Evaluation techniques are used to test the usability and functionality of human-computer interaction systems. Common evaluation methods include cognitive walkthroughs, heuristic evaluations, laboratory studies, field studies, and observational methods like think aloud protocols. The goal is to identify usability problems, assess the effects of interfaces on users, and determine if system designs support users in completing tasks. Careful consideration of factors like the design stage, desired objectivity, and available resources helps researchers select the most appropriate evaluation method.
User Experiments in Human-Computer InteractionDr. Arindam Dey
This lecture covers the basics of user experiment design in human-computer interaction. Computer scientists and developers often create interfaces for a particular purpose. This lecture explains how a user experiment can be designed and conducted to systematically compare one interface with the other.
User Experiments in Human-Computer InteractionDr. Arindam Dey
This lecture covers the basics of user experiment design in human-computer interaction. Computer scientists and developers often create interfaces for a particular purpose. This lecture explains how a user experiment can be designed and conducted to systematically compare one interface with the other.
Chapter 9: Evaluation techniques
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
Designing for maximum usability – the goal of interaction design
Principles of usability
general understanding
Standards and guidelines
direction for design
Design patterns
capture and reuse design knowledge
Chapter 9: Evaluation techniques
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
Designing for maximum usability – the goal of interaction design
Principles of usability
general understanding
Standards and guidelines
direction for design
Design patterns
capture and reuse design knowledge
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Evaluation Techniques
Evaluation
tests usability and functionality of system
occurs in laboratory, field and/or in collaboration with
users
evaluates both design and implementation
should be considered at all stages in the design life cycle
3. Goals of Evaluation
assess extent of system functionality
assess effect of interface on user
identify specific problems
5. Cognitive Walkthrough
Proposed by Polson et al.
evaluates design on how well it supports user in learning
task
usually performed by expert in cognitive psychology
Expert 'walks through' design to identify potential
problems using psychological principles
forms used to guide analysis
6. Cognitive Walkthrough
For each task walkthrough considers
what impact will interaction have on user?
what cognitive processes are required?
what learning problems may occur?
Analysis focuses on goals and knowledge: does the
design lead the user to generate the correct goals?
7. Heuristic Evaluation
Proposed by Nielsen and Molich.
usability criteria (heuristics) are identified
design examined by experts to see if these are
violated
Example heuristics
system behaviour is predictable
system behaviour is consistent
feedback is provided
Heuristic evaluation `debugs' design.
8. Review-based evaluation
Results from the literature used to support or refute
parts of design.
Care needed to ensure results are transferable to new
design.
Model-based evaluation
Cognitive models used to filter design options
e.g. GOMS prediction of user performance.
Design rationale can also provide useful evaluation
information
10. Laboratory studies
Advantages:
specialist equipment available
uninterrupted environment
Disadvantages:
lack of context
difficult to observe several users cooperating
Appropriate
if system location is dangerous or impractical for
constrained single user systems to allow controlled
manipulation of use
11. Field Studies
Advantages:
natural environment
context retained (though observation may alter it)
longitudinal studies possible
Disadvantages:
distractions
noise
Appropriate
where context is crucial for longitudinal studies
13. Experimental evaluation
controlled evaluation of specific aspects of
interactive behaviour
evaluator chooses hypothesis to be tested
a number of experimental conditions are considered
which differ only in the value of some controlled
variable.
changes in behavioural measure are attributed to
different conditions
14. Experimental factors
Subjects
who – representative, sufficient sample
Variables
things to modify and measure
Hypothesis
what you'd like to show
Experimental design
how you are going to do it
15. Variables
independent variable (IV)
characteristic changed to produce different conditions
e.g. interface style, number of menu items
dependent variable (DV)
characteristics measured in the experiment
e.g. time taken, number of errors.
16. Hypothesis
prediction of outcome
framed in terms of IV and DV
e.g. “error rate will increase as font size decreases”
null hypothesis:
states no difference between conditions
aim is to disprove this
e.g. null hyp. = “no change with font size”
18. Think Aloud
user observed performing task
user asked to describe what he is doing and why,
what he thinks is happening etc.
Advantages
simplicity - requires little expertise
can provide useful insight
can show how system is actually use
Disadvantages
subjective
selective
act of describing may alter task performance
19. Cooperative evaluation
variation on think aloud
user collaborates in evaluation
both user and evaluator can ask each other questions
throughout
Additional advantages
less constrained and easier to use
user is encouraged to criticize system
clarification possible
20. Protocol analysis
paper and pencil – cheap, limited to writing speed
audio – good for think aloud, difficult to match with
other protocols
video – accurate and realistic, needs special equipment,
obtrusive
computer logging – automatic and unobtrusive, large
amounts of data difficult to analyze
user notebooks – coarse and subjective, useful insights,
good for longitudinal studies
Mixed use in practice.
audio/video transcription difficult and requires skill.
Some automatic support tools available
21. Automated analysis – EVA
Workplace project
Post task walkthrough
user reacts on action after the event
used to fill in intention
Advantages
analyst has time to focus on relevant incidents
avoid excessive interruption of task
Disadvantages
lack of freshness
may be post-hoc interpretation of eventS
Examples
Noldus Pocket Observer XT (http://www.noldus.com)
22. Post-task Walkthroughs
Transcript played back to participant for comment
immediately fresh in mind
delayed evaluator has time to identify questions
useful to identify reasons for actions and alternatives
considered
necessary in cases where think aloud is not possible
24. Interviews
analyst questions user on one-to-one basis
usually based on prepared questions
informal, subjective and relatively cheap
Advantages
can be varied to suit context
issues can be explored more fully
can elicit user views and identify unanticipated problems
Disadvantages
very subjective
time consuming
25. Questionnaires
Set of fixed questions given to users
Advantages
quick and reaches large user group
can be analyzed more rigorously
Disadvantages
less flexible
less probing
26. Questionnaires
Need careful design
what information is required?
how are answers to be analyzed?
Styles of question
general
open-ended
scalar
multi-choice
ranked
28. eye tracking
head or desk mounted equipment tracks the position
of the eye
eye movement reflects the amount of cognitive
processing a display requires
measurements include
fixations: eye maintains stable position. Number and
duration indicate level of difficulty with display
saccades: rapid eye movement from one point of interest
to another
scan paths: moving straight to a target with a short
fixation at the target is optimal
29. physiological measurements
emotional response linked to physical changes
these may help determine a user's reaction to an
interface
measurements include:
heart activity, including blood pressure, volume and
pulse.
activity of sweat glands: Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
electrical activity in muscle: electromyogram (EMG)
electrical activity in brain: electroencephalogram (EEG)
some difficulty in interpreting these physiological
responses - more research needed
30. Choosing an Evaluation Method
when in process: design vs. implementation
style of evaluation: laboratory vs. field
how objective: subjective vs. objective
type of measures: qualitative vs. quantitative
level of information: high level vs. low level
level of interference: obtrusive vs. unobtrusive
resources available: time, subjects,
equipment, expertise
