This whitepaper discusses policy control in packetcore networks. It describes how consumer demand for data-heavy mobile services and the transition to 3G and 4G networks increased the need for fine-grained network usage management. The Policy Charging and Rules Function (PCRF) plays a key role in centralized policy control. The PCRF evolved from 3GPP standards to enable dynamic authorization and tie network resources to IMS sessions. It provides rules for subscriber access and bandwidth levels. 3GPP Releases strengthened the PCRF and supported additional capabilities for next-generation networks and services.
The 3GPP maintains and evolves radio technologies like GSM, GPRS, W-CDMA, UMTS, EDGE, HSPA and LTE as well as their related core networks and systems architecture. Over 350 companies participate through regional and national standards bodies that are organizational partners of 3GPP. 3GPP has specified radio interfaces for 2G, 3G and 4G networks and continues to work on advancing technologies through releases that improve aspects like throughput, latency, spectrum flexibility and more.
Mobility Management For Next Generation NetworksGreen Packet
Increasingly, operators worldwide will be faced with a similar challenge of managing data congestion over multiple access networks. With networks evolving into LTE, operators would need to carefully assess the technology fit into integrating complementary nature of multiple access networks into an all-IP flat architecture. An all IP flat architecture helps to tie heterogeneous access networks that devices can attach to access end-user services. Communication devices today are able to connect with more than one type of wireless technologies to the “web of things”. An end-user will connect to a Wi-Fi hotspot, if within range. When moving away from range, the communication link is handover to for example, UMTS. The motivation of inter-working lies in marrying the diverse strengths of each communication technology. High-bandwidth data communication inherent in WLAN lacks mobility. Conversely, cellular technologies such as UMTS succeed in highly mobile environments, but limited in bandwidth. Although cellular networks are evolving from today’s 3G to LTE that brings promise of capacity leaps (by nearly 4 times), the overall data growth projection will outpace LTE deployments and fill up very quickly.
The immediate need to curtail congested network and effectively manage mobility is imminent to accommodate the data traffic on their networks. The impact of inter-mobility between inter access technology together with various types of mobility support including 3GPP legacy network and non 3GPP is necessary to provide a target low-latency, higher data-rate, all-IP core network capable of supporting real-time packet services. Some of the available IP mobility protocols lack sufficient control to the network to optimize the handover process and do not handle well with slow connection setups of some wireless technologies. This paper highlights the potential approaches of bringing together mobility technologies that are available and how these approaches contribute to resolve operator concerns in deployment of services and combating congestion, access technology integration and evolution to LTE from legacy 3GPP networks.
This document discusses how to monetize 4G LTE networks through various revenue streams. It outlines a 4-phase LTE lifecycle including network planning, rollout, market rollout, and monetization. Potential revenue arms of monetization include offering fixed broadband services to meet bandwidth demands, expanding beyond consumer segments for fixed services, leveraging value-added services (VAS) like mobile apps, and bundling the right offerings to own the user experience. Diameter routing technology can help optimize signaling traffic and enable interworking between networks to support these monetization strategies.
BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
Mobile transport networks must evolve to support the new capabilities and requirements of 5G networks, including speeds of 10Gbps and beyond, low latency, and support for new applications. 5G will introduce new radio access network architectures and functional splits that distribute baseband processing, placing new demands on fronthaul transport between radio heads and centralized baseband units. Emerging solutions include packetized fronthaul interfaces like eCPRI that reduce bandwidth needs compared to traditional CPRI, as well as time-sensitive networking approaches to meet low latency requirements. Mobile transport networks must also concurrently support both 4G and 5G networks during the transition to 5G, posing integration challenges over the coming years.
In my project the traditional mobile data offloading transfers cellular users to Wi-Fi networks to relieve the cellular system from the pressure of ever-increasing data traffic load. The spectrum utilization of the network is bound to suffer from potential packet collisions due to its congestion -based access protocol. Due to the number of competing Wi-Fi users grows large. To tackle numerous users problem transfer some users to be served by the LTE-U system. By using cognitive network, admission control algorithm is used for minimizing the traffic. Conventional portable information offloading exchanges cell clients to WiFi systems to alleviate the cell framework from the weight of the continually expanding information activity stack. Be that as it may, the range use of the WiFi system will undoubtedly endure from potential bundle crashes because of its dispute based get to convention, particularly when the quantity of contending WiFi clients develops substantial. To handle this issue, we propose to exchange a few WiFi clients to be served by the LTE framework, as opposed to the customary versatile information offloading which successfully offloads LTE movement to the WiFi arrange. In the interim, utilizing the rising LTE in unlicensed range (LTE-U) innovation, some unlicensed range assets might be apportioned to the LTE framework in remuneration for taking care of more WiFi clients.
HSPA and Mobile WiMAX are both wireless technologies that can provide high-speed mobile broadband services. While they have some similarities, such as using dynamic scheduling, link adaptation, and H-ARQ with soft combining, they also have key differences. HSPA uses FDD while Mobile WiMAX uses TDD, and they operate on different frequency bands. They also differ in their multiple access methods and control channel designs, resulting in differences in uplink data rates and coverage compared to each other. Both technologies continue to evolve to improve peak data rates and system capacity.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
The 3GPP maintains and evolves radio technologies like GSM, GPRS, W-CDMA, UMTS, EDGE, HSPA and LTE as well as their related core networks and systems architecture. Over 350 companies participate through regional and national standards bodies that are organizational partners of 3GPP. 3GPP has specified radio interfaces for 2G, 3G and 4G networks and continues to work on advancing technologies through releases that improve aspects like throughput, latency, spectrum flexibility and more.
Mobility Management For Next Generation NetworksGreen Packet
Increasingly, operators worldwide will be faced with a similar challenge of managing data congestion over multiple access networks. With networks evolving into LTE, operators would need to carefully assess the technology fit into integrating complementary nature of multiple access networks into an all-IP flat architecture. An all IP flat architecture helps to tie heterogeneous access networks that devices can attach to access end-user services. Communication devices today are able to connect with more than one type of wireless technologies to the “web of things”. An end-user will connect to a Wi-Fi hotspot, if within range. When moving away from range, the communication link is handover to for example, UMTS. The motivation of inter-working lies in marrying the diverse strengths of each communication technology. High-bandwidth data communication inherent in WLAN lacks mobility. Conversely, cellular technologies such as UMTS succeed in highly mobile environments, but limited in bandwidth. Although cellular networks are evolving from today’s 3G to LTE that brings promise of capacity leaps (by nearly 4 times), the overall data growth projection will outpace LTE deployments and fill up very quickly.
The immediate need to curtail congested network and effectively manage mobility is imminent to accommodate the data traffic on their networks. The impact of inter-mobility between inter access technology together with various types of mobility support including 3GPP legacy network and non 3GPP is necessary to provide a target low-latency, higher data-rate, all-IP core network capable of supporting real-time packet services. Some of the available IP mobility protocols lack sufficient control to the network to optimize the handover process and do not handle well with slow connection setups of some wireless technologies. This paper highlights the potential approaches of bringing together mobility technologies that are available and how these approaches contribute to resolve operator concerns in deployment of services and combating congestion, access technology integration and evolution to LTE from legacy 3GPP networks.
This document discusses how to monetize 4G LTE networks through various revenue streams. It outlines a 4-phase LTE lifecycle including network planning, rollout, market rollout, and monetization. Potential revenue arms of monetization include offering fixed broadband services to meet bandwidth demands, expanding beyond consumer segments for fixed services, leveraging value-added services (VAS) like mobile apps, and bundling the right offerings to own the user experience. Diameter routing technology can help optimize signaling traffic and enable interworking between networks to support these monetization strategies.
BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
Mobile transport networks must evolve to support the new capabilities and requirements of 5G networks, including speeds of 10Gbps and beyond, low latency, and support for new applications. 5G will introduce new radio access network architectures and functional splits that distribute baseband processing, placing new demands on fronthaul transport between radio heads and centralized baseband units. Emerging solutions include packetized fronthaul interfaces like eCPRI that reduce bandwidth needs compared to traditional CPRI, as well as time-sensitive networking approaches to meet low latency requirements. Mobile transport networks must also concurrently support both 4G and 5G networks during the transition to 5G, posing integration challenges over the coming years.
In my project the traditional mobile data offloading transfers cellular users to Wi-Fi networks to relieve the cellular system from the pressure of ever-increasing data traffic load. The spectrum utilization of the network is bound to suffer from potential packet collisions due to its congestion -based access protocol. Due to the number of competing Wi-Fi users grows large. To tackle numerous users problem transfer some users to be served by the LTE-U system. By using cognitive network, admission control algorithm is used for minimizing the traffic. Conventional portable information offloading exchanges cell clients to WiFi systems to alleviate the cell framework from the weight of the continually expanding information activity stack. Be that as it may, the range use of the WiFi system will undoubtedly endure from potential bundle crashes because of its dispute based get to convention, particularly when the quantity of contending WiFi clients develops substantial. To handle this issue, we propose to exchange a few WiFi clients to be served by the LTE framework, as opposed to the customary versatile information offloading which successfully offloads LTE movement to the WiFi arrange. In the interim, utilizing the rising LTE in unlicensed range (LTE-U) innovation, some unlicensed range assets might be apportioned to the LTE framework in remuneration for taking care of more WiFi clients.
HSPA and Mobile WiMAX are both wireless technologies that can provide high-speed mobile broadband services. While they have some similarities, such as using dynamic scheduling, link adaptation, and H-ARQ with soft combining, they also have key differences. HSPA uses FDD while Mobile WiMAX uses TDD, and they operate on different frequency bands. They also differ in their multiple access methods and control channel designs, resulting in differences in uplink data rates and coverage compared to each other. Both technologies continue to evolve to improve peak data rates and system capacity.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
HSPA and Mobile WiMAX have several key technical similarities:
1. They both use dynamic scheduling to allocate radio resources only during active transmission periods, improving efficiency.
2. Link adaptation allows them to dynamically select modulation schemes and coding rates based on changing radio conditions, maximizing throughput.
3. H-ARQ with soft combining enables quick error correction on the downlink and uplink without retransmission, improving performance and capacity.
This document discusses the development and commercialization of 5G networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile networks from analog voice to 4G LTE and highlights how 5G will enable new experiences through vastly higher speeds and lower latency. It outlines the 5G New Radio standard being developed by 3GPP and Qualcomm's role in driving 5G technology and standardization. It also presents the results of an industry-first simulation showing significant user experience gains of 5G over 4G LTE.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
The document discusses key technology enablers for 5G networks, including 5G radio, ultra dense heterogeneous networks, mobile edge computing, network function virtualization, software defined networking, network slicing, and internet of things. The objectives of 5G include supporting peak data rates of 10Gbps, guaranteed rates of 50Mbps, latency of 1ms for radio access and 5ms end-to-end, high mobility up to 500km/hr, location accuracy of less than a meter, and connectivity for over 1 million devices per square kilometer. 5G aims to enable a wide range of new applications through these advanced capabilities.
The document discusses the transition from existing telecommunications networks to Next Generation Networks (NGNs). It defines NGNs as packet-based networks that can provide telecommunication services using multiple broadband technologies. The key aspects covered include the NGN architecture consisting of access, core, control and service layers, protocols used in NGNs like SIP and key NGN services like voice, multimedia and VPNs. It concludes that NGNs will be the foundation for new multimedia applications and an evolution from separate networks to a single network capable of carrying all services.
LTE is the next step in mobile broadband that will provide significantly higher data rates and lower latency. It is a global standard that 42 operators have committed to deploying, with 15 networks planned to launch by the end of 2010 and 33 by the end of 2012. LTE offers advantages over previous standards like higher speeds for applications like mobile video and will simplify networks through its all-IP design. It can be deployed in existing cellular spectrum as well as new bands, helping to meet growing demand for mobile data.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
The document discusses the transition to Next Generation Networks (NGNs). Traditional telecom networks are being replaced by IP-based networks capable of integrating different access technologies and services. This allows for the convergence of fixed, mobile, and data networks. NGNs aim to reduce costs through infrastructure optimization while creating new revenue sources by offering converged services like triple play bundles. However, successful business models for NGNs remain uncertain and will depend on demonstrating clear benefits to customers.
Jan 2020 CommsMEA - 5G fixed wireless access will reshuffle the fixed vs. mob...Tariq Ashraf
5G will enable significant improvements in network capacity, speed, and latency compared to 4G which will allow operators to offer fixed wireless access plans that can match or replace fixed wireline broadband plans. Operators will be able to provide guaranteed quality of service for 5G fixed wireless access subscribers through network slicing capabilities. This will position 5G fixed wireless access as a true substitute for fixed broadband, enabling operators to charge premium prices. The higher speeds and capacities of 5G will also make it feasible to provide unlimited data plans through fixed wireless access.
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
Evolving to an open C-RAN Architecture for 5Gkinsleyaniston
This white paper provides an assesment of the emerging C-RAN architecture with a focus on the practical evolitionary path that will take mobile operators from the distributed RANs of today to the fully-virtualized and open cloud RANs of future. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/smart-xhaul-solutions/index.html
Emerging Radio Technologies that are mmWave communications, Massive MIMO, Novel Waveforms and Multiple Access techniques etc. will provide ultra-high data rate traffic per user. However, only new Radio techniques implemented in lower layers of legacy networks could not guarantee the all 5G requirements, consequently the new network architecture along with new Radio technologies will emerge to fulfill all 5G requirements.
Dynamic Data Offloading : Connect Intelligently With ANDSFGreen Packet
The arrival of varied smartphones and devices has inevitably encouraged greater data consumption.
Users are now more sophisticated and demand nothing less than best network performance. Smartphone generally accounts for higher ARPU and represents potential new revenue streams for enabling quad play services. Operators are aggressively addressing these challenges and improving the quality of their solution to retain existing customers and offering better service experience to build loyalty.
WiFi adoption as data offloading is gaining momentum as it improves user experience while lowering the cost of service providers. Correctly implemented, it can ease up to 20% of traffic with substantial impact of freeing up the spectrum and load balancing. Offloading data to WiFi hotspots is economically attractive, because many carriers already operate a substantial number of hotspots.
In this paper, we will examine how dynamic data offloading can be further optimized with 3GPP based Access Network Discovery Selection Function (ANDSF). ANDSF describes how the inter-system mobility between 3GPP systems and non-3GPP systems (ie: WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA) policies and priorities can control the conditions for which a device (UE) connects to which wireless network.
The document discusses next generation networks (NGN) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). NGN aims to converge different access networks onto a single all-IP infrastructure to seamlessly deliver multimedia services. IMS is an architectural framework for delivering IP-based services to users on both fixed and mobile networks. It provides session control functions and enables real-time multimedia services like voice and video over packet networks.
Dynamic data offloading_connect_intelligently_with_andsfGreen Packet
WiFi data offloading can help reduce traffic loads on 3G networks and improve user experience. Dynamic data offloading using ANDSF allows intelligent switching between 3G and WiFi networks based on policies and network conditions. This helps optimize network usage and minimize congestion. ANDSF provides visibility and control over offloaded data traffic. Offloading to WiFi can support more users per site and lower operator infrastructure costs compared to additional 3G cell sites.
Examining Regulatory Environment in the Ethernet worldArief Gunawan
The document discusses regulatory approaches for implementing Ethernet-based carrier networks in Indonesia. It examines moving from a vertical to horizontal licensing model to encourage competition. It also discusses the need for a new interconnection system between all-IP networks to address issues like losing revenue from traditional services moving to IP. Regulators are encouraged to take an anticipatory rather than reactive approach, and facilitate infrastructure sharing among providers to spur new services and applications.
The document discusses the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which was designed to support migration from current mobile networks to 3GPP Release 8 LTE networks through interoperability between LTE and other wireless access technologies. EPC provides a common anchor point for subscribers, acts as the policy and charging enforcement point, and allows smooth introduction of LTE while maintaining service continuity for subscribers. It discusses how mobile network operators can introduce EPC in steps while leveraging synergies with existing 3GPP networks to efficiently support increasing mobile data traffic demands on their networks.
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
HSPA and Mobile WiMAX have several key technical similarities:
1. They both use dynamic scheduling to allocate radio resources only during active transmission periods, improving efficiency.
2. Link adaptation allows them to dynamically select modulation schemes and coding rates based on changing radio conditions, maximizing throughput.
3. H-ARQ with soft combining enables quick error correction on the downlink and uplink without retransmission, improving performance and capacity.
This document discusses the development and commercialization of 5G networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile networks from analog voice to 4G LTE and highlights how 5G will enable new experiences through vastly higher speeds and lower latency. It outlines the 5G New Radio standard being developed by 3GPP and Qualcomm's role in driving 5G technology and standardization. It also presents the results of an industry-first simulation showing significant user experience gains of 5G over 4G LTE.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
The document discusses key technology enablers for 5G networks, including 5G radio, ultra dense heterogeneous networks, mobile edge computing, network function virtualization, software defined networking, network slicing, and internet of things. The objectives of 5G include supporting peak data rates of 10Gbps, guaranteed rates of 50Mbps, latency of 1ms for radio access and 5ms end-to-end, high mobility up to 500km/hr, location accuracy of less than a meter, and connectivity for over 1 million devices per square kilometer. 5G aims to enable a wide range of new applications through these advanced capabilities.
The document discusses the transition from existing telecommunications networks to Next Generation Networks (NGNs). It defines NGNs as packet-based networks that can provide telecommunication services using multiple broadband technologies. The key aspects covered include the NGN architecture consisting of access, core, control and service layers, protocols used in NGNs like SIP and key NGN services like voice, multimedia and VPNs. It concludes that NGNs will be the foundation for new multimedia applications and an evolution from separate networks to a single network capable of carrying all services.
LTE is the next step in mobile broadband that will provide significantly higher data rates and lower latency. It is a global standard that 42 operators have committed to deploying, with 15 networks planned to launch by the end of 2010 and 33 by the end of 2012. LTE offers advantages over previous standards like higher speeds for applications like mobile video and will simplify networks through its all-IP design. It can be deployed in existing cellular spectrum as well as new bands, helping to meet growing demand for mobile data.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
The document discusses the transition to Next Generation Networks (NGNs). Traditional telecom networks are being replaced by IP-based networks capable of integrating different access technologies and services. This allows for the convergence of fixed, mobile, and data networks. NGNs aim to reduce costs through infrastructure optimization while creating new revenue sources by offering converged services like triple play bundles. However, successful business models for NGNs remain uncertain and will depend on demonstrating clear benefits to customers.
Jan 2020 CommsMEA - 5G fixed wireless access will reshuffle the fixed vs. mob...Tariq Ashraf
5G will enable significant improvements in network capacity, speed, and latency compared to 4G which will allow operators to offer fixed wireless access plans that can match or replace fixed wireline broadband plans. Operators will be able to provide guaranteed quality of service for 5G fixed wireless access subscribers through network slicing capabilities. This will position 5G fixed wireless access as a true substitute for fixed broadband, enabling operators to charge premium prices. The higher speeds and capacities of 5G will also make it feasible to provide unlimited data plans through fixed wireless access.
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
Evolving to an open C-RAN Architecture for 5Gkinsleyaniston
This white paper provides an assesment of the emerging C-RAN architecture with a focus on the practical evolitionary path that will take mobile operators from the distributed RANs of today to the fully-virtualized and open cloud RANs of future. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/smart-xhaul-solutions/index.html
Emerging Radio Technologies that are mmWave communications, Massive MIMO, Novel Waveforms and Multiple Access techniques etc. will provide ultra-high data rate traffic per user. However, only new Radio techniques implemented in lower layers of legacy networks could not guarantee the all 5G requirements, consequently the new network architecture along with new Radio technologies will emerge to fulfill all 5G requirements.
Dynamic Data Offloading : Connect Intelligently With ANDSFGreen Packet
The arrival of varied smartphones and devices has inevitably encouraged greater data consumption.
Users are now more sophisticated and demand nothing less than best network performance. Smartphone generally accounts for higher ARPU and represents potential new revenue streams for enabling quad play services. Operators are aggressively addressing these challenges and improving the quality of their solution to retain existing customers and offering better service experience to build loyalty.
WiFi adoption as data offloading is gaining momentum as it improves user experience while lowering the cost of service providers. Correctly implemented, it can ease up to 20% of traffic with substantial impact of freeing up the spectrum and load balancing. Offloading data to WiFi hotspots is economically attractive, because many carriers already operate a substantial number of hotspots.
In this paper, we will examine how dynamic data offloading can be further optimized with 3GPP based Access Network Discovery Selection Function (ANDSF). ANDSF describes how the inter-system mobility between 3GPP systems and non-3GPP systems (ie: WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA) policies and priorities can control the conditions for which a device (UE) connects to which wireless network.
The document discusses next generation networks (NGN) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). NGN aims to converge different access networks onto a single all-IP infrastructure to seamlessly deliver multimedia services. IMS is an architectural framework for delivering IP-based services to users on both fixed and mobile networks. It provides session control functions and enables real-time multimedia services like voice and video over packet networks.
Dynamic data offloading_connect_intelligently_with_andsfGreen Packet
WiFi data offloading can help reduce traffic loads on 3G networks and improve user experience. Dynamic data offloading using ANDSF allows intelligent switching between 3G and WiFi networks based on policies and network conditions. This helps optimize network usage and minimize congestion. ANDSF provides visibility and control over offloaded data traffic. Offloading to WiFi can support more users per site and lower operator infrastructure costs compared to additional 3G cell sites.
Examining Regulatory Environment in the Ethernet worldArief Gunawan
The document discusses regulatory approaches for implementing Ethernet-based carrier networks in Indonesia. It examines moving from a vertical to horizontal licensing model to encourage competition. It also discusses the need for a new interconnection system between all-IP networks to address issues like losing revenue from traditional services moving to IP. Regulators are encouraged to take an anticipatory rather than reactive approach, and facilitate infrastructure sharing among providers to spur new services and applications.
The document discusses the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which was designed to support migration from current mobile networks to 3GPP Release 8 LTE networks through interoperability between LTE and other wireless access technologies. EPC provides a common anchor point for subscribers, acts as the policy and charging enforcement point, and allows smooth introduction of LTE while maintaining service continuity for subscribers. It discusses how mobile network operators can introduce EPC in steps while leveraging synergies with existing 3GPP networks to efficiently support increasing mobile data traffic demands on their networks.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR VIDEO TRAFFIC IN L...ijmnct
In this paper we have studied downlink packet scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE cellular networks.
The study emphasize on three most promising scheduling algorithms such as: FLS, EXP rule and LOG rule.
The performance of these three algorithms is conducted over video traffic in a vehicular environment using
LTE-Sim simulator. The simulation was setup with varying number of users from 10 - 60 in fixed bounded
regions of 1 km radius. The main goal this study is to provide results that will help in the design process of
packet scheduler for LTE cellular networks, aiming to get better overall performance users. Simulation
results show that, the FLS scheme outperforms in terms of average system throughput, average packet
delay, PLR; and with a satisfactory level of fairness index.
Efficient Vertical Handoff Management in LTE Cellular NetworksIRJET Journal
This document proposes a neuro-fuzzy based approach for efficient vertical handover management in LTE cellular networks. It discusses how single criteria handover decisions can cause inefficient handovers. It then describes a neuro-fuzzy system that uses fuzzy logic and neural networks to make multi-criteria handover decisions based on parameters like RSS, network load, bandwidth, and jitter. The system collects input values, evaluates them using fuzzy rules, aggregates the outputs, and selects the best network. Simulation results show that this approach can improve handover performance and QoS in heterogeneous wireless networks.
Future European society and economy will strongly rely on 5G infrastructure.
The impact will go far beyond existing wireless access networks with the aim for communication services, reachable everywhere, all the time, and faster. 5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race. 5G technologies will be adopted and deployed globally in alignment with developed and emerging markets’ needs.
Implementing a Session Aware Policy Based Mechanism for QoS Control in LTEIJERA Editor
Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning has become significant with the widely growth of multimedia applications and high increase in the number of users in both wireless and wired networks. In this paper, we implemented a session-aware policy based mechanism for QoS provisioning and control in LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks. Policies are a set of rules identifying the QoS parameters for users. Implementation included DiffServ (Differentiated Services) configuration and setting policies inside the PCRF (Policy Charging Rules Function) which is the brain entity in LTE, then mapping from QCI (QoS Class ID) to DiffServ. Moreover, the dialogue between PCEF (Policy Charging Enforcement Function) and PCRF was implemented. Simulations on four different traffic application types: VoIP (voice over IP), video, web, and ftp (file transfer protocol) were performed under the network simulator (ns2). Results showed that applying PCEF over the different traffic applications has a great effect in controlling these applications and specifically UDP (User Datagram Protocol) based applications such as video.
Performance Analysis of Different Modulation Schemes using Wi-Max And LTEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of different modulation schemes using WiMAX and LTE. It compares these two advanced wireless technologies in the physical layer and provides performance analysis of modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM based on SNR or Eb/No and BER. MATLAB is used to simulate and analyze the performance of modulation schemes in WiMAX and LTE networks. The document also discusses the evolution of wireless access technologies and highlights the need for higher data rate technologies like WiMAX and LTE.
1) LTE/SAE is designed to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks by utilizing a more spectrally efficient air interface, flexible use of radio spectrum, and a flat, packet-based network architecture.
2) It aims to enable wireless broadband communication comparable to DSL in fixed networks by providing peak data rates up to 173 Mbps (326 Mbps with MIMO), low latency below 20ms, and high spectral efficiency.
3) Major mobile operators expect LTE/SAE to achieve data rates over 100Mbps, spectral efficiency 3-4 times that of HSPA, and flexible deployment in various spectrum bands to maximize coverage and reuse of spectrum.
QOS-BASED PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR HETEROGENEOUS LTEADVANCED NETWORKS...ijwmn
The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the
last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many
features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as
Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for
achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network,
which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support
higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network
operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets
with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous
LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the
spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based
packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in
Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A
networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A
networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for
Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some
concluding remarks in the last section.
QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Network...ijwmn
The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
This document provides an application progress report for research on evaluating the performance of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks for quality of service (QoS) in internet protocol television (IPTV) from June 2019 to December 2019. The researcher introduces LTE and QoS, describes the LTE architecture, and states the problem of ensuring best video quality for users. Observations from simulations on cell data and extracted data are summarized. Next steps include writing a research paper.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
The transport network for 5G is much more than just backhaul; it’s the critical backbone connecting the core network all the way to the service layer at the edge via the midhaul and fronthaul. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/
This document discusses throughput performance analysis of Voice over IP (VoIP) in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. It begins with an introduction to LTE and the increasing demand for high-speed wireless communication. It then describes the generic frame structures used in LTE, including Type 1 and Type 2 frames for Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) respectively. Next, it covers LTE's quality of service framework and use of Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) for audio and video transmission. Finally, it provides an overview of VoIP technology and its characteristics, such as delay requirements and use of codecs like AMR to provide constant bit rate transmission of compressed
Throughput Performance Analysis VOIP over LTEiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Unified Billing-Realization of convergent architecture for charging and billi...IDES Editor
4G is expected to get deployed by many telecom
companies in this year. Technologies employed by 4G being
tested and going to hit the commercial market soon. When
fully implemented, 4G is expected to offer high speed
transmission and provide seamless handoffs across multiple
high speed heterogeneous networks. These heterogeneous
networks on converged platform provide access to varied
services over an IPv6 core. Convergence & high speed would
provide opportunity to end user to use compounded services
from varied network providers; this will lead to big challenge
for accounting, Charging and billing. This paper in
continuation of our previous papers [7][21] discusses a
Convergent Framework Architecture (CFA) which provides a
unified bill to the user for all his compounded usage across
varied network operators. The CFA introduces a trusted third
party operator called the Convergent Network Operator
(CNO) to achieve a transparent charging, accounting and
unified billing provisions. The functionality of the CFA is
demonstrated with a prototype. We were able to realize unified
bill to end user for the usage of different type of service from
varied network providers. This concept and business model
will bring better Quality of service (QoS) not only at
competitive price but also provide independence and choice to
users to opt for specific services from Quality network
operators. These instructions give you basic guidelines for
preparing camera-ready papers for ACEEE’s conference
proceedings/Journal Publications.
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
The Enea Policy Manager fulfills the roles of the 5G PCF and 4G PCRF, controlling quality of service and allocating network resources. It interacts with many systems to decide which policies apply to each data stream. With a cloud-native design, it provides performance, redundancy, and scalability to support large numbers of policies and evolving operator strategies. It complies with 3GPP standards for use cases like voice over LTE and network slicing while enabling stateless microservices through APIs.
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Policy control for packetcore networks
1. Whitepaper Elitecore Technologies Telecom Practices
Policy control for
2. Whitepaper Policy control for Packetcore Networks
INTRODUCTION
The world pushing in overdrive
Communication Service Providers (CSPs) are busy riding the avalanche of unprecedented network changes and
technology arrivals. Even at this juncture, a phenomenon that is growing faster than everything else is the ‘insatiable
consumer’. The telecommunications industry in recent years has witnessed a systematic upheaval in communications
technologies. With rapidly maturing technologies and protocols, demand for higher-level applications and services via
IP driven access and bandwidth is also growing rapidly .
This transformation has given rise to a multitude of new trends such as intensified subscription to life-style and business
oriented communications services by consumers and enterprise users. Demand for high speed, data-heavy and content
rich mobile connectivity capable of providing continuous information stream has emerged as a new paradigm. This
organized rally of ‘personalized services’ oriented network platform eventually arrived at a quintessential phase with
the advent of packetcore networks.
Source: Chetan Sharma Consulting
3G, for example, promises to alleviate many limitations of 2.5G that didn't allow enjoying high-speed internet services.
Since it will work well simultaneously for both voice and data, service providers will indeed witness a great surge in SMS,
streaming video, music downloads, social media applications and the like. The market is already experiencing
phenomenal addiction for high-speed rich media content and social networking enabled smart phones. Nokia Ovi,
Apple App Store, Youtube, Facebook, Twitter and many other similar platforms are becoming essential lifestyle
ingredients for the next-gen users. In order to capitalize these opportunities, service providers need smart yet simple
solutions to introduce Time and Value based innovative service plans. This is where a dynamic Policy Manager will
catalyze a cutting edge in packetcore networks by raising the bar in managing ubiquitous and context aware service
provision with real time charging.
Gradual Drift from 2G to 3G and evolution Changing Dynamics of the Subscriber Usage Pattern
towards Evolved Packet System
Source: Fraunhofer FOKUS presentation on OpenEPC
2 Elitecore Technologies Telecom Practices
3. Whitepaper Policy control for Packetcore Networks
NEED FOR POLICY AND CHARGING RULES FUNCTION
Today, for Communications Service Providers, successful rollout of high-speed data driven services hinges on fine-
grained control of each service. This is an undeniable imperative for stringent network usage management for High-
speed Network, since guaranteeing end-to-end Quality-of-Service (QoS) using manual intervention for a variety of
services appears rather unachievable. Besides, rapidly declining price per bandwidth due to intense competition and
continued trend of data access being commoditized has also added extra pressure. Service providers therefore have to
control, monetize, and adapt their infrastructure suitably for fine-tuning their network economics, while also satisfying
today's demanding customers. Arriving at this involves
manifold service levels, real-time charging and quota Top Data Applications used by smart-phone users
management, real-time service provisioning, seamless
experience over various devices, on-demand & location-
specific applications and right-enabled admission with
(minutes/month/user)
Avg. monthly facetime
steady access control.
This is where the role of PCRF (Policy Charging and Rules
Function) comes. With the help of PCRF, Service Providers
can implement a policy-driven mechanism for automating
user self-provisioning. Accordingly, they can engage more
effectively with subscribers, sustain real-time control,
charge suitably and maximize their returns by centralizing
network policy control by building a smart conduit between Source – Zokem
the OSS (network processes) and BSS (business processes). An exemplary sample from the USA, UK, nordic countries.
EXTRACTING THE GENESIS OF PCRF
Simple and cost-effective ways for catering and managing Quality of Service (QoS) are important for packetcore
operators. This is essentially important for operators aiming at providing a gamut of IP-based rich content services across
over mobile broadband channels. This is where Policy based network management Architecture was evolved with IETF
and 3GPP for IMS policy frameworks.
PCRF has evolved out of the 3GPP (third generation partnership product) as a component for IMS, an architectural
framework for delivering multimedia services using Internet Protocol (IP), a common transport protocol that allows for
access independence and enables a single-core multimedia network. PCRF as of today is no longer tied only to IMS
networks, but is applicable across many network types.
Notwithstanding its original release as part of the 3GPP IMS standardization move to dynamically authorize and tie IMS
sessions with mobile packet access resources, today policy plays a key role in the working of an IMS, 3G and other
evolving next generation networks. PCRF now essentially covers the business and technological rules / definitions that
administer which network services a subscriber can access, at what bandwidth level, when, and for how long. The policy
control thus queries, coordinates, and adjusts all of the network resources to grant the required services to individual,
authorized subscribers.
PERTINENCE TO 3GPP RELEASES AND EVOLUTION OF POLICY CONTROL FRAMEWORK
With a view to fortifying the future of CSPs in the highly evolving heterogonous networks, 3GPP has been introducing a
series of guidelines known as releases. Of these releases, 3GPP release 7 is where PCRF formally replaced the erstwhile
Policy Decision Function (PDF), a secondary mechanism that used to provide static policy controls and lacked unification.
Realizing the growing complexity in next-gen networks, Release 7 aimed at centralizing subscriber management policy
control. The move helped telecom carriers break new ground by empowering them with new capabilities in centralized
subscriber policy management, for delivering broadband services with high data rate and lower-latency. With this, the
3 Elitecore Technologies Telecom Practices
4. Whitepaper Policy control for Packetcore Networks
next generation policy system imbibed hitherto unavailable features such as additional policy rules and real-time event
triggers. Aided by this improved scalability, PCRF came to support a much higher level of TPS & tiered services, volume
quotas, premium content and other next generation telecom offerings.
Diameter was first introduced by 3GPP in Release 5 for the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). In the beginning Diameter
was used along side other control protocols such as COPS and SOAP, but in 3GPP Releases 6 and 7 Diameter received
prime responsibility for control plane signaling and in the LTE related 3GPP Release 8 and 9 it continued widespread as
continued to more interfaces and network functionalities. 3GPP Release 8 also brought many advanced capabilities
such as the first step towards Long Term Evolution (LTE).
The release introduced an array of components for
3GPP Wireless Networks Reference Architecture
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) including SGW (Serving
Gateway), PGW (PDN Gateway) and MME (Mobile
Application
Management Entity). As per Rel 8 guidelines, PCRF's
Function
interoperation with the EPC gateways and the MME SPR
becomes mandatory and essential for the operation Online Charging
of the LTE. Also quite importantly, 3GPP Rel 8 actively Diameter
System(OCS)
looks at supporting IP based 3GPP services through
various non-3GPP access technologies such as
WiMAX and WLAN. 3GPP compliant AAA (by Sp Rx
interfacing with HSS) facilitates interworking
Gy
between 3GPP and non-3GPP access technologies in
EPC.
Policy Charging and
Also, a policy peering protocol enabling automated Rules Function
(PCRF)
control for adaptive flow aggregation between the Offline Charging
PCRF and PCEF allows policy rules to trail subscribers System (OFCS)
even when they are roaming, thus ensuring
consistent service quality (QoE) irrespective of Gxx Gx
subscriber's geographic location, by peering in real- Gz
time with the visited (roaming) networks. In 3GPP
release 9 further expanded policy enforcement
PCEF
functions of the Gx interface for direct management BBERF
of QoS policies based on subscribers usage Gateway
information. Thus, also enabling overall data
transmission and/or service level monitoring.
Key reference points described in 3GPP Release 7 and 8
Release 7 End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) concept and architecture
Release 7 Policy and charging control architecture
Release 7 Added end user subscription differentiation
Release 7 Applicable to many access networks
Release 8 Policy and charging control signaling flows and Quality of Service (QoS) parameter mapping
Release 8 LTE and System Architecture Evolution
Release 8 Inter operator roaming and policy control
Release 8 Interworking with 3GPP and Non 3GPP access networks
4 Elitecore Technologies Telecom Practices
5. Whitepaper Policy control for Packetcore Networks
WHY SHOULD OPERATORS OPT FOR A PCRF
Communication services are no longer conceived as something services such as streaming video, P2P, BoD, VoIP, etc. becomes
needed to reach another person. They have evolved into a quite effective. In turn as subscribers also get to enjoy the QoS
highly influencing and aspirations driven lifestyle & business and freedom of managing, controlling and updating their own
intervention, which touches human lives in many ways, usage preferences, they feel more comfortable and grow loyal
everyday, and every moment. Resultantly, CSPs now seek a with their CSP. This way PCRF also delivers substantial value-
special presence among their customers with a view to satisfy addition by enabling personalization to subscribers’ service
subscribers while ensuring profitable and judicious network usage experience.
usage. Optimizing bandwidth utilization, improving QoS,
ensuring consistent data roaming control and gaining capability By enabling adequate policy control PCRF safeguards both
to offer & manage long-term tiered bandwidth services customer expectations (QoE) and carrier needs (QoS).
together hold the key to business competitiveness. Integration of Network with the OSS has always been a
challenge, with PCRF Tactically located between the network
Policy Manager benefits the operator through real time control and the OSS; it acts as an intelligent conduit of services across
on network usage, service personalization and subscriber any kind of network or device.
management polices. Network policies help Resource
Admission Control in real time through Monitoring Network Finally, in the light of 3GPP release 8, which adequately
Contention per Class of Service by enforcing bandwidth usage accommodates interest of the service providers that are keen
controls on real time, thereby ensuring QoS. By managing data to offer next-generation services over non-3GPP access
traffic peaks, the unnecessary cost involved in adding network networks, a PCRF enabling such integration in the case of legacy
capacity can be avoided. Application policies help determine infrastructure deserves key attention. As stems from this, a
requirements that have to be met in order for it to be delivered smart PCRF is needed that can support such networks which
successfully (e.g. subscriber plan, subscriber location, QoS, comprises of devices that aren't fully-compliant with current
bandwidth requirements) It manages bandwidth allocations as industry specifications. Similarly, a PCRF can also be tied to a
per service&subscriber profiles. Subscriber policies help create specific vendor or it can be an open platform that allows
personalized services plans for data services integration and interoperability of equipment from multiple
vendors. It also integrates with OCS where PCEF cannot directly
With a PCRF driven policy management, rolling out tiered talk to the charging system
service plans while managing volume control for an array of
Contemporary policy management and enforcement specifications stress on the following aspects (use
cases) for judicious QoS over varied technologies, devices and networks, especially when data (mobile)
revenues are burgeoning at an extreme rate and shall soon take over voice revenues the world over.
Managing mobile data tsunami and averting traffic Vs non-roaming customers etc. This way using dynamic policy in
congestion in network real-time, CSPs can avert possible event of network congestion
and maintain healthy network economics together with
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in its recent competitive QoS among all broadband data users.
survey reveals that by the end of 2010, worldwide mobile users
will reach a titanic population of about 5.3 billion. Add to this Mobile broadband users in emerging markets by access device
another study from Cisco, which concerns Global Mobile Data
Forecast finds that a booming developing market like India will
Mobile broadband users in emerging markets (%)
have the highest Mobile Data Traffic Growth at a staggering
CAGR of 222% over 2009-2014. This indeed introduces fresh
challenges for CSPs in managing mobile (broadband) data
tsunami.
This is again where dynamic policy manager can offer the much
needed panacea. By being able to monitor subscribers’ usage
pattern in the light of available network resources, CSPs can
assign judicious priorities to various parameters such as
subscriber profile, service package, application type (music,
gaming, video, VoIP) traffic required by partner sites, roaming Source – Ovum
5 Elitecore Technologies Telecom Practices
6. Whitepaper Policy control for Packetcore Networks
Dynamic adaptation and Efficient use of resources Tiered service offerings
Unlike traditional ways of configuring static policies, today's As consumption of high-speed mobile data grows, CSPs have to
policy controller must adapt to suitable QoS configurations manage very tactically for a broad yet complex mix of content
based on monitored network state in real-time for better and mobile data users. While power users are increasing, a
utilization of network resources. Thus, satisfying both network wide section of causal users still remains. In order to make data
specific needs i.e. determining available resources (e.g. services more appealing and relevant to both these segments,
bandwidth) for enforcing policies as per required Class of CSPs must have smart Policy Management to cater adequate
Service and service usage specific needs (personalizing service options on usage and pricing. This provides ample opportunity
delivery to a subscriber by based on context-awareness). for revenue maximization while ensuring customization for
individual subscriber needs since configuring various service
Fair usage classes based on Bandwidth Usage Caps, Plan Speed, Access
For enabling end-to-end QoS (fair allocation of broadband Time, Service Priority (whether the subscriber is a casual
resources among all users), policy control mechanism should consumer, a business organization or a government
be able to invoke fair usage control to avoid network congestion establishment), Application type (e.g., streaming HD video,
on account of a small fraction of heavy usage subscribers and VoIP, P2P etc) and Device type (e.g. a 3G smart phone) now
should reserve network resources evenly among a wide section becomes possible with the help of a dynamic policy manager.
of subscribers. Hence, CSPs would have the ability to apply a set
of proactive responses to add to their subscribers QoE. Using Enabling Real time Charging
dynamic policy CSPs can proactively measure their subscribers’ With exponential growth in consumption of rich multimedia
usage and upon them reaching assigned threshold, CSPs can content (data) on variety of devices and also fast changing
wield flexible options such as sending alerts, throttling the subscriber usage patterns, CSPs are required to charge their
access speed during peak hours, assign priorities to bandwidth subscribers in real-time and also need to shift their access
intensive services. Moreover, with the added goodness of privileges between tiers of service QoS (e.g. bandwidth on
Parental Controls, subscriber too can restrict or limit abhorrent demand using self-care portal). In similar circumstances, it
and bandwidth-guzzling content channels by applying suitable becomes an imperative to integrate dynamic policy
conditions such as Time of Day, Bandwidth Quota Management management with online charging systems (OCS). This
and Anti Spam filters. augments and streamlines management of real-time changes
in QoS while catering sporadic subscriber requests which has
tremendous implications for service provider's revenue and
subscriber's service experience.
IN NUTSHELL
The world of savvy broadband users and uber-cool smart mobile devices is busy swallowing oodles of high-speed rich content and
data. This paradigm, though gradually yet steadily, is heralding the onset of Yottabyte Era*. With the dawn of 3G, managing the
quality of service promise eclipses every other aspect of broadband telecom offering. At this juncture, the telecom industry in
general and CSPs in particular are revisiting their value-proposition for meaningful sustainability and seamless alignment with
rapidly changing subscribers' needs. Irrespective of their demographics and psychographics, both ordinary and enterprise users
want to engage in smooth, convenient and 'anywhere, anytime and any device' high-speed data service. Since brand promise in
packetcore networks strictly hinges on service quality reliability (QoS), CSPs in turn are keen to partner accurate answers for their
acute needs as they prepare to deliver attractive offerings and strive to meet on-demand (real-time) service requests.
* As articulately defined in the paper “Managing growth and profits in the Yottabyte Era”
NETVERTEX: A DYNAMIC POLICY MANAGER
NetVertex NetVertex is a Service Aware Intelligent Policy Manager that brings intelligence into the network to make
Product of policy enforcement decisions in real time based on the services, applications, network resources,
e L I T E C O R E
subscriber profile, SLA & application to ensure end to end QoS & charging in real time.
NetVertex enables services providers reduce subscriber churn, the cost associated with non business data traffic and increase ARPU
through monitoring subscriber usage pattern, network contention, manage application wise bandwidth and enabling usage based
charging, It also provides platform for launch of subscriber intiated on demand services like BoD, music on demand, gaming on
demand etc. NetVertex Policy manager is compliant to 3GPP Release 8 (PCRF), WiMAX PCC and ETSI TISPAN standards with
redundant and failover deployment architecture. NetVertex can be delivered pre-integrated with fully compliant OCS, BSS, AAA or
Independent Policy manager
6 Elitecore Technologies Telecom Practices
7. Whitepaper Policy control for Packetcore Networks
TECHNICAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DOCUMENT
! IMS - IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural framework for delivering Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services
! PCRF – Policy and Charging Rules Function
! BBERF – Bearer binding and event reporting function
! Rx -resides between PCRF and AF, it enables transfer session information from AF to PCRF. Using Rx PCRF can notify AF of occurrence of a
subscribed traffic plane event.(eg IP session has been closed)
! Gx - The on-line policy interface between the GGSN and the Policy and charging rules function. Gx reference point enables a PCRF to have
dynamic control over the PCC behaviour at a PCEF
! Gxx -incorporates commands and AVPs, it enables gateway directly talk to PCRF.
! Gy- resides between the OCS and the PCEF. The Gy reference point allows online credit control for service data flow based charging.
! GZ- resides between the PCEF and the OFCS. The Gz reference point enables transport of service data flow based offline charging
information.
! SP- The Sp reference point lies between the SPR and the PCRF. The Sp reference point allows the PCRF to request subscription information
such as subscriber ID, a PDN identifier and session attributes. The reference point allows the SPR to notify the PCRF when the subscription
information has been changed.
! PCEF – Policy Control and Enforcement Function
! EPC – Evolved Packet Core
! IETF - Internet Engineering Task force
! 3GPP – Third Generation Partnership Project
REFERENCES
! A case study of Policy based QoS Management in 3G Networks by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
! Understanding the Future Mobile Networks and Related Technologies by Fraunhofer, Fokus
! ITU World Telecommunication, ICT Mobile World 2010 presentation
! Automated and Scalable QoS Control for Network Convergence, Princeton University
! Resource authorization in IMS with known multimedia service adaptation capabilities, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
and Computing
! Value Added Service Management in 3G networks, Communication Networks Laboratory,
! Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Athens
About Elitecore Technologies
TM
Elitecore Technologies is the provider of Billing & Revenue Management Solution- Crestel and Core Network Session Control Software- ELiteAAA and
TM
NetVertex - Service Aware Intelligent Policy Manager to enable Next Generation Voice, Video, Data Services offered by Tier-1 to Tier 3 Telecom Operators /
Service Providers over Wireline or Wireless Networks. Elitecore is a Carlyle Investee company having customers across the globe with presence in more than
78 countries. For more information, visit Elitecore Technologies at www.elitecore.com/telecompractices
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