1) South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011 after decades of civil war. It faces challenges including disputes with Sudan, a lack of economic development beyond oil, and integrating armed groups. 2) The population experiences high rates of poverty, gender inequality, and human insecurity issues like maternal mortality and food insecurity. Women in particular face societal expectations, limited economic opportunities, and risks of violence. 3) Disarming the civilian population who rely on weapons to protect cattle and themselves remains a challenge, and the proliferation of arms contributes to insecurity across South Sudan.

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Case study – South Sudan
OVERVIEW: South Sudan gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 peace
deal that ended Africa's longest-runningcivil war. The new nation stands to benefit from inheriting the bulk of
Sudan's oil wealth, but continuing disputes with Khartoum and a lack of economic development cloud its
immediate future.
FACTS:
Full name: Republic of South Sudan
Capital: Juba
Population: 11 million (July 2013 est)
Population Juba: 372,410 (2011) est
Area: 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles)
Major Languages: English (official),Arabic(includes Juba and Sudanesevariants) (official),regional
languages includeDinka,Nuer, Bari,Zande, Shilluk
Ethnic Groups: Dinkas (35.8%), Nuers (15.6%), Shiluks, Anuaks,Lvos et al (8.9%), Azandes (8.4%),
Baris (8.3%) Lotukos (4.8%), Arabs (3.1%), Others (15.1 % )
Religions: Animist, Christian
Literacy: definition:age
15 and over can read and
write. (2009)
Total population:27%
Male: 40%
Female: 16%
Monetary Unit: Sudanese pound
Main exports: Oil
GOVERNMENT: EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Chief of state: President Salva KIIRMayardit(since9 July 2011);
Vice President James Wani IGGA (since23 August 2013)
Head of government: President Salva KIIRMayardit(since9 July 2011);
Vice President James Wani IGGA (since23 August 2013)
Cabinet: National Council of Ministers;appointed by the president and approved by a
resolution from the LegislativeAssembly
Elections: President elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election lastheld on 11-
15 April 2010 (next to be held in 2015)
Election results: Salva KIIRMayarditelected president; (93% of vote), Lam AKOL (7% of the vote)
GOVERNMENT: LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
Bicameral National Legislatureconsists of the National LegislativeAssembly (332
seats) and the Council of States (50 seats);members serve four-year terms
Elections: National LegislativeAssembly - lastheld 11-15 April 2010 (next to be held in
2015); Council of States - established and members appointed 1 August 2011
Election results: National LegislativeAssembly seats by party - SPLM 251,SPLM-DC 6, NCP 3,
independent 6, unknown 66; Council of States - seats by party - SPLM 20,
unknown 30

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HISTORY
In the 1870’s Egypt attempted to colonize the region of southern Sudan by establishing the province of
Equatoria. In 1885 Islamic Mahdist revolutionaries overran the region, but were overthrown in 1898 by a
British force. An Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established the following year with Equatoria being the
southernmost of its eight provinces. The isolated region was largely left to itself over the following decades,
but Christian missionaries converted much of the population and facilitated the spread of English.
When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was on the understanding that the southerners would be able
to participate fully in the political system. When the Arab Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a
mutiny began that led to two prolonged periods of conflict (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which perhaps 2.5
million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought.
Ongoing peace talks finally resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005. As part of
this agreement the south was granted a six-year period of autonomy to be followed by a referendum on final
status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favour of secession.
Independence was realised on 9 July 2011. South Sudan gained control over most of the oil production but it
is landlocked and remains dependent on Sudan because it must use Sudan's export pipelines and processing
facilities. Certain areas along the border between the two countries remain disputed.
ECONOMY:
Long based on subsistence agriculture, South Sudan's economy is now highly oil-dependent. While an
estimated 75% of all the former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan, the refineries and the pipeline to the
Red Sea are in Sudan.
Oil plays a vital rolein the economies of both Sudan and South Sudan. Accordingto the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), oil represented around 57% of Sudan's total government revenue and around 78% of export
earnings in 2011, while it represented around 98% of total government revenues for South Sudan in 2011. The
IMF projected that Sudan's oil earnings substantially declined following the South's secession. According to
IMF estimates, oil accounted for 32% of total export earnings and 30% of Sudan's total government revenue in
2012.
Under the 2005 accord, South Sudan received 50% of the former united Sudan's oil proceeds, which provide
the vast bulk of the country's budget. But that arrangement was set to expire with independence.
In January 2012, South Sudan voluntarily shut in all of its oil production because of a dispute with Sudan over
oil transit fees. Following South Sudan's secession, Sudan requested transit fees of $32-36/barrel (bbl) in an
attempt to make up for the oil revenue loss, while South Sudan offered a transit fee of less than $1/bbl.
Tensions escalated at the end of 2011 when Sudan began to confiscate a portion of South Sudan's oil as a
payment for unpaid transit fees, and shortly after, South Sudan shut down production. After nearly 15 months
of intermittent negotiations, South Sudan restarted oil production in April 2013. Despite the progress that has
been made to reconciledifferences,several unresolved issues remain and production may be curtailed again in
the future. On 03 September 2013 President Kiir visited Sudan for bilateral talks in an attempt to avert
Sudan’s threat to halt oil supplies. Sudan threatened to cut off the oil flow unless Juba cut ties with rebels
operating across the disputed and unmarked border. South Sudan denies providing any support.
SUDAN / SOUTH SUDAN BORDER
The CPA called for the border between the 2 countries to be demarcated within 6 months; however the 2,010
km border remains disputed. The 27 September 2012 Agreement committed both countries to implement a
Safe Demilitarized Border Zone (SDBZ) along their mutual border in accordance with a map drawn up the
African Union High-Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP). However, the AUHIP map does not indicate a
centre-line to the SDBZ from which the 10 km demilitarised area is to be secured. Both countries exploit this

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ambiguity to argue that their troops are actually outside of the SDBZ and to accuse each other of violating the
agreement. An ad-hoc committee set-up by AUHIP to determine the centre-line has yet to publish its findings.
However, such a politically explosive issue is unlikely to be resolved by a third party and a final agreement
would require agreement by both countries.
The main row is over border region of Abyei, The conflict is rooted in a dispute over land between farmers of
the pro-South Sudan Dinka Ngok people and cattle-herding Misseriya Arab tribesmen. The CPA made
provision for a separate referendum to be held in Abyei to determine whether the region would become part
of Sudan or South Sudan. However, the two sides cannot agree on who is eligible to vote so an official
referendum has not been held. On 31 October 2013 residents of Abyei voted overwhelmingly to join South
Sudan in an unofficial referendum, which the Misseriya community boycotted. The referendum has been
described as a threat to peace by the African Union. There are currently approximately 4,000 UN
peacekeepers stationed in Abyei.
REINTEGRATION OF ARMED GROUPS
The current security vacuum in South Sudan enables many different armed groups to operate and move freely
across internal and international borders. These groups fall under a variety of categories: militias, foreign
armed groups, self-defence units, pastoralist cattle raiding parties, heavily armed civilians, nomadic
communities, private armies, former Sudan People’s Liberation Army and criminal gangs.
Many of the rebel groups accepted President Salva Kiir’s renewed offer of amnesty in April 2013, resulting in
the significantdeclineof rebel insurgencies. At present the most significantgroup thatremains active is David
Yau Yau’s militia, which remains a primary source of weapons for civilians in South Sudan. David Yau Yau’s
had accepted an offer of amnesty in June 2011 but defected again a year later due to dissatisfaction with the
amnesty package, ongoing support from Khartoum and the SPLA abuses against the Murle during the civil
disarmament campaign in Pibour country in mid-2012.
While President Kiir’s latest offer of unconditional amnesty has proved attractive to many rebel groups
whether they will be fully reintegrated into the SPLA remains to be seen. Typically incoming commanders seek
a higher military rank than the SPLA is comfortable with and it has always been difficult for the established
army to accept the enemy into its rank. There is a long-term failure to reintegrate former insurgents, for
example the surrendered insurgents formerly under Yau Yau, Athor and Bapiny Monituel have been awaiting
integration since 2011. (See annex 2 – South Sudanese militia commanders as of October 2013)
The Government of Sudan has pledged to end its support of South Sudan rebels and the increased presence of
the SPLA in the border areas has meant that at present the only means of providing a rms and ammunition
across theborder is by air drop. This activity can be readily and publicly documented by investigators, making
it politically very difficult for Sudan to continue its support.
ARMS PROLIFERATION AND CIVILIAN DISARMAMENT
The state does not have the monopoly on violence in South Sudan. A Small Arms Survey 2007 estimate was
that there were between 1.9 and 3.2 million small arms in circulation, which corresponds to at least one
firearmper household. In the rural areas arms areconsidered essential for guardingcattleand carried openly.
While the state security forces have a clear advantage over the armed civilian population in terms of
helicopters,tanks and heavy artillery both groups are trained in guerrilla warfare and possess the same small
arms. Furthermore the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) and the South Sudan Police Service (SPSS) are
primarily equipped and trained for guerrilla warfare with little formal training on how to protect the civilian
population and often unwilling to confront the commonly better equipped civili an population that they are
mandated to police All these factors are exacerbated by the fact that the state army is hard to distinguish as
items of military uniforms displaying the SPLA insignia are cheap, easy to come by and worn by the civilian

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population for example the hardwearing material of military jackets is favoured by cattle herders due to the
protection it offers them from the sun and insects.
The CPA did not contain provisionsfor disarmingthe civilian population which is in turn unwilling to give up its
weapons. The execution of enforced disarmament campaigns has been at the discretion of the state
governors and varied in the scale of implementation. Furthermore some disarmament campaigns such as in
Jonglei have been extremely violent with significant casualties but only a small number of weapons seized in
proportion to assumed stocks. Even when weapons are seized further supplies of arms are generally easy to
acquire at relatively low cost.
On 16 November 2013 the South Sudan government and several international development partners (Bureau
for Community Security and Small Arms Control; UNDP; European Union; Japan and DFID) announced the
‘Community Security Caravan’an initiativeto sensitizecivilians on the dangers of misusingsmall arms and light
weapons. The caravan will target remote conflict-prone areas and compliments a series of interactive radio
programmes that discouraging the acquisition of arms and encouraging those who owned arms to surrender
them to the police.
ACCESS TO JUSTICE
The majority of judges require training in the new English language common law of South Sudan. Formal
training having been in either Arabic language Sharia based law or the common law of Kenya and Uganda.
Access to justice is uneven; elites enjoy virtual impunity from prosecution, the rural population does not have
easy access to the courts with a courthouse and judge in most but not every county headquarters. These
courthouses are often very poorly equipped in terms of both basic amenities and staff. Women often cannot
approach the courts directly, requiring a male relative to present their case on their behalf. Crimes against
women such as rape are not treated as crimes against the individual but as crimes against the family. An
unmarried victim may often be forced to marry the perpetrator if sufficient dowry payment is made to the
family. Furthermore women wishing to divorce their husbands cannot do so unless the dowry is returned to
the husband’s family. In some cases a women leaving her husband for another man will be imprisoned for
adultery until the dowry payment is returned.
HUMAN SECURITY: SPECIFIC ISSUES FACED BY WOMEN
Daily life is a struggle for the vast majority of the population of South Sudan and human security remains
precarious, particularly for women and girls.
Maternal mortality figures are the highest in the world, with a reported at 2,054 per 100,000 (2%). However,
only 10% of women give birth in formal medical facilities so many such deaths may go unreported making the
true figure significantly higher. Women themselves typically want large families. A married woman of
childbearing age is expected to become pregnant at least once every three years and to continue until
menopause. This societal obligation was deepened duringthe second civil war when to have children was also
seen as an important contribution to the war effort.
When the second civil war ended in 2005 so did the protection it gave South Sudan from HIV and AIDS.
Women are particularly vulnerable as they have little or no control over the sex they have with their husbands
and the sex their husbands have with other women.
Food security remains a huge challenge for all, with only 4% of arable land being cultivated and most other
food and commodities are imported. Prior to the war farmed food was in plentiful supply, however few
people have returned to agriculture and rural areas farming largely remains at subsistence level. People are
reluctantto investin larger scale agriculture due to uncertainty about future security. For women the scarcity
of food is compounded by tradition which dictates that women are the last to eat in the household, taking
food only when the men and children have finished.

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Opportunities for employment are very low, with very few jobs available outside of government and NGO
work. With very little private industry jobs are scarce, particularly in rural areas. The Government of South
Sudan recorded the adultfemale illiteracy rate at 84%, restricting the vast majority of women to manual work.
Women who do manage to secure employment may find that the first priority for their wages is to their father
if their husband has not yet paid off their dowry in full.
Marriage in South Sudan is a union of 2 families rather than 2 individuals. Although the legal age for marriage
is 18 years, girls (particularly in rural areas often get married much earlier). Domestic violence is endemic in
South Sudan and not treated as a crime by the law. As customary law dictates that the children of divorced
parents shall live with the father many women may stay in abusive marriages to avoid the risk of losing their
children.
Cattle raiding along with inter / intra-tribal fighting have been features of South Sudanese life for decades.
However the role of women in conflict has changed since the start of the first civil war in 1955. Women were
not previously considered legitimate targets but now they are. This is due in part to the change of weaponry
from spears to guns, which depersonalise the act of killing. Furthermore in earlier times women were
permitted to marry men from other tribes and to adopt that tribal identity wi thout becoming the tribal enemy.
This imparted a special status to women married into other tribes as points through which adversarial
relations among men could potentially be defused.
RESETTLEMENT AND MIGRATION / POPULATION DISPLACEMENT
During the second civil war an estimated 4 million of South Sudan’s population of between 8 and 9 million
were displaced at least once, the majority of them have resettled since the signing of the CPA. Those living in
Khartoum were offered the option of naturalisation but those who declined were required to leave the
country by 08 April 2012. Accommodating these new arrivals has put a particular strain on the resources of
the new state, in the most part because they have settled in the border states who suffered the mos t from the
disruption to trade across the border.
In addition the shift of resettlement from rural to urban communities has been significant. In Juba revenue
from oil and international aid has helped to provide basic services such as new roads, street li ghts, water and
healthcare. A significant proportion of those migrating to Juba come from much bigger cities abroad bringing
with them different cultures. The benefits or otherwise that this migration to the cities will bring remains to
be seen.
UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN
The United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) wound up its operations on 09 July 2011 with the completion of
the interim period agreed on by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which was signed on 09 January 2005.
On the same date, in supportof the new nation the Security Council established a successor mission to UNMIS
– the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) for an initial period of one year, with the intention to
renew for further periods as required. UNMISS is the UN’s second largest in the world after the United
Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MOUNSCO). UNMISS
currently has the following:
Current (31 October 2013)
 7,633 total uniformed personnel:
6,802 troops
149 military liaison officers
682 police
 861 international civilian personnel
 1,334 local civilian staff*

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 400 United Nations Volunteers
The mission’s mandate is to:
 Support for peace consolidation and thereby fostering longer-term statebuildingand economic
development.
 Support the Government of the Republic of South Sudan in exercisingits responsibilities for conflict
prevention, mitigation,and resolution and protect civilians.
 Support the Government of the Republic of South Sudan in developing its capacity to provide security,
to establish ruleof law,and to strengthen the security and justicesectors.
Approved budget (1 July 2013 - 30 June 2014): $924,426,000
Fatalities
10 troops
1 international civilian
2 local civilians
4 other
17 total
INTERNATIONAL ACTORS IN SOUTH SUDAN
United Nations Mission in theRepublic of
South Sudan (UNMISS)
Responsibility for peacekeeping activities,conflict
monitoringand analysis.
United Nations InterimSecurity Force for
Abyei (UNISFA)
Responsibility for peacekeeping activities,conflict
monitoringand analysis.
UNMISS Civil Affairs Gathers and disseminates information,engages in conflict
prevention and resolution activities in association with
INGOs and government offices,
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)
Provides extensive supportin the security sector,developing
community policingstructures and ruleof lawdialogue
forums.
African Union High-Level Implementation Panel
on South Sudan (AUHIP)
Provides mediation of post-CPA disputes.
Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
(IGAD)
Provides limited inputon early warningamong other things.
AECOM – contractor for the South Sudan
Transition Initiativeof the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID)
South Sudan Transition and Mitigation Programme
supported political and peaceprocesses leadingup to and
followingindependence. (2009 – 2011)
South Sudan ViableSupport to Transition and Stability
Programme. USD 110 million. (2013 – 2018)
Adam Smith Institute for the UK Assessment of the current human resources,institutional
architectureand prevailingsystems and procedures in public
services,reportingdirectly to the Minister of Financeand
Economic Planningand the Minister for Labour and Public
Service.
Various International donorsand the World
Bank administered Multi-donor TrustFund
Providingessential services for the poor and rebuilding
conflictaffected areas. USD 718 million.2005 –2013.

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TIMELINE
1899-1955 - South Sudan is partof Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, under jointBritish-Egyptian rule.
1956 - Sudan gains independence from jointBritish-Egyptian rule.
First civil war
Rebel leader John Garang, who fought more than 20 years for independence, died in 2005
1962 - Civil war led by the southern separatistAnya Nya movement begins with north.
1969 - Group of socialistand communistSudanese military officers led by Col Jaafar Muhammad Numeiri
seizes power; Col Numeiri outlines policy of autonomy for south.
1972 - Government of Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri concedes a measure of autonomy for southern
Sudan in a peace agreement signed in Addis Ababa.
1978 - Oil discovered in Unity State in southern Sudan.
Second civil war
1983 - Fightingbreaks out again between north and south Sudan, under leadership of John Garang's Sudanese
People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), after Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri abolishes South Sudan's
autonomy.
1988 - Democratic UnionistParty - partof Sudan's rulingcoalition government - drafts cease-fireagreement
with the SPLM, but it is notimplemented.
1989 - Military seizes power in Sudan.
2001 - Sudanese Islamistleader Hassan Al-Turabi'sparty,the Popular National Congress,signs memorandum
of understandingwith the southern rebel SPLM's armed wing, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Mr
Al-Turabi is arrested the next day.
2002 - SPLA and Sudanese sign agreement on six-month renewable cease-firein central Nuba Mountains - a
key rebel stronghold.
Talks in Kenya lead to a breakthrough agreement between southern rebels and Sudanese government on
ending the civil war.The Machakos Protocol provides for the south to seek self-determination after six years.
North-south peace deal
2005 January - North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) ends civil war;deal provides for a
permanent ceasefire, autonomy for the south, a power-sharinggovernment involvingrebels in Khartoumand
a south Sudanese referendum on independence in six years' time.
2005 July - Former southern rebel leader John Garangis sworn in as firstvice-president.A new Sudanese
constitution which gives the south a largedegree of autonomy is signed.
2005 August - South Sudanese leader John Garangis killed in a planecrash.He is succeeded by Salva Kiir
Mayardiit.Mr Garang's death sparks deadly clashes in thecapital between southern Sudanese and northern
Arabs.
2005 September - Power-sharinggovernment is formed in Khartoum.
2005 October - Autonomous government is formed in South Sudan, in linewith the January 2005 peace deal.
The administration isdominated by former rebels.
Fragile peace
2006 November - Hundreds die in fightingcentred on the southern town of Malakal - the heaviestbetween
northern Sudanese forces and former rebels sincethe 2005 peace deal.
2007 October - SPLM temporarily suspends participation in national unity government, accusingKhartoumof
failingto honour the 2005 peace deal.Returns to government in December.
2008 March - Tensions riseover clashes between an Arab militia and SPLM in the disputed Abyei area on the
north-south divide- a key stickingpointin the 2005 peace accord.
Tension over Abyei
2008 May - Intense fighting breaks out between northern and southern forces in disputed oil -rich town of
Abyei.
Independence was backed by 99% of South Sudanese in the 2011 referendum
2008 June - Southern Sudanese leader Salva Kiir and SudanesePresidentOmar Bashir agreeto seek
international arbitration to resolvedispute over Abyei.

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2008 October - Allegations that Ukrainian tanks hijacked off the coast of Somalia were bound for southern
Sudan spark fears of an arms race between the North and former rebels in the South.
2009 June - Khartoum government denies it is supplyingarms to ethnic groups in the south to destabilisethe
region.
2009 July - North and south Sudan say they accept rulingby arbitration courtin The Hague shrinkingdisputed
Abyei region and placingthemajor Heglig oil field in the north.
Independence referendum
2009 December - Leaders of North and South reach deal on terms of referendum on independence due in
South by 2011.
2010 January - President Omar Bashir says hewill acceptreferendum result,even if the South opted for
independence.
2011 January - The people of South Sudan vote in favour of full independence from Sudan.
2011 February - Clashes between the security forces and rebels in southern Sudan's Jonglei state leave more
than 100 dead. Fightingbreaks out near Abyei.
2011 March - Government of South Sudan says itis suspendingtalks with the North, accusingitof plottinga
coup.
2011 May - North occupies disputed border region of Abyei.
2011 June - Governments of north and south Sudan sign accord to demilitarizethe disputed Abyei region and
let in an Ethiopian peacekeeping force.
New state born
2011 9 July - Independence day.
2011 August - UN says atleast600 people are killed in ethnic clashes in thestate of Jonglei.
2011 September - South Sudan's cabinetvotes to designateRamciel - a planned city in Unity State - as the
future capital.
2011 October - President Salva Kiir makes historic firstvisitKhartoumsinceindependence. South Sudan and
Sudan agree to set up several committees tasked with resolvingtheir outstandingdisputes.
At 75 people are killed when rebels of the South Sudan Liberation Army attack the town of Mayom, in Unity
State.
2011 November - South Sudan blames Sudan for the aerial bombardment of a refugee camp in Yida,in Unity
State; Sudan's army denies being responsible.
2012 January - South Sudan declares a disaster in Jonglei State after some 100,000 flee clashes between rival
ethnic groups.
2012 February - Sudan and South Sudan sign non-aggression pactattalks on outstandingsecession issues,but
Sudan then shuts down the South's oil export pipelines in a disputeover fees. South Sudan halves public
spendingon all butsalaries in consequence.
2012 April - After weeks of border fighting, South Sudan troops temporarily occupy the oil field and border
town of Heglig before being repulsed. Sudanese warplanes raid theBentiu area in South Sudan.
2012 May - Sudan pledges to pull its troops out of the border region of Abyei, which is also claimed by South
Sudan, as bilateral peacetalks resume.
Thousands of refugees streamed into South Sudan in mid-2012 to escapeviolencein the border areas of Sudan
2012 July - Country marks firstanniversary amid worseningeconomic crisis and no let-up in tension with
Sudan.
2012 August - Some 200,000 refugees flee into South Sudan to escape fightingbetween Sudanese army and
rebels in Sudan's southern border states.
2012 September - The presidents of Sudan and South Sudan agree trade, oil and security deals after days of
talks in Ethiopia.They plan to set up a demilitarised buffer zone and lay the grounds for oil sales to resume.
They fail however to resolveborder issues includingthe disputed Abyei territory.
2013 March - Sudan and South Sudan agree to resume pumping oil after a bitter disputeover fees that saw
production shut down more than a year earlier.They also agreed to withdrawtroops from their border area to

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create a demilitarised zone.
2013 June - President Kiir dismisses FinanceMinister Kosti Manibeand Cabinet Affairs Minister Deng Alor over
a multi-million dollar financial scandal,and lifts their immunity from prosecution.
2013 July - PresidentKiir dismisses entirecabinetand Vice-President Riek Machar in an alleged power struggle
within the governing Sudan People's Liberation Movement
Internal tensions
2013 June - PresidentKiir dismisses FinanceMinister Kosti Manibeand CabinetAffairs Minister Deng Alor over
a multi-million dollar financial scandal,and lifts their immunity from prosecution.
2013 July - President Kiir dismisses entirecabinetand Vice-President Riek Machar in an alleged power struggle
within the governing Sudan People's Liberation Movement.
2013 December - Hundreds of people die in clashes between rival army factions after PresidentKiir accuses his
former deputy, Riek Machar,of plotting a coup. Mr Machar denies the allegation.The fighting exacerbates
existingtensions between the Dinka and Nuer ethnic groups. Both sides agreeto attend peace talks in Ethiopia
Sources
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html
https://conflictarm.com
http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=SU
http://www.international-alert.org/sites/default/files/publications/201207PeaceSouthSudan.pdf
http://www.reuters.com
http://www.southsudannewsagency.com
http://www.sudantribune.com
http://www.smallarmyssurveysudan.org
http://unmis.unmissions.org/