POL2008 Research Theories & Methods
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This module provides 20 credits and focuses on research theories and methods in politics. It builds on level 1 understanding of methodologies and investigates philosophical issues and assumptions in social science research. Students will review different political science methodologies and practice designing research projects. The module also teaches the use of SPSS for statistical analysis. Assessments include two SPSS projects worth 30% each and a final exam worth 40%. The module aims to improve identifying research questions, developing hypotheses, incorporating feedback, and presenting work meeting scientific standards. Students will also cover descriptive statistics, distributions, regression, and applying inference to research designs.
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Arguments Presented in a Proposal
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What do readers need to know about your topic?
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What methods do you plan to use to collect data?
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How will you validate your findings?
What ethical issues will your study present?
What do preliminary results show about the practicability and value of the proposed study?
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Stage 2
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• An individual 3,000 word report.
In this report you are required to complete a consumer research proposal and conduct qualitative and
quantitative research to assess consumer attitudes to a specific commercial issue in the fashion retail
industry. Your topic will be situated within one of the following areas of interest, which you will
formatively sign off with your Tutor in week 3.
1. Range development: how UK brands expand overseas and how this affects the product ranges.
2. Researching consumer attitudes: investigating Ethical and Sustainable concepts for retail.
3. Researching the Luxury Brand experience: how brands present their image in the omni-channel
marketplace (stores, online, outlets).
The report will allow you to study a consumer demographic that is of interest to you and will evidence
your ability to academically and commercially identify the aims and objective of a piece of individual
research, supported by a robust literature review and evaluation of secondary data. The research
methodology proposal will show your understanding and application of an appropriate research strategy
and analysis methods within an ethical framework. You will design, conduct and analyse a small
quantitative and qualitative study. To conclude the report you should include an evaluation of data from
the study, recommend improvements and identify the limitations of the study approach.
Indicative structure and approximate word count:
1. A topic defined by means of a working title or research question.
2. An Abstract – not included in the word count.
3. List of contents and tables – not included in the word count.
4. Rationale and context for the researc.
An introduction to qualitative research.pdf
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research. It discusses two paradigms of research methodologies - logical positivism and phenomenological inquiry. Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Common qualitative research approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, action research, phenomenological research, and narrative research. Data collection methods may include observations, interviews, focus groups, surveys, and secondary research. Analysis involves preparing, exploring, coding, and identifying themes in the data. Qualitative research has advantages like flexibility, studying natural settings, and generating meaningful insights, but also disadvantages such as unreliability, subjectivity, and limited generalizability.
Methods of Research.pdf
This document discusses research methods and designs. It defines quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methods use numerical data and statistics, while qualitative methods focus on patterns and human experiences. The document also outlines different types of research designs, including descriptive, experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, historical, case study and ethnographic. It provides examples of how to create a research method and an example research method related to constraint identification and classification.
chapter session 2.1 Pro.of cond res..ppt
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Designing and Planning a Research.pptx
Research:
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. At a general level, research consists of three steps:
1. Pose a question.
2. Collect data to answer the question.
3. Present an answer to the question.
Salient Feature of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a methodological approach used in the social sciences and other fields to collect, analyze, and interpret numerical data. Here are some salient features of quantitative research:
1. Objective and Empirical: Quantitative research is focused on gathering objective, measurable data that can be analyzed statistically. It relies on empirical evidence rather than subjective opinions or interpretations.
2. Numerical Data: This research method involves the collection of numerical data, often in the form of statistics, percentages, or numerical measurements. The data can be subjected to statistical analysis for patterns and trends.
3. Structured Research Design: Quantitative studies typically have a structured and predetermined research design. The research process is planned in advance, and the data collection instruments, such as surveys or experiments, are carefully designed.
4. Large Sample Size: Quantitative research often requires a large sample size to ensure statistical reliability and generalizability of findings to a broader population. The goal is to make inferences about the population based on the data collected from the sample.
5. Statistical Analysis: Statistical methods and techniques, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and correlation analysis, are commonly used in quantitative research. These analyses help researchers draw conclusions and make predictions about the population under study.
6. Replicable and Generalizable Results: The aim of quantitative research is to produce results that are replicable and can be generalized to a larger population. This contributes to the scientific rigor and validity of the findings.
7. Closed-Ended Questions: Data collection instruments, such as surveys or questionnaires, often use closed-ended questions with predefined response options. This facilitates the quantification of responses and simplifies the analysis process.
8. Controlled Environment: In experimental quantitative research, efforts are made to control and manipulate variables to isolate cause-and-effect relationships. This allows researchers to make more precise statements about the impact of independent variables on dependent variables.
9. Objective Measurement: Quantitative research relies on objective measurements and standardized data collection methods to ensure consistency and reduce bias in the data.
10. Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal Design: Quantitative studies can be cross-sectional, examining data at a single point in time, or longitudinal, collecting data over an extended period to observe changes and trends over time.
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POL2008 Research Theories & Methods
- 1. MODULE TITLE: Research Theories & Methods POL2008 MODULE PROVIDER (AOU): Politics SUBJECT (3 LETTERS): POL LEVEL: 2 NUMBER OF CREDITS: 20 MODULE CO-ORDINATOR: Tereza Capelos MODULE AVAILABILITY: Year Long ASSESSMENT PATTERN Unit(s) of Assessment Weighting Towards Module Mark (%) SPSS Project A (2000 words) 30% SPSS Project B (2000 words) 30% Final Exam (2hrs) 40% PRE-REQUISITE/CO-REQUISITES POL 1006 MODULE OVERVIEW In this class, we build on students’ understanding of research methodologies introduced at Level 1. We investigate in depth the basic assumptions that inform social scientific research including philosophical issues such as the source of knowledge in social science. We will review different methodologies employed in political science and practice on designing solid research projects. We will also practice the use SPSS to conduct statistical analysis tests of data. MODULE AIMS Our aim is to focus on improving the following: Identifying research questions; Establishing the relevance of research questions for theory and society; Finding theoretical literature; Developing hypotheses concerning the relationship between variables; Understanding the principles that relate to hypothesis testing; Thinking in terms of relationships between variables, including possible causal relationships; Learning to incorporate feedback into an improved, revised version of one’s presentation; Presenting a written work that satisfies the criteria required in scientific publications, including proper citation and bibliographical forms. In addition, in our class we cover descriptive statistics, fundamental distributions, and measures of association. We then move to statistical inference and hypothesis testing, including linear regression, and discuss the application of inferential methods to qualitative research designs. You are expected to participate and discuss the main concepts and studies from each section’s readings.
- 2. Knowledge and understanding • Have an understanding of research processes and practical methodologies. • Gain insights into the current issues facing research. • Gain insights into the nature of evaluation and be able to understand the nature of evidence. • Gather, organise and deploy evidence, data and information from secondary and primary sources. • Identify, investigate, analyse, formulate and advocate solutions to problems. • Construct reasoned arguments, synthesize relevant information and exercise critical judgement. • Reflect on your own learning and seek and make use of constructive feedback. • Engage in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary debates. • Evaluate texts and research material. Transferable and Practical Skills • Communicate effectively and fluently in speech and writing. • Use communication and information technology for the retrieval and presentation of information, including, where appropriate, statistical or numerical information. • Deploy a range of relevant research and evaluation skills. • Adopt a proactive and effective approach to problem solving. • Apply self organisation. • Make appropriate use of information and communications technology. • Demonstrate the ability to present work orally. • Employ relevant research and evaluation skills to investigate politics - or policy-related areas. • Gain competency in the use of the SPSS statistical package To access MODULE CONTENT Introduction to the Methods and Methodology in the study of politics Philosophy of science Research Design: meaning and types, Comparative methodology, Content analysis, Documentary and Archive Analysis, Elite interviewing, Participant observation, Focus Groups, Surveys and Public Opinion Polls, Experimental design Using the Internet for political research, Ethics and research practices Formulating research questions, Building Hypotheses and deciding on Variable Operationalization Hypothesis testing, Descriptive statistics, Inferences and causal relations METHODS OF TEACHING/LEARNING Lectures, Seminars, and discussion elaborating on course-book
- 3. SELECTED TEXTS/JOURNALS Essential Books: • Burnham et al. 2004. Research Methods in Politics. Palgrave • Field. 2005. Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Publications • Walliman. 2004. Your undergraduate Dissertation. Sage Publications Complementary reading: • Bryman, A. (2002) Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Punch, K S. (2000) Introduction to Social Research, Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage. • Vogt. 2005. Dictionary of statistics and methodology. Sage Publications Date Last Revised: Feb 2009