series of explanations for the unequal
number of women representatives in the UK parliament,
including candidate selection, family unfriendly practices, and
continuing sexual stereo-types. (Childs 2006; Jones 2006;
Fallowfield 2003)
By far the most important author in this field is Sarah Childs
(1993, 1998, 2006) who has conducted several major studies on
the topic. In contrast to some of her earlier studies, in which
she argued that….(1993: 52), her most recent conclusion
48. (2006) is that….(120) However, Jones and Fallowfield suggest
that the most important factors are instead linked to….(Jones,
2006: 43; Fallowfield 2003: 21)
But there are weaknesses in all current research in that no one
has compared attitudes of male and female MPs. Without
interviewing men, it is hard to draw full conclusions. One study
that goes some way to addressing this gap is Soleri (2005). He
and his team interviewed…
23
Descriptive vs Analytical Writing
(Analytical writing is more Discursive)
In answer to the question: “How far do you think GM crops are
dangerous, basing your response on Goldsmith’s article”,
student followed the intro to his essay in a purely descriptive
way…
In the article Zac Goldsmith discusses the dangers of GM
crops. He relates how Klebsiella seeds were found to render
soil dead and threatened to end nearly all plant life. He also
mentions how easily mistakes can happen when 11,500 acres of
land in the UK was wrongly planted with GM contaminated
seed. He feels that people are becoming more aware of the
dangers of GM crops with even McDonald’s announcing that
their French fries will be GM free.
24
Here is a more analytical approach…
Goldsmith (1999) presents an array of evidence to suggest that
GM crops are dangerous. The most striking illustration of
possible disaster is the production of klebsiella seeds. David
49. Suzuki, an eminent Canadian geneticist, maintains that
genetically engineered seeds could end all plant life on the
North American continent. And research in different countries,
including Canada Mexico, and the UK has revealed that genes
travel miles from their original sites. Such evidence seems to
leave no doubt as to the danger of GM crops.
However, there are a number of potentially positive affects that
Goldsmith’s article glances over but does not develop. There
appears to be potential benefits in klebsiella seeds – the
production of ethanol. In addition, Goldsmith cites mainstream
opinion as now being uncomfortable with GM foods, but the
Royal Society as only “revising its position” (a relatively mild
phrase in contrast to the more extreme language of much of the
article).
25
This summary reads like a list of research findings: Sexual
harassment has many consequences. Adams, Kottke, and
Padgitt (1983) found that some women students said they
avoided taking a class or working with certain professors
because of the risk of harassment. They also found that men and
women students reacted differently. Their research was a survey
of 1,000 men and women graduate and undergraduate students.
Benson and Thomson's study in Social Problems (1982) lists
many problems created by sexual harassment. In their excellent
book, The Lecherous Professor, Dziech and Weiner (1990) give
a long list of difficulties that victims have suffered.
This one focusses on the conclusions that can be drawn from the
studies, and uses the findings to elaborate and illustrate this:
The victims of sexual harassment suffer a range of
50. consequences, from lowered self- esteem and loss of self-
confidence to withdrawal from social interaction, changed
career goals, and depression (Adams, Kottke, and Padgitt,
1983:135; Benson and Thomson, 1982:23-24; Dziech and
Weiner, 1990:42). For example, Adams, Kottke, and Padgitt
(1983) noted that 13 percent of women students said they
avoided taking a class or working with certain professors
because of the risk of harassment. (p. 138)
8
Using the literature review approach as part of an introduction
or chapter…
Real Student Example (on Just War Theory and Kosovo)
A growing body of literature on ‘just war’ theory emerged soon
after the end of the Cold War. Further, the controversy
surrounding NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999 led
scholars to address the issues behind the challenge of
humanitarian intervention as a contested form of ‘just
war’.REF WITH PAGE NUMBER While some continue to
defend both the theory and the intervention, there are many
who argue against the relevance of the concept of a just war
and the legitimacy of NATO’s humanitarian war in
Kosovo.(EXAMPLES OF SOURCES ON THIS) The conflict
between respect for state sovereignty as enshrined in the UN
Charter and intervention within sovereign states’ boundaries to
defend human rights is the subject of hot contemporary debate.
The opinions are divided and the subjects do not escape
without being scrutinized and evaluated.
One of the main just war theorists, Bellamy (2006)
offers an in-depth
presentation of the reasons why… NEEDS INLINE
REFERENCE WITH PAGE NUMBER!
51. Manchester Phrase bank
(for all your academic vocabulary and style needs!)
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/
The Inline References and Bibliography
In-Line References
17
Harvard, Westminster Harvard…
(Name date: page)
Do I use them in my lit review?
Of course you do!!!!!
See examples in previous slides
Use the PIR RED BOOK for a style and referencing guide! Bb
PIR site (Under Organisations)
Bibliography
17
Does not count in the word requirement
At Least 20 sources – majority peer-reviewed!
Relevant to your research question and aims
Harvard, Westminster Harvard…
Hart, C. (2001), Doing a Literature Search: A comprehensive
guide for the social sciences, (London: Sage).
Caulley, D. N. (1992). Writing a Critical Review of the
52. Literature. La Trobe University: Bundoora.
Clark, I. (2006). Writing the Successful Thesis and dissertation:
Entering the Conversation. Oxford: Prentice Hall.
Goodson, P. (2013) Becoming an academic writer. London:
Sage
Bibliography
17
Henning (2011) ‘Literature Review: Synthesizing Multiple
Sources’ School of Liberal Arts, Indiana University Available
at:
http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/uwc/uploads/docs/Lit+Review+weav
er-1.pdf [accessed 03/03/14]
Leicester University (2013) ‘Writing a Dissertation: Study
Guide’. Available at:
http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/writing/writing-
resources/writing-dissertation
Merriam S. (1988) Case study research in education: a
qualitative approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
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The Literature Review assessment
Writing a dissertation can appear a long and difficult task but it
will be more manageable if broken down into smaller tasks.
Writing a 1000-word literature review will help you make such
a start. It is a typical way to start any research process as it
requires you to get an overview of the existing academic
research on your topic. This is important as it helps you place
your own work in the context of existing research, so that you
can make a contribution to knowledge and insight on the topic.
The literature review will be your first assessed submission,
worth 10% of your grade and due by 13.00 on 21 November
2022. To write the literature review you will build on the
dissertation proposal that you submitted in your second year in
the module 5PIRS018: Doing Political Research (the second
piece of coursework). If you have changed your topic over the
summer, this will be your chance to tackle a new topic. If you
are continuing with the same topic you identified last academic
year, this will be your chance to
a) integrate the feedback received on your proposal from
5PIRS018; and
b) demonstrate that you have made significant progress on it
during the summer and your first 8 weeks of the semester.
Whether or not this is a new topic for you, you will need to
formulate an entirely new piece of work. This is not the same as
the review you did for your Level 5 Political Research module
and you must be very careful not to fall foul of the Academic
Standards assessment rules on “double-counting” (aka self-
plagiarism).
In particular, in the literature review, you will be expected to
demonstrate that you have:
54. 1. identified your research question beyond a general ‘topic’ of
choice. The question will need to be clearly stated in the
assignment.
2. researched the relevant literature beyond what was required
in your proposal. In particular, your literature review should
show evidence that you are familiar with at least 20 sources.
3. found ways to categorise and characterize the types of
research and literature available and relevant to your work
4. expanded the bibliography to reflect your research into the
literature beyond what was required in your proposal in last
year’s module Political Research module (5PIRS018W). In
particular, your bibliography should contain at least 20 sources,
most or all of which should be research-based (usually
academic) books and journal articles. (NB: the bibliography
does not count towards the word limit).
Your literature review will be assessed according to the
following criteria:
· Breadth of the literature discussed.
· Coherence of the themes and structure of the review.
· Fit between literature review and research question.
· Clarity of writing style.
· Presentation, including academic conventions.
Further guidance on the function, content and purpose of the
literature review will be given in Workshops 2 and 3.
You will receive your mark and written feedback on your first
submission via Blackboard by Monday 12 December 2022.
1
Research Proposal: Impact of European Union (EU) Cooperation
55. in the Environmental Field
Nayef Alkhalifa
University Of Westminster
04-04-2022
The European Union has been one of the major champions of
environmental changes globally and they have spearheaded the
efforts to revert climatic change to create a better environment.
The EU and its member states play a major role in the global
environmental field through the formulation of policies and
standards that help countries navigate the impacts that climatic
change has had on the world.
Rationale
The topic is critical not only to member’s states by to every
state, country and territory globally. Climatic change and
environmental degradation has a huge impact on the living
conditions and the nature of human life on earth. It is thus
necessary to take the environmental issues as a major concern
that is affecting human beings. Currently, the world faces
major issues that affect the wellbeing and overall health of the
planet. Pollution is a major environmental concern. It affects
water, air and soil and caused by human activities. Pollution has
led to millions of tones of plastics being dumped into the oceans
thus affecting marine life. It has also led to hard metal such as
nitrates that are caused by toxins released from factories and
fossil fuel combustion.
Global warming is as an effect of the greenhouse gases that are
released into the atmosphere through human activities such as
industrialization. It is a major problem that has seen the earth’s
56. temperature rise higher than it ever has in the last century.
Global warming leads to the melting of ancient glaciers leading
to a rise in sea levels. It also leads to a release of pathogens
frozen in time such as bacteria affecting the global ecosystem.
Waste disposal and loss of biodiversity also affects human
beings in that there is increased food shortage, fertility of land
and increased desertification in once fertile lands.
All the above environmental issues show the necessity of
studying the impact that a trade block such as the EU has on the
environment. It is important to understand the role that policies
and standards play in ensuring the conservation of the global
environment. The main argument of the paper will be that the
EU plays a strategic role in promoting environmental
conservation and encouraging the same thr0ough strict
standards and policies to their member countries. The EU acts
as a benchmark to other trade unions to increase the levels of
environmental awareness and conservation. The main aims of
the research topic are to create a better understanding of the EU
and its role in global environmental politics.
My interest in the topic is geared by the increasing negative
impacts of the environmental degradation on the globe. The
world has had some of its hottest years and sea levels are
constantly rising. NOAA’s 2020 Climate Report shows that the
combined oceanic and earth temperature has increased by 0.13
degrees Fahrenheit on average (per decade) since 1880 (Lindsey
& Dahlman, 2020). The increase since 1981 is however
astonishing as it has been more than twice the rate in less than
five decades. Global warming is likely to increase at a rate of
1.5 degrees Celsius if human beings do not change their current
ways of environmental pollutions and degradation. It is thus
important to understand the strategies that are employed by the
EU, and apply the same globally to hasten the environmental
change reform.
Objectives
The following are the objectives for the research:
· To identify the role that EU has in conserving global
57. environment and encouraging member states to conserve the
environment
· To identify the impact of the EU efforts in environmental
conservation on reduction of pollution, global warming and
environmental degradation
· To evaluate the impact of the EU on other trade blocks
globally in the fight for global environmental conservation
· To design a benchmark model that other nations and unions
globally could use to increase environmental conservation and
reduce the negative impacts of environmental degradation
· To create awareness of the roles that global bodies have in the
process of environmental conservation
· To identify and increase the participation of EU member states
in the process of environmental conservation
Literature Search and Summary
Researchers have tried to understand the impact that the
European Union and its stringent policies have had on the
environment. The trade block is known to have policies that
ensure environmental conservation. The following are few of
the sources that will provide a historical analysis of the
environmental conservation efforts put in place by the European
Union.
Heinelt (2018) is one of the authors that discuss the EU and its
environmental policies. The book title was first published in
2001 and continues to be updated year after year on the new
information that arises in relation to the EU and the
environment. The source analyses the impact of the EU policy
on the political, institutional and domestic environment. The
source analyses how the forms of governance in the European
Union impact the environmental processes and how countries
introduce environmental management systems. The source
concentrates on three countries in the EU which are Germany,
Greece and Great Britain and how their introduction of
voluntary environmental management systems impacts the
nation.
The resource is important to the research as it helps answer the
58. research question. It helps create an understanding of the steps
of environmental system management that are taken by various
countries in the EU and the impact they have on such countries.
It also creates awareness for the need of environmental
management policies and standards that could help improve the
overall well being of member states and the global community
in general.
The existence of life on earth is based on the balance of its
ecological systems. Angheluta et al. (2019) show the impact
that the environment has on survival of human beings and other
living creatures through their study. They show that
environmental degradation, pollution and events that lead to
pressure exerted on the environment have a negative impact on
the ecosystem. The authors discuss the objectives of the EU and
how they are related to environmental conservation. They carry
out a comparative analysis on matters such as renewable sources
of energy. They show that the EU and its member states have
policies that encourage the use of renewable sources of energy
as a way of conserving the environment. The policies reduce the
carbon foot print and thus better environmental outcomes.
The research is essential for the research as it shows the
cooperation in the EU through the set policies and standards on
matters relating to the environment. The EU has policies
regarding the use of sources of energy and what is considered
too much for the environment. Through such policies and their
acceptance by member states, it is possible to identify the
positive impacts that cooperation has on safeguarding the
environment and improving the ecological systems on which
human life relies.
Gulac et al. (2019) show a further increase in the collaborative
efforts between the EU and other countries such as Ukraine.
Their main focus is on the ecology of the nations and how such
collaboration strengths the fight for a better ecological system.
The authors show that the main problems that impede the
integration between the EU and other nations in relation to the
environmental spheres. The authors also identify the trends in
59. the environmental conservation integration amongst players in
the EU. They identify the main direction that the environmental
integration should take to ensure sustainable solutions to
environmental related problems.
The research is important to the current research in that it
provides an avenue to understand the impact that policies have
on the development of environmental policies aimed at solving
environmental issues. It also shows the power of collaboration
and how it increases the improvement and solving of
environmental norms and standards that govern environmental
development.
In summary, most of the research shows that collaboration has a
positive outcome when it comes to matters of environmental
conservation. The researchers show that it is through the
cooperation that members of the EU have become an element of
study on policies and standards related to the environment. The
EU members benefit from some of the highest environmental
standards globally. The only way that the union has managed to
achieve such standards is through member state collaboration.
The national governments have set clear goals and guides for
the attainment of the stated goals and vision of the union. The
union also has a policy that goes to 2022and beyond with
dedicated funding and research programs that are associated
with environmental collaboration.
This research will thus help cement the discussions through the
different literature on the positive impact that cooperation
between member states have had on the environment. It has
allowed the block to have some of the strongest policies and
progress when it comes to the conservation of the environment.
Benchmarking the European Union could help other nations and
global blocks understand how cooperation hastens the process
of environmental rejuvenation. It also allows them to
understand the purpose of shared goals and objectives in
relation to the environment.
Methodology
The research will take a historical approach where the main
60. focus will be on primary and secondary sources of data on the
EU and its impacts on the environment. A literature review will
be the main method of gathering the necessary information
required in the research. The study will review any primary
sources of information in relation to the European Union and its
impacts on the environment. The main sources will be
government archives or the website affiliated to the union and
its environmental objectives.
The research will use major keywords to search for the
appropriate literature to fit the research questions. All research
that fits the criteria will be evaluated to assess reliability and
credibility. The focus will be on sources that are less than 10
years and that have relevant data on the European Union. The
data collected shall be analyzed through thematic sectioning
where each piece will be arranged and groups according to the
themes that are prevalent.
Most of the research materials will be obtained through credible
and scholarly sources. The main focus will be Google Scholar, a
tool that provides peer reviewed information relating to the
research topic. JSTOR and ScienceDirect are other databases
that will come in handy in choosing the appropriate articles to
include in the research. The articles will be reviewed and vetted
by an independent researcher to eliminate any form of bias and
to also ensure that they meet the set criteria.
Research Timeline
Date
Aug ‘22
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan ‘23
Feb
March
Detail
64. Submission
References
Angheluta, S. P., Burlacu, S., Diaconu, A., & Curea, C. S.
(2019). The Energy from Renewable Sources in the European
Union: Achieving the Goals.
European Journal of Sustainable Development,
8(5), 57-57.
https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p57
Gulac, O., Dubchak, L., Iarmolenko, I., & Yanchuk, J. (2019).
65. Cooperation of Ukraine and the European Union in the
ecological sector: directions and prospects.
European Journal of Sustainable Development,
8(1), 22-22.
https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n1p22
Heinelt, H. (2018).
European Union environment policy and new forms of
governance: a study of the implementation of the environmental
impact assessment directive and the eco-management and audit
scheme regulation in three member states: a study of the
implementation of the environmental impact assessment
directive and the eco-management and audit scheme regulation
in three member states. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315202730
Lindsey, R., & Dahlman, L. (2020). Climate change: Global
temperature.
Climate. gov,
16.
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-
climate/climate-change-global-temperature