Designing for maximum usability – the goal of interaction design
Principles of usability
general understanding
Standards and guidelines
direction for design
Design patterns
capture and reuse design knowledge
Designing for maximum usability – the goal of interaction design
Principles of usability
general understanding
Standards and guidelines
direction for design
Design patterns
capture and reuse design knowledge
Chapter 9: Evaluation techniques
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
Chapter 9: Evaluation techniques
from
Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (2004).
Human-Computer Interaction, third edition.
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-239864-8.
http://www.hcibook.com/e3/
These slides cover various aspects of testing in the context of computer science and human-computer interaction (HCI). It includes topics like evaluation techniques, empirical methods in HCI, controlled experiments, and various testing approaches such as A/B testing, cognitive walkthrough, heuristic evaluation, and review-based evaluation. Additionally, it touches on issues related to internal and external validity, reliability in testing, and different experimental designs like between-subjects and within-subjects experiments. This material appears to be educational and is likely used in a course related to computer science or HCI.
All content within this presentation is the property of Royal Holloway, University of London. Unauthorized use, duplication, or distribution of the materials contained herein is strictly prohibited.
User Experiments in Human-Computer InteractionDr. Arindam Dey
This lecture covers the basics of user experiment design in human-computer interaction. Computer scientists and developers often create interfaces for a particular purpose. This lecture explains how a user experiment can be designed and conducted to systematically compare one interface with the other.
Introduction to Usability Testing for Survey ResearchCaroline Jarrett
The basics of how to incorporate usability testing in the development process of a survey. Workshp first presented at the SAPOR conference, Raleigh, North Carolina USA, October 2011 by Emily Geisen of RTI and Caroline Jarrett of Effortmark.
Brief introduction to Session-Based Test Management and to how Exploratory Testing is understood and approached under the influence of the Context-Driven Testing movement.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
3. Evaluation should not done in single phase
• Evaluation should not be thought of as a single phase in
the design process (still less as an activity tacked on the
end of the process if time permits).
• Ideally, evaluation should occur throughout the design
life cycle, with the results of the evaluation feeding back
into modifications to the design.
• Clearly, it is not usually possible to perform extensive
experimental testing continuously throughout the design,
but analytic and informal techniques can and should be
used.
4. Evaluation three goals
• To assess the extent and accessibility of the
system’s functionality.
• To assess users’ experience of the interaction.
• To identify any specific problems with the
system.
5. EVALUATION THROUGH EXPERT ANALYSIS
• We will consider four approaches to expert
analysis:
1. cognitive walkthrough
2. heuristic evaluation
3. the use of models
4. use of previous work.
6. Cognitive Walkthrough
Cognitive walkthrough was originally proposed and later revised
by Polson and colleagues as an attempt to introduce psychological
theory into the informal and subjective walkthrough technique.
– evaluates design on how well it supports user in learning task
– usually performed by expert in cognitive psychology
– expert ‘walks through’ design to identify potential problems
using psychological principles
– forms used to guide analysis
• the main focus of the cognitive walkthrough is to establish
how easy a system is to learn.
• More specifically, the focus is on learning through exploration.
7. To do a walkthrough,we need 4 things
• 1. A specification or prototype of the system. It doesn’t
have to be complete, but it should be fairly detailed.
Details such as the location and wording for a menu can
make a big difference.
• 2. A description of the task the user is to perform on
the system. This should be a representative task that most
users will want to do.
• 3. A complete, written list of the actions needed to
complete the task with the proposed system.
• 4. An indication of who the users are and what kind of
experience and knowledge the evaluators can assume about
them.
8. Cognitive Walkthrough (ctd)
• For each task walkthrough considers
– what impact will interaction have on user?
– what cognitive processes are required?
– what learning problems may occur?
• Analysis focuses on goals and knowledge: does the design
lead the user to generate the correct goals?
9. Heuristic Evaluation
• Proposed by Nielsen and Molich.
• usability criteria (heuristics) are identified
• design examined by experts to see if these are
violated
• Example heuristics
– system behaviour is predictable
– system behaviour is consistent
– feedback is provided
• Heuristic evaluation `debugs' design.
10. Review-based evaluation
• Results from the literature used to support or
refute parts of design.
• Care needed to ensure results are transferable
to new design.
• Model-based evaluation
• Cognitive models used to filter design options
e.g. GOMS prediction of user performance.
• Design rationale can also provide useful
evaluation information
12. Laboratory studies
• Advantages:
– specialist equipment available
– uninterrupted environment
• Disadvantages:
– lack of context
– difficult to observe several users cooperating
• Appropriate
– if system location is dangerous or impractical for
constrained single user systems to allow controlled
manipulation of use
13. Field Studies
• Advantages:
– natural environment
– context retained (though observation may alter it)
– longitudinal studies possible
• Disadvantages:
– distractions
– noise
• Appropriate
– where context is crucial for longitudinal studies
15. Experimental evaluation
• controlled evaluation of specific aspects of
interactive behaviour
• evaluator chooses hypothesis to be tested
• a number of experimental conditions are
considered which differ only in the value of
some controlled variable.
• changes in behavioural measure are attributed
to different conditions
16. Experimental factors
• Subjects
– who – representative, sufficient sample
• Variables
– things to modify and measure
• Hypothesis
– what you’d like to show
• Experimental design
– how you are going to do it
17. Variables
• independent variable (IV)
characteristic changed to produce different
conditions
e.g. interface style, number of menu items
• dependent variable (DV)
characteristics measured in the experiment
e.g. time taken, number of errors.
18. Hypothesis
• prediction of outcome
– framed in terms of IV and DV
e.g. “error rate will increase as font size decreases”
• null hypothesis:
– states no difference between conditions
– aim is to disprove this
e.g. null hyp. = “no change with font size”
19. Experimental design
• within groups design
– each subject performs experiment under each
condition.
– transfer of learning possible
– less costly and less likely to suffer from user
variation.
• between groups design
– each subject performs under only one condition
– no transfer of learning
– more users required
– variation can bias results.
20. Analysis of data
• Before you start to do any statistics:
– look at data
– save original data
• Choice of statistical technique depends on
– type of data
– information required
• Type of data
– discrete - finite number of values
– continuous - any value
21. Analysis - types of test
• parametric
– assume normal distribution
– robust
– powerful
• non-parametric
– do not assume normal distribution
– less powerful
– more reliable
• contingency table
– classify data by discrete attributes
– count number of data items in each group
22. Analysis of data (cont.)
• What information is required?
– is there a difference?
– how big is the difference?
– how accurate is the estimate?
• Parametric and non-parametric tests
mainly address first of these
23. Experimental studies on groups
More difficult than single-user experiments
Problems with:
– subject groups
– choice of task
– data gathering
– analysis
24. Subject groups
larger number of subjects
more expensive
longer time to `settle down’
… even more variation!
difficult to timetable
so … often only three or four groups
25. The task
must encourage cooperation
perhaps involve multiple channels
options:
– creative task e.g. ‘write a short report on …’
– decision games e.g. desert survival task
– control task e.g. ARKola bottling plant
26. Data gathering
several video cameras
+ direct logging of application
problems:
– synchronisation
– sheer volume!
one solution:
– record from each perspective
27. Analysis
N.B. vast variation between groups
solutions:
– within groups experiments
– micro-analysis (e.g., gaps in speech)
– anecdotal and qualitative analysis
look at interactions between group and media
controlled experiments may `waste' resources!
28. Field studies
Experiments dominated by group formation
Field studies more realistic:
distributed cognition work studied in context
real action is situated action
physical and social environment both crucial
Contrast:
psychology – controlled experiment
sociology and anthropology – open study and rich data
30. Think Aloud
• user observed performing task
• user asked to describe what he is doing and
why, what he thinks is happening etc.
• Advantages
– simplicity - requires little expertise
– can provide useful insight
– can show how system is actually use
• Disadvantages
– subjective
– selective
– act of describing may alter task performance
31. Cooperative evaluation
• variation on think aloud
• user collaborates in evaluation
• both user and evaluator can ask each other
questions throughout
• Additional advantages
– less constrained and easier to use
– user is encouraged to criticize system
– clarification possible
32. Protocol analysis
• paper and pencil – cheap, limited to writing speed
• audio – good for think aloud, difficult to match with other
protocols
• video – accurate and realistic, needs special equipment,
obtrusive
• computer logging – automatic and unobtrusive, large
amounts of data difficult to analyze
• user notebooks – coarse and subjective, useful insights,
good for longitudinal studies
• Mixed use in practice.
• audio/video transcription difficult and requires skill.
• Some automatic support tools available
33. automated analysis – EVA
• Workplace project
• Post task walkthrough
– user reacts on action after the event
– used to fill in intention
• Advantages
– analyst has time to focus on relevant incidents
– avoid excessive interruption of task
• Disadvantages
– lack of freshness
– may be post-hoc interpretation of events
34. post-task walkthroughs
• transcript played back to participant for
comment
– immediately fresh in mind
– delayed evaluator has time to identify
questions
• useful to identify reasons for actions
and alternatives considered
• necessary in cases where think aloud is
not possible
36. Interviews
• analyst questions user on one-to -one basis
usually based on prepared questions
• informal, subjective and relatively cheap
• Advantages
– can be varied to suit context
– issues can be explored more fully
– can elicit user views and identify unanticipated
problems
• Disadvantages
– very subjective
– time consuming
37. Questionnaires
• Set of fixed questions given to users
• Advantages
– quick and reaches large user group
– can be analyzed more rigorously
• Disadvantages
– less flexible
– less probing
38. Questionnaires (ctd)
• Need careful design
– what information is required?
– how are answers to be analyzed?
• Styles of question
– general
– open-ended
– scalar
– multi-choice
– ranked
40. eye tracking
• head or desk mounted equipment tracks the
position of the eye
• eye movement reflects the amount of
cognitive processing a display requires
• measurements include
– fixations: eye maintains stable position. Number and
duration indicate level of difficulty with display
– saccades: rapid eye movement from one point of
interest to another
– scan paths: moving straight to a target with a short
fixation at the target is optimal
41. physiological measurements
• emotional response linked to physical changes
• these may help determine a user’s reaction to
an interface
• measurements include:
– heart activity, including blood pressure, volume and pulse.
– activity of sweat glands: Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
– electrical activity in muscle: electromyogram (EMG)
– electrical activity in brain: electroencephalogram (EEG)
• some difficulty in interpreting these
physiological responses - more research
needed
42. Choosing an Evaluation Method
when in process: design vs. implementation
style of evaluation: laboratory vs. field
how objective: subjective vs. objective
type of measures: qualitative vs. quantitative
level of information: high level vs. low level
level of interference: obtrusive vs. unobtrusive
resources available: time, subjects,
equipment, expertise