The Converse-McGuire model of attitude change proposes that the probability of attitude change equals the probability of message reception multiplied by the probability of message acceptance. The model rests on two axioms: the reception axiom, which states that political awareness increases the likelihood of message reception; and the acceptance axiom, which states that higher awareness decreases the likelihood of uncritically accepting a message. While some studies support the model, others find political awareness has a weaker effect on attitudes than other factors like ideology. Nonetheless, the model remains important for understanding political persuasion processes and the conditional influence of different variables on attitude change.
This document discusses framing effects in politics and how they may impact politicians and citizens differently. It summarizes previous research showing that citizens are often vulnerable to framing biases in their political preferences and decision-making. The document questions whether elected officials are also susceptible to framing effects or if they are better able to avoid them due to greater political experience and sophistication. It hypothesizes that politicians will be less impacted by framing than citizens, and that susceptibility to framing will decrease as political experience and position increases. The document aims to test this by comparing how politicians and citizens respond to differently framed policy questions.
The document discusses three major theoretical models of voting behavior:
1) The sociological model emphasizes the influence of social factors and that voters align with candidates/parties that their social groups support.
2) The psychosocial model views party identification as the main determinant of voting decisions.
3) Rational choice theory focuses on variables like rational decision making, choice, and how information influences voting choices. The document reviews the key assumptions of each model and argues they are complementary in explaining electoral behavior.
Optimism as a Mediating Factor in the Relationship between Anxiety and News M...Danielle Hoyt
This survey-design study examined the relationship between degree of news media viewing and state anxiety levels, as well as the potentially moderating role that optimism may play in that relationship. As an independent researcher I was responsible for every aspect of this
study, under the supervision of my faculty advisor, Professor Joseph Trunzo PhD. I conceptualized the area of study, conducted a thorough literature review of existing relevant academic material, and created a research question and hypotheses. I then applied for and obtained approval from both Bryant’s Honors Program and Institutional Review Board. Using similar past studies as a reference, I created the survey format. I then recruited participants through communication with various departments and organizations on Bryant’s campus. I analyzed the data using SPSS software to determine Pearson’s correlation coefficients between several variables, as well as partial correlations when accounting for the optimism variable. I then wrote a paper on the study in addition to giving 2 presentations.
1) Campaigns spend large amounts on political advertising, including direct mail, to increase the likelihood that voters will recognize and support their candidate.
2) The study examines the effects of partisan campaign mailers through two field experiments collaborating with state legislative campaigns.
3) The findings show that mailers can affect name recognition of candidates, though effects on evaluations were less clear. Both negative and positive mailers increased intent to turn out, but timing appears important, as effects diminished closer to the election.
This document summarizes a dissertation that investigates whether equal but inefficient outcomes remain salient choices for subjects in coordination games when they are placed under time pressure. It conducted an experiment extending previous research by introducing time pressure. The dissertation reviews literature on equality and efficiency in coordination games. It finds that subjects tend to become more risk-taking under time pressure in individual decision games. The experiment was conducted with employees to avoid issues of students participating only for monetary incentives.
Adolescent suicide risk four psychosocial factorsferrellnl
This document summarizes a study examining four psychosocial factors (hopelessness, hostility, negative self-concept, and low social support) as predictors of suicide risk in adolescents. The study found that adolescents with higher scores on a suicide probability scale had significantly higher levels of hopelessness and reported more serious suicide attempts requiring medical care compared to those with lower scores. While no single demographic predicted risk, collectively the four psychosocial factors correlated with increased risk. The study suggests future research should further examine how addressing these psychosocial factors could help reduce adolescent suicide risk.
find the llink to download on my blog : http://nubiagroup-powerpoint-collection.blogspot.fr/
You can download this presentation in form of PPSX here :
http://www.4shared.com/dir/5qIXB4Hg/sharing.html
Este proyecto de reciclaje involucró a toda la comunidad escolar de un jardín de niños en Guadalajara, Jalisco. El objetivo era crear conciencia sobre la contaminación ambiental y enseñar a los niños sobre el reciclaje. Se colocaron cajas para reciclaje y los padres ayudaron a vender los materiales y donar los fondos y regalos a un hogar de ancianos. Las maestras también educaron a los estudiantes sobre la importancia del medio ambiente a través de películas y actividades.
This document discusses framing effects in politics and how they may impact politicians and citizens differently. It summarizes previous research showing that citizens are often vulnerable to framing biases in their political preferences and decision-making. The document questions whether elected officials are also susceptible to framing effects or if they are better able to avoid them due to greater political experience and sophistication. It hypothesizes that politicians will be less impacted by framing than citizens, and that susceptibility to framing will decrease as political experience and position increases. The document aims to test this by comparing how politicians and citizens respond to differently framed policy questions.
The document discusses three major theoretical models of voting behavior:
1) The sociological model emphasizes the influence of social factors and that voters align with candidates/parties that their social groups support.
2) The psychosocial model views party identification as the main determinant of voting decisions.
3) Rational choice theory focuses on variables like rational decision making, choice, and how information influences voting choices. The document reviews the key assumptions of each model and argues they are complementary in explaining electoral behavior.
Optimism as a Mediating Factor in the Relationship between Anxiety and News M...Danielle Hoyt
This survey-design study examined the relationship between degree of news media viewing and state anxiety levels, as well as the potentially moderating role that optimism may play in that relationship. As an independent researcher I was responsible for every aspect of this
study, under the supervision of my faculty advisor, Professor Joseph Trunzo PhD. I conceptualized the area of study, conducted a thorough literature review of existing relevant academic material, and created a research question and hypotheses. I then applied for and obtained approval from both Bryant’s Honors Program and Institutional Review Board. Using similar past studies as a reference, I created the survey format. I then recruited participants through communication with various departments and organizations on Bryant’s campus. I analyzed the data using SPSS software to determine Pearson’s correlation coefficients between several variables, as well as partial correlations when accounting for the optimism variable. I then wrote a paper on the study in addition to giving 2 presentations.
1) Campaigns spend large amounts on political advertising, including direct mail, to increase the likelihood that voters will recognize and support their candidate.
2) The study examines the effects of partisan campaign mailers through two field experiments collaborating with state legislative campaigns.
3) The findings show that mailers can affect name recognition of candidates, though effects on evaluations were less clear. Both negative and positive mailers increased intent to turn out, but timing appears important, as effects diminished closer to the election.
This document summarizes a dissertation that investigates whether equal but inefficient outcomes remain salient choices for subjects in coordination games when they are placed under time pressure. It conducted an experiment extending previous research by introducing time pressure. The dissertation reviews literature on equality and efficiency in coordination games. It finds that subjects tend to become more risk-taking under time pressure in individual decision games. The experiment was conducted with employees to avoid issues of students participating only for monetary incentives.
Adolescent suicide risk four psychosocial factorsferrellnl
This document summarizes a study examining four psychosocial factors (hopelessness, hostility, negative self-concept, and low social support) as predictors of suicide risk in adolescents. The study found that adolescents with higher scores on a suicide probability scale had significantly higher levels of hopelessness and reported more serious suicide attempts requiring medical care compared to those with lower scores. While no single demographic predicted risk, collectively the four psychosocial factors correlated with increased risk. The study suggests future research should further examine how addressing these psychosocial factors could help reduce adolescent suicide risk.
find the llink to download on my blog : http://nubiagroup-powerpoint-collection.blogspot.fr/
You can download this presentation in form of PPSX here :
http://www.4shared.com/dir/5qIXB4Hg/sharing.html
Este proyecto de reciclaje involucró a toda la comunidad escolar de un jardín de niños en Guadalajara, Jalisco. El objetivo era crear conciencia sobre la contaminación ambiental y enseñar a los niños sobre el reciclaje. Se colocaron cajas para reciclaje y los padres ayudaron a vender los materiales y donar los fondos y regalos a un hogar de ancianos. Las maestras también educaron a los estudiantes sobre la importancia del medio ambiente a través de películas y actividades.
The document advertises a website that provides daily reviews and discounts on top-rated sports fan products. It scans for products in various sports categories with at least 10 reviews, a rating of 4.0 or higher, and the highest discounts. For basketball, it lists the top 3 NBA and NCAA basketball picks with over 4 star reviews and 50% or higher discounts. It encourages subscribing to get notifications of discounted products.
Zachary K. Peterson has over 2.5 years of experience as a mechanical engineer developing complex products. He holds a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley and was the top undergraduate at UCLA. Peterson has strong problem-solving, communication, and leadership skills from his academic and professional experiences designing products and systems. He currently works as a Mechanical Engineer at Delta Design, where he has helped design, prototype, and produce new products.
The presentation provided a title and subtitle along with the date of 02.12.13. It contained 7 numbered pages or sections that likely covered various topics or points related to the overall presentation theme as indicated by the title.
374.residuos y desechos educa uno mas unodec-admin
Este documento describe un proyecto escolar para educar a los estudiantes sobre la cultura de separación y recolección de desechos. El proyecto identifica siete problemas ambientales clave relacionados con la mala gestión de desechos. El proyecto incluye la adquisición de contenedores para clasificar desechos, la elaboración de carteles y periódicos murales, charlas de educación ambiental, e investigación sobre la importancia de la clasificación de desechos. El objetivo es lograr una mayor concienciación sobre la necesidad de separ
GEOLOGIA APLICADA À GEOGRAFIA: REFLEXÃO SOBRE A INICIAÇÃO À DOCÊNCIAMaicon
Este documento descreve uma atividade de ensino de geologia aplicada à geografia realizada com estudantes de licenciatura em geografia no Brasil. A atividade incluiu aulas teóricas e práticas sobre minerais e rochas, com o objetivo de associar teoria e prática e desenvolver materiais didáticos. Os estudantes identificaram e classificaram amostras de minerais e rochas, e elaboraram uma coleção classificada segundo o processo de formação. A atividade permitiu refletir sobre a importância da abordagem pr
CALIDAD Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA DOCENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIORAdys Arbelaez
es la presentación de la lectura: CALIDAD Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA DOCENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR basado en el trabajo desarrollado por: Nancy Alarcón y Ricardo Méndez,
Este documento resume la historia de la informática desde las primeras máquinas mecánicas para realizar cálculos hasta los ordenadores electrónicos modernos. Comienza con inventos como la pascalina en el siglo XVII y la máquina analítica de Charles Babbage en el siglo XIX, antes de introducir los primeros ordenadores electrónicos como el ENIAC y el Mark I en la década de 1940. Finalmente, discute brevemente los avances posteriores incluyendo el desarrollo del transistor, los circuitos integrados y los microprocesadores que l
Este documento describe el embargo de ajuar, un procedimiento legal en el que los bienes muebles de un inquilino pueden ser embargados por el propietario si el inquilino no paga el alquiler. El embargo de ajuar es un embargo conservatorio que permite al propietario embargar los bienes del inquilino para garantizar el pago del alquiler adeudado. El documento explica los pasos del procedimiento de embargo de ajuar, incluida la autorización judicial, el acta de embargo y la demanda en validez.
The document provides a CV for Paolo Aguzzi, an Italian national with over 30 years of experience in oil and gas plant and pipeline construction projects. He has worked as a construction manager, project engineer, project superintendent and other roles on projects in Italy, Qatar, Nigeria, Singapore and other locations. The CV lists his educational background and details his extensive work experience managing engineering projects and contractors across various disciplines.
Save the Children is a global organization that works to save children's lives and ensure their rights are upheld. It operates in over 120 countries, responding to both long-term development needs and emergencies. The organization was founded in the early 20th century by two sisters with a vision of protecting children's rights. Today it focuses on health, hunger, education, child protection and family support programs that have helped millions of children worldwide.
Modelos de gestión al servicio de la educación evangelizadora (alfonso murad)Afonso Murad (FAJE)
Este documento discute modelos de gestión para la educación marista. Presenta varios modelos como el misionero, de mantenimiento, de negocios y matricial. También describe un modelo de gestión educativa estratégica con enfoque pedagógico y pastoral. Señala que un modelo marista exitoso requiere personas comprometidas, un modelo adaptado a cada contexto y una cultura organizacional que promueva la misión. Concluye que la escuela marista debe estar en salida para acompañar a los jóvenes en sus procesos de formación
Системы унифицированных коммуникаций (unified communications)КРОК
Для повышения эффективности взаимодействия сотрудников и оптимизации их рабочего времени КРОК предлагает эффективные решения в сфере унифицированных коммуникаций (Unified Communications, UC). Платформа UC позволяет объединить в удобный интерфейс электронную почту, обмен мгновенными сообщениями, корпоративную телефонию, видеоконференцсвязь, средства для совместной работы.
Подробнее http://www.croc.ru/solution/ikt-infrastructure/communications/unified/
El documento describe la evolución de los computadores desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad, dividiéndola en generaciones. Explica los principales componentes hardware y software, e introduce conceptos básicos sobre el funcionamiento de los computadores.
This document discusses framing theory in political science. It defines framing as how people develop conceptualizations of issues by emphasizing different values or considerations. Framing can affect public opinion by causing people to weigh different attributes of an issue differently. The document reviews how framing studies have found that small changes in how issues are presented can lead to large changes in public opinion. It also discusses how framing relates to models of attitude formation and the implications of framing effects for democratic representation.
Chapter 57 Agenda Setting and Framing Top of FormBottom of Fo.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 57: Agenda Setting and Framing
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Among the theories of communication in the 21st century, agenda setting, which has its roots in the early 20th century, has proven to be one of the more robust theories, if not the most robust theory, in communication. The resilience of this theory is a result of its parsimonious, yet expansive, qualities, its roots, and its connection to other theories in communication. According to Blumler and Kavanagh (1999), “among the field's master paradigms, agenda setting may be most worth pursuing” (p. 225). The pursuit of agenda setting has seduced many researchers into studying various aspects of the theory, resulting in hundreds of published works. This prolific work on agenda setting has continued to tweak the theory, making it as strong, if not stronger, than its origins.
Even though researchers have been very innovative in their agenda-setting research, the premise of the theory remains very simple. Bearing in mind that media are the main source of information for the public, the main idea behind agenda setting is that the issues that media deem salient will influence what the public in turn deems salient. This transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda is what is known in communication theory as agenda setting. In other words, media tell us what to think about. In addition to its simplicity, agenda setting shifted the focus of researchers from attitudinal to cognitive media effects, thus weakening, if not dismissing, Klapper's (1960) thesis of the minimal consequences of media. Even though the initial focus of agenda-setting effects dealt with cognitive effects, evidence (as seen later in this chapter) points to possible consequences of agenda setting on attitudes and opinions as well as behaviors.
The robustness of agenda setting is due not only to its simplicity and to the proliferation of research but also to its roots, which run deep to earlier conceptualizations of public opinion. Walter Lippmann, in his book Public Opinion, published in the early 20th century, discusses the role of media as mediators between reality and the public. Lippmann (1922) argues that public opinion is a reaction to what we see in media content, which is not necessarily a reflection of reality. The importance of media is in their creation of this new realityor environment, resultingina “pseudo-environment” to which people react. Cohen (1963) suggested that the press tell its readers what to think about. McCombs and Shaw (1972) are the ones who coined the term agenda setting in their empirical examination of a U.S. presidential campaign. They surveyed undecided voters and asked them to indicate the issues they deemed important. McCombs and Shaw also content analyzed nine news sources. They then compared media's agenda with the public's agenda and found evidence that media agenda and the public agenda correlate and that indeed media tell the public wh ...
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;2) TatianaMajor22
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;
2) Express your thoughts on the topic
Summary should be no longer than 3 typewritten, double-spaced pages.
Most social scientists who study public opinion and public policy in democratic countries agree that (1) public opinion influences public policy; (2) the more salient an issue to the public, the stronger the rela- tionship is likely to be; and (3) the relationship is threatened by the power of interest organizations,' political parties, and economic elites (see, e.g., Aldrich 1995; Dahl 1989; Mueller 1999; Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson 1995; Page and Shapiro 1983; Smith 2000). There would be much less consensus, however, on the answers to five follow-up questions widely seen as impor- tant but seldom addressed directly: 1. How much impact does public opinion have on public policy? 2. How much does the impact of opinion on policy increase as the importance of an issue to the public increases? 3. To what extent do interest groups, social movement organizations, political parties, and elites influence policy even when opposed by public opinion? 4. Has government responsiveness to public opinion changed over time? 5. How generalizable are our findings about the impact of opinion on policy?
This article distills considerable research directed at these questions. It is not, however, a literature review in the usual sense. Rather than summarizing publications in a con- ventional narrative, I use each publication as a source of data, tabulating the issues and countries studied, and the authors' predictions, variables, and findings. The analysis will provide the publications' collective answer to each question, and, at times, show how little evidence is avail- able. Highlighting how little we know on some issues will point to an agenda for future research. It turns out that public opinion influences policy most of the time, often strongly Responsiveness appears to increase with salience, and public opinion matters even in the face of activities by interest organizations, political par- ties, and political and economic elites. Claims that respon- siveness is changing over time or varies across issues rest on very little evidence. The next section describes issues that arise in attempts to answer the questions. This is followed by a description of the data, presentation of findings, and conclusion.
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy No one believes that public opinion always determines public policy; few believe it never does. Even dedicated pro- ponents of democratic theory acknowledge that democratic governments sometimes ignore the public (e.g., Page and Shapiro 1983: 189); those whose theories attribute little power to the public concede that governments sometimes follow public opinion (e.g., Block 1987: 66; Domhoff 1998: 301; Korpi 1989: 313). What distinguishes those who believe democracy gives citizens genuine control over their governmen ...
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
AP_Thesis_Using_Indirect_Policy_Feedback_12_26_2012Arnab Pal
This study uses survey data to examine how public opinion on environmental spending shifts over time based on the political party of the President. The researchers develop a model to test whether the perceived probability that environmental spending is too low increases linearly with consecutive years under Republican presidents. Their results show a strong relationship, with the percentage saying spending is too low rising from 57% under Democrats to 73% after 10 years of Republican administrations. They also find that Republican administrations decrease actual environmental spending levels relative to Democrats.
This document outlines a proposed research design to study the causal relationship between the type of television programs people watch and their level of political interest. It discusses the relevant theory, issues of causality that must be addressed, and proposes measuring viewing behavior objectively using data from a television research organization, while measuring political interest via a survey. It acknowledges the need to control for potential confounding variables like media dependency and demographics. The document also discusses the challenges of a quasi-experimental design where participants cannot be randomly assigned, and proposes using a counterfactual model to help address these challenges. In the end, it presents the planned research design and acknowledges alternatives that could also be explored.
The document advertises a website that provides daily reviews and discounts on top-rated sports fan products. It scans for products in various sports categories with at least 10 reviews, a rating of 4.0 or higher, and the highest discounts. For basketball, it lists the top 3 NBA and NCAA basketball picks with over 4 star reviews and 50% or higher discounts. It encourages subscribing to get notifications of discounted products.
Zachary K. Peterson has over 2.5 years of experience as a mechanical engineer developing complex products. He holds a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley and was the top undergraduate at UCLA. Peterson has strong problem-solving, communication, and leadership skills from his academic and professional experiences designing products and systems. He currently works as a Mechanical Engineer at Delta Design, where he has helped design, prototype, and produce new products.
The presentation provided a title and subtitle along with the date of 02.12.13. It contained 7 numbered pages or sections that likely covered various topics or points related to the overall presentation theme as indicated by the title.
374.residuos y desechos educa uno mas unodec-admin
Este documento describe un proyecto escolar para educar a los estudiantes sobre la cultura de separación y recolección de desechos. El proyecto identifica siete problemas ambientales clave relacionados con la mala gestión de desechos. El proyecto incluye la adquisición de contenedores para clasificar desechos, la elaboración de carteles y periódicos murales, charlas de educación ambiental, e investigación sobre la importancia de la clasificación de desechos. El objetivo es lograr una mayor concienciación sobre la necesidad de separ
GEOLOGIA APLICADA À GEOGRAFIA: REFLEXÃO SOBRE A INICIAÇÃO À DOCÊNCIAMaicon
Este documento descreve uma atividade de ensino de geologia aplicada à geografia realizada com estudantes de licenciatura em geografia no Brasil. A atividade incluiu aulas teóricas e práticas sobre minerais e rochas, com o objetivo de associar teoria e prática e desenvolver materiais didáticos. Os estudantes identificaram e classificaram amostras de minerais e rochas, e elaboraram uma coleção classificada segundo o processo de formação. A atividade permitiu refletir sobre a importância da abordagem pr
CALIDAD Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA DOCENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIORAdys Arbelaez
es la presentación de la lectura: CALIDAD Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA DOCENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR basado en el trabajo desarrollado por: Nancy Alarcón y Ricardo Méndez,
Este documento resume la historia de la informática desde las primeras máquinas mecánicas para realizar cálculos hasta los ordenadores electrónicos modernos. Comienza con inventos como la pascalina en el siglo XVII y la máquina analítica de Charles Babbage en el siglo XIX, antes de introducir los primeros ordenadores electrónicos como el ENIAC y el Mark I en la década de 1940. Finalmente, discute brevemente los avances posteriores incluyendo el desarrollo del transistor, los circuitos integrados y los microprocesadores que l
Este documento describe el embargo de ajuar, un procedimiento legal en el que los bienes muebles de un inquilino pueden ser embargados por el propietario si el inquilino no paga el alquiler. El embargo de ajuar es un embargo conservatorio que permite al propietario embargar los bienes del inquilino para garantizar el pago del alquiler adeudado. El documento explica los pasos del procedimiento de embargo de ajuar, incluida la autorización judicial, el acta de embargo y la demanda en validez.
The document provides a CV for Paolo Aguzzi, an Italian national with over 30 years of experience in oil and gas plant and pipeline construction projects. He has worked as a construction manager, project engineer, project superintendent and other roles on projects in Italy, Qatar, Nigeria, Singapore and other locations. The CV lists his educational background and details his extensive work experience managing engineering projects and contractors across various disciplines.
Save the Children is a global organization that works to save children's lives and ensure their rights are upheld. It operates in over 120 countries, responding to both long-term development needs and emergencies. The organization was founded in the early 20th century by two sisters with a vision of protecting children's rights. Today it focuses on health, hunger, education, child protection and family support programs that have helped millions of children worldwide.
Modelos de gestión al servicio de la educación evangelizadora (alfonso murad)Afonso Murad (FAJE)
Este documento discute modelos de gestión para la educación marista. Presenta varios modelos como el misionero, de mantenimiento, de negocios y matricial. También describe un modelo de gestión educativa estratégica con enfoque pedagógico y pastoral. Señala que un modelo marista exitoso requiere personas comprometidas, un modelo adaptado a cada contexto y una cultura organizacional que promueva la misión. Concluye que la escuela marista debe estar en salida para acompañar a los jóvenes en sus procesos de formación
Системы унифицированных коммуникаций (unified communications)КРОК
Для повышения эффективности взаимодействия сотрудников и оптимизации их рабочего времени КРОК предлагает эффективные решения в сфере унифицированных коммуникаций (Unified Communications, UC). Платформа UC позволяет объединить в удобный интерфейс электронную почту, обмен мгновенными сообщениями, корпоративную телефонию, видеоконференцсвязь, средства для совместной работы.
Подробнее http://www.croc.ru/solution/ikt-infrastructure/communications/unified/
El documento describe la evolución de los computadores desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad, dividiéndola en generaciones. Explica los principales componentes hardware y software, e introduce conceptos básicos sobre el funcionamiento de los computadores.
This document discusses framing theory in political science. It defines framing as how people develop conceptualizations of issues by emphasizing different values or considerations. Framing can affect public opinion by causing people to weigh different attributes of an issue differently. The document reviews how framing studies have found that small changes in how issues are presented can lead to large changes in public opinion. It also discusses how framing relates to models of attitude formation and the implications of framing effects for democratic representation.
Chapter 57 Agenda Setting and Framing Top of FormBottom of Fo.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 57: Agenda Setting and Framing
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Among the theories of communication in the 21st century, agenda setting, which has its roots in the early 20th century, has proven to be one of the more robust theories, if not the most robust theory, in communication. The resilience of this theory is a result of its parsimonious, yet expansive, qualities, its roots, and its connection to other theories in communication. According to Blumler and Kavanagh (1999), “among the field's master paradigms, agenda setting may be most worth pursuing” (p. 225). The pursuit of agenda setting has seduced many researchers into studying various aspects of the theory, resulting in hundreds of published works. This prolific work on agenda setting has continued to tweak the theory, making it as strong, if not stronger, than its origins.
Even though researchers have been very innovative in their agenda-setting research, the premise of the theory remains very simple. Bearing in mind that media are the main source of information for the public, the main idea behind agenda setting is that the issues that media deem salient will influence what the public in turn deems salient. This transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda is what is known in communication theory as agenda setting. In other words, media tell us what to think about. In addition to its simplicity, agenda setting shifted the focus of researchers from attitudinal to cognitive media effects, thus weakening, if not dismissing, Klapper's (1960) thesis of the minimal consequences of media. Even though the initial focus of agenda-setting effects dealt with cognitive effects, evidence (as seen later in this chapter) points to possible consequences of agenda setting on attitudes and opinions as well as behaviors.
The robustness of agenda setting is due not only to its simplicity and to the proliferation of research but also to its roots, which run deep to earlier conceptualizations of public opinion. Walter Lippmann, in his book Public Opinion, published in the early 20th century, discusses the role of media as mediators between reality and the public. Lippmann (1922) argues that public opinion is a reaction to what we see in media content, which is not necessarily a reflection of reality. The importance of media is in their creation of this new realityor environment, resultingina “pseudo-environment” to which people react. Cohen (1963) suggested that the press tell its readers what to think about. McCombs and Shaw (1972) are the ones who coined the term agenda setting in their empirical examination of a U.S. presidential campaign. They surveyed undecided voters and asked them to indicate the issues they deemed important. McCombs and Shaw also content analyzed nine news sources. They then compared media's agenda with the public's agenda and found evidence that media agenda and the public agenda correlate and that indeed media tell the public wh ...
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;2) TatianaMajor22
1) Write a summary of the key points presented by the author;
2) Express your thoughts on the topic
Summary should be no longer than 3 typewritten, double-spaced pages.
Most social scientists who study public opinion and public policy in democratic countries agree that (1) public opinion influences public policy; (2) the more salient an issue to the public, the stronger the rela- tionship is likely to be; and (3) the relationship is threatened by the power of interest organizations,' political parties, and economic elites (see, e.g., Aldrich 1995; Dahl 1989; Mueller 1999; Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson 1995; Page and Shapiro 1983; Smith 2000). There would be much less consensus, however, on the answers to five follow-up questions widely seen as impor- tant but seldom addressed directly: 1. How much impact does public opinion have on public policy? 2. How much does the impact of opinion on policy increase as the importance of an issue to the public increases? 3. To what extent do interest groups, social movement organizations, political parties, and elites influence policy even when opposed by public opinion? 4. Has government responsiveness to public opinion changed over time? 5. How generalizable are our findings about the impact of opinion on policy?
This article distills considerable research directed at these questions. It is not, however, a literature review in the usual sense. Rather than summarizing publications in a con- ventional narrative, I use each publication as a source of data, tabulating the issues and countries studied, and the authors' predictions, variables, and findings. The analysis will provide the publications' collective answer to each question, and, at times, show how little evidence is avail- able. Highlighting how little we know on some issues will point to an agenda for future research. It turns out that public opinion influences policy most of the time, often strongly Responsiveness appears to increase with salience, and public opinion matters even in the face of activities by interest organizations, political par- ties, and political and economic elites. Claims that respon- siveness is changing over time or varies across issues rest on very little evidence. The next section describes issues that arise in attempts to answer the questions. This is followed by a description of the data, presentation of findings, and conclusion.
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy No one believes that public opinion always determines public policy; few believe it never does. Even dedicated pro- ponents of democratic theory acknowledge that democratic governments sometimes ignore the public (e.g., Page and Shapiro 1983: 189); those whose theories attribute little power to the public concede that governments sometimes follow public opinion (e.g., Block 1987: 66; Domhoff 1998: 301; Korpi 1989: 313). What distinguishes those who believe democracy gives citizens genuine control over their governmen ...
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
AP_Thesis_Using_Indirect_Policy_Feedback_12_26_2012Arnab Pal
This study uses survey data to examine how public opinion on environmental spending shifts over time based on the political party of the President. The researchers develop a model to test whether the perceived probability that environmental spending is too low increases linearly with consecutive years under Republican presidents. Their results show a strong relationship, with the percentage saying spending is too low rising from 57% under Democrats to 73% after 10 years of Republican administrations. They also find that Republican administrations decrease actual environmental spending levels relative to Democrats.
This document outlines a proposed research design to study the causal relationship between the type of television programs people watch and their level of political interest. It discusses the relevant theory, issues of causality that must be addressed, and proposes measuring viewing behavior objectively using data from a television research organization, while measuring political interest via a survey. It acknowledges the need to control for potential confounding variables like media dependency and demographics. The document also discusses the challenges of a quasi-experimental design where participants cannot be randomly assigned, and proposes using a counterfactual model to help address these challenges. In the end, it presents the planned research design and acknowledges alternatives that could also be explored.
A Practical Guide To The Comparative Case Study Method In Political PsychologyDustin Pytko
This document provides a guide to conducting comparative case study research in political psychology. It defines key terms like "case" and "case study" and discusses different types of case studies, including those used for description, exploring theories, and developing new theories. The document aims to integrate insights on case study methodology and provide practical guidance for political psychologists conducting case study research.
1) The document discusses several studies that examine how political elites use framing to influence public opinion. Druckman and Nelson (2003) found that elite framing persists when discussions only include common perspectives, but conflicting perspectives eliminate elite influence.
2) Druckman (2002) also studied framing effects and found that citizens base preferences on systematic information rather than arbitrary frames, though using only students in experiments limits conclusions.
3) Berinsky and Kinder (2006) manipulated frames on Kosovo and found they influenced views, though more research on diverse populations and mediums could provide more insights.
4) Overall, the readings represent early work on how frames shape public views, but more diverse experiments are needed to fully
RESEARCH ARTICLETalking about Climate Change and GlobalW.docxdebishakespeare
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Talking about Climate Change and Global
Warming
Maurice Lineman☯, Yuno Do☯, Ji Yoon Kim, Gea-Jae Joo*
College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South
Korea
☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.
* [email protected]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of social networks provides researchers greater opportunities to
evaluate and assess changes in public opinion and public sentiment towards issues of
social consequence. Using trend and sentiment analysis is one method whereby research-
ers can identify changes in public perception that can be used to enhance the development
of a social consciousness towards a specific public interest. The following study assessed
Relative search volume (RSV) patterns for global warming (GW) and Climate change (CC)
to determine public knowledge and awareness of these terms. In conjunction with this, the
researchers looked at the sentiment connected to these terms in social media networks. It
was found that there was a relationship between the awareness of the information and the
amount of publicity generated around the terminology. Furthermore, the primary driver for
the increase in awareness was an increase in publicity in either a positive or a negative
light. Sentiment analysis further confirmed that the primary emotive connections to the
words were derived from the original context in which the word was framed. Thus having
awareness or knowledge of a topic is strongly related to its public exposure in the media,
and the emotional context of this relationship is dependent on the context in which the rela-
tionship was originally established. This has value in fields like conservation, law enforce-
ment, or other fields where the practice can and often does have two very strong emotive
responses based on the context of the problems being examined.
Introduction
Identifying trends in the population, used to be a long and drawn out process utilizing surveys
and polls and then collating the data to determine what is currently most popular with the pop-
ulation [1, 2]. This is true for everything that was of merit to the political organizations present,
regarding any issue of political or public interest.
Recently, the use of the two terms ‘Climate Change’ and ‘Global Warming’ have become
very visible to the public and their understanding of what is happening with respect to the cli-
mate [3]. The public response to all of the news and publicity about climate has been a search
for understanding and comprehension, leading to support or disbelief. The two terms while
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0138996 September 29, 2015 1 / 12
a11111
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Lineman M, Do Y, Kim JY, Joo G-J (2015)
Talking about Climate Change and Global Warming.
PLoS ONE 10(9): e0138996. doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0138996
Editor: Hayley J. Fowler, Newcastle University,
UNITED KINGDOM
Received: August 18, 2014
Accepted: ...
An Overview of Agenda Setting Theory in Mass Communications.pdfSara Parker
The agenda setting theory was first introduced in 1972 and suggests that mass media has the ability to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda by telling people what issues are important through the amount of coverage those issues receive. The theory originated from studies of the 1968 US presidential election and has since been expanded on. There are three main types of agenda setting: public, media, and policy. While the theory aims to show how media can shape public perceptions, it has also received criticisms for being difficult to measure and not accounting for many variables. As media continues to evolve, some argue the agenda setting theory may become less relevant.
1) Several studies examined how cognitive dissonance impacts voters during political campaigns. When exposed to both positive and negative ads about a candidate they support, voters only recall the positive information. But for opposing candidates, only negative information is recalled.
2) Voting for a candidate increases the likelihood a voter will support them again to avoid dissonance with their previous choice. Those unable to vote are less committed.
3) Studies found participants subconsciously avoided information conflicting their views, showing how dissonance influences objective evaluation, even unconsciously.
4) A study spent more time with attitude-consistent than counter messages, confirming biases like selective exposure impact information processing.
Is there a secular trend in the public opinion of unions in Canada over timeMark Vanspall
This document analyzes public opinion poll data from 1976-2008 to determine if there is a secular trend in Canadians' opinions of unions. The author uses regression analysis to examine how variables like age, geography, education levels, inflation rates, media coverage, union density, strike activity, and income inequality influence support for unions over time. The results show no clear secular trend but some variables like inflation help explain trends seen in the data, suggesting a potential increasing trend in pro-union views. The author concludes inflation has the biggest impact on shaping opinions about unions in Canada during this period.
This document summarizes a study that examines how both general political attributes (e.g. knowledge, interest) and issue-specific engagement (e.g. perceived understanding, importance) predict two types of media selectivity: interest-based selectivity between news and entertainment, and partisan selectivity between like-minded and counter-attitudinal news. Using a large survey experiment, the study finds issue-specific factors predict selectivity above and beyond general attributes. Those more engaged with specific issues through higher perceived understanding, importance, or attitude strength were less likely to choose entertainment over news and more likely to select pro-attitudinal news. The results suggest selectivity is contextual and varies with issue engagement.
This document discusses case study research and provides definitions and examples to distinguish it from other research approaches. It defines a case study as an intensive approach that examines a specific instance or small number of instances of a social phenomenon in great depth using multiple sources of information. The goal is to provide an in-depth understanding of how the phenomenon develops within a specific case, which can provide insights and ideas for further research, rather than making broad generalizations. It contrasts this with an extensive approach, which collects standardized data from a large number of instances to identify patterns and correlations across many cases.
dependency theory and Uuses and gratificationCHSGmedia
The document discusses two media theories: Uses and Gratifications Approach and Dependency Theory. The Uses and Gratifications Approach, introduced in the 1970s, views audiences as active users who seek out specific media and content to fulfill personal needs and gratifications. Dependency Theory, developed in 1976, proposes that people in modern societies rely on mass media for information needed to make daily decisions, and dependence increases as media serves more needs. Both theories are evaluated based on criteria like logic, consistency, testability, and simplicity.
The document discusses two media theories: Uses and Gratifications Approach and Dependency Theory. The Uses and Gratifications Approach, introduced in the 1970s, views audiences as active users who seek out specific media and content to fulfill personal needs and gratifications. Dependency Theory, developed in 1976, proposes that people in modern societies rely on mass media for information needed to make daily decisions, and dependence increases as media provides more central functions. Both theories are evaluated based on criteria like logic, consistency, testability, and simplicity, though they have also received some criticism for assuming audiences are completely active without media influence.
Education, Intelligence, and Attitude ExtremityVishwa Jeet
Education and general intelligence both serve to inform opinions, but do they lead to greater attitude extremity? We use questions on economic policy, social issues, and environmental issues from the General Social Survey to test the impact of education and intelligence on attitude extremity, as measured by deviation from centrist or neutral positions. Using quantile regression modeling, we find that intelligence is a moderating force across the entire distribution in economic, social, and environmental policy beliefs. Completing high school strongly correlates to reduced extremity, particularly in the upper quantiles. College education increases attitude extremity in the lower tail of environmental beliefs. The relevance of the low extremity tail (lower quantiles) to potential swing-voters and the high extremity tail (upper quantiles) to a political party’s core are discussed.
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.docxaryan532920
Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience
Author(s): Diana C. Mutz
Source: American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 483-508
Published by: Midwest Political Science Association
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Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal
Experience*
Diana C. Mutz, Department of Political Science and School of Journalism and
Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
This study combines contemporary research on the effects of mass communication with findings
on sociotropic voting to build a general model that explains the origins and effects of economic per-
ceptions. This model is then tested in the context of retrospective personal and social concerns about
unemployment.
Survey evidence suggests that retrospective assessments of unemployment result primarily from
mediated information rather than from direct experiences. Mass media are found to have an "imper-
sonal impact," influencing social, but not personal perceptions of the issue, while personal experi-
ences with unemployment influence exclusively personal-level judgments.
Mass media also influence the weighting of pocketbook as opposed to sociotropic concerns by
means of a "sociotropic priming effect." Rather than priming all considerations that surround eco-
nomic issues, high levels of media exposure to economic news prime the importance of collective
perceptions to political evaluations and decrease the importance of personal concerns.
Early studies of economic influences on voting simply assumed that people
voted their pocketbooks: when national economic conditions worsened, more
citizens experienced economic problems in their own lives, and these people
logically voted against the incumbent party. When empirical findings at the indi-
vidual level failed to support this explanation, research shifted from a focus on
personal economic experiences to an emphasis on "sociotropic" judgments; that
is, individuals' retrospective assessments of economic change at the collective
level (see, e.g., Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Schlozman and Verba 1979;
Kinder 1981; Kiewiet 1983).
Perceptions ...
Why did some social movement organization (SMO) families receive extensive media
coverage? In this article, we elaborate and appraise four core arguments in the literature
on movements and their consequences: disruption, resource mobilization, political
partisanship, and whether a movement benefits from an enforced policy. Our fuzzy-set
qualitative comparative analyses (fsQCA) draw on new, unique data from the New York
Times across the twentieth century on more than 1,200 SMOs and 34 SMO families. At
the SMO family level, coverage correlates highly with common measures of the size and
disruptive activity of movements, with the labor and African American civil rights
movements receiving the most coverage. Addressing why some movement families
experienced daily coverage, fsQCA indicates that disruption, resource mobilization, and
an enforced policy are jointly sufficient; partisanship, the standard form of “political
opportunity,” is not part of the solution. Our results support the main perspectives, while
also suggesting that movement scholars may need to reexamine their ideas of favorable
political contexts.
1) Ideology alone does not typically lead to radicalization. Social bonds and socialization within radical social groups are important factors that can influence individuals to adopt more extreme beliefs over time.
2) Once individuals fully adopt radical beliefs, the ideology can take on a more literal and rigid role in guiding their actions, particularly for activists and terrorists. Religious ideologies tend to be more persuasive and provide greater justification for violence.
3) Within social groups that promote radical ideologies, social bonds and the desire to fit in can encourage individuals to adopt more extreme views in order to maintain treasured relationships even if they are initially less extreme. Exposure and conversion to radical beliefs typically happens gradually through social interaction rather than from ideology
This research proposal examines how Western media, specifically British newspapers, interpreted and portrayed the Arab Spring uprisings of 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa. The proposal will conduct a discourse analysis of 10 articles from The Telegraph, a conservative broadsheet newspaper, and 10 articles from The Mirror, a more liberal tabloid newspaper. The analysis aims to understand how the newspapers construct meaning and shape readers' understanding of the events using language. It is expected that patterns in how the media justify Western values and assert cultural superiority over the East will be revealed. The analysis will provide insight into how social realities are linguistically constructed in the media.
This document summarizes research on how the presentation of instructional material through different color combinations can impact learning. An experiment was conducted with students where educational content was presented with various color combinations of text and background. The results showed that some combinations, like black text on a yellow background or blue text on white, led to higher rates of content assimilation and interest compared to other combinations. The document analyzes the physics of light and color, and how color perception psychologically impacts mood and learning. It provides recommendations for using specific color combinations to optimize the presentation of information.
The document outlines major scientific and medical advances from 1903 to the present across several fields including engineering, physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine. Some key developments mentioned include the Wright Brothers' first motor powered flight in 1903, Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structure in 1953, Edwin Hubble's discovery in 1924 that there are galaxies beyond the Milky Way, and Jonas Salk's development of the first polio vaccine in 1952. The document provides a broad overview of scientific progress over the last century in several important fields.
The WTO was established in 1995 to regulate international trade and enforce agreements between member states. It aims to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade. While some developing countries have benefited from using the WTO to challenge unfair trade practices, others have struggled with the pressure to liberalize their economies according to WTO rules, such as South Korea which saw its agricultural sector decline after opening its rice market to imports. There is debate around how much power the WTO has assumed and if it infringes on states' sovereignty over their own trade policies.
This module provides 20 credits and focuses on research theories and methods in politics. It builds on level 1 understanding of methodologies and investigates philosophical issues and assumptions in social science research. Students will review different political science methodologies and practice designing research projects. The module also teaches the use of SPSS for statistical analysis. Assessments include two SPSS projects worth 30% each and a final exam worth 40%. The module aims to improve identifying research questions, developing hypotheses, incorporating feedback, and presenting work meeting scientific standards. Students will also cover descriptive statistics, distributions, regression, and applying inference to research designs.
1) South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011 after decades of civil war. It faces challenges including disputes with Sudan, a lack of economic development beyond oil, and integrating armed groups.
2) The population experiences high rates of poverty, gender inequality, and human insecurity issues like maternal mortality and food insecurity. Women in particular face societal expectations, limited economic opportunities, and risks of violence.
3) Disarming the civilian population who rely on weapons to protect cattle and themselves remains a challenge, and the proliferation of arms contributes to insecurity across South Sudan.
This document outlines the schedule and content for a 5-day course on developing skills for working with conflict. The course aims to increase awareness of behaviors, attitudes and competencies needed for working in conflict-affected situations. Over the 5 days, participants will learn about concepts and approaches for analyzing and resolving conflicts, including understanding identity, gender, power dynamics and the causes and effects of conflicts. The schedule includes lectures, skills practice, role playing exercises and reflective journaling to help participants develop competencies in areas such as teamwork, cultural sensitivity, conflict analysis and resolution.
1. POL3069_URN6130923_EssayQ9
1
POL3069
URN: 6130923
Explain the Reception and Acceptance axioms of the Converse-McGuire model of attitude
change. What is their relationship with awareness? Why is this model important for
understanding modern political communication patters? Provide examples.
People’s attitudes have been shaping their decisions for long, but the difference between now
and then is that academics pay more attention to the subject of attitudes. There are some
academics that are particularly interested in processes that shape a person’s attitude towards any
subject. Such studies are recognized for their value, because in the age of advertising, the media
and politicians, as well as many others, are constantly seeking ways to persuade particular
groups (McGuire, 1985). The messages appeal to different qualities and urge us to take a
particular action, for instance some advertisements take advantage of a person’s altruism, and
ask them to conserve energy or contribute to a particular fund (Rice and Paisley, 1981).
This essay discusses when and how people’s attitudes can be influenced by media messages
based on Converse-McGuire model of attitude change. This essay has been divided into three
parts. The first part explains the Converse-McGuire model, its two major assumptions, and its
relationship with awareness. The second part focuses on weaknesses of the model. The third part
explains the strengths of the model how this model specifically contributes to understanding of
processes in political communication.
Model
The Converse-McGuire model is a type of information processing model which attempts to
explain the attitude change, which is caused by a particular communication message (Converse,
1962; McGuire, 1969). This model is expressed by a relationship among the three values:
probability of attitude change, probability of reception, and probability of acceptance. These
values are related to each other in such a way that, probability of attitude change equals the
probability of reception multiplied by a value of probability of acceptance (McGuire, 1969).
Moreover, the probability of acceptance is given only if there is a value assigned to reception
(ibid.).
This model rests upon two assumptions which are called “axioms” (McGuire, 1969). The
“reception axiom” explains how the probability of reception is provisionally obtained. The
assumption is that depending on the level of political awareness that a person has, the likelihood
2. POL3069_URN6130923_EssayQ9
2
that this person receives the particular communication message varies (Zaller, 1992). Moreover,
when the abstract value assigned to the concept of political awareness increases, the chance of
receiving the communication message also increases. Additionally, the concept of reception
means that a person is exposed to the message and that the meaning of this message is properly
understood (Zaller, 1993). Another assumption is called the “acceptance axiom” and it explains
the condition under which a person is likely to accept the view, which is reflected in a
communication message, uncritically (McGuire, 1969). Hence, it is argued that when the level of
political awareness of person increases, the chance that this person will submit to the view,
presented in communication message, decreases (Zaller, 1992). By acceptance of the message, it
is implied that a person changes their attitude so that it is in line with the message (Zaller, 1993).
In this model, a general awareness affects both the values of reception and acceptance. As Haack
(2007) notes, these axioms present a two-step process, when a person at first is exposed to
information, and then this person rejects it if they find that the message is inconsistent with their
views. Consequently, according to this model, the moderately sophisticated recipients of the
message are the ones who are most likely to change their attitude (Zaller, 1992). The other
groups of recipients are either not sophisticated enough to receive the message, or too
sophisticated to accept it uncritically (Haack, 2007).
Although studies, such as Chong (1991) and Zaller (1992), find evidence in support of this
model, the majority of the studies find the effect to be relatively weak. For instance, Zaller
(1993) argues that political awareness does not always boost resistance to persuasion, which
contradicts the assumption about the acceptance process. Hence, there are several strong
predictors of resistance to persuasion, compared to which, political awareness is less predictive
of the probability value (ibid.). Some of those predictors are: political ideology, intensity of a
message, and strength of initial opinion. To make an example, Zaller (1993) provides evidence
of their point when analyzing the data from CBS-New York Times survey before and during
Golf war, where respondents were asked whether they approved of Bush’s way of handling the
crisis. Therefore, in their study, Zaller (1993) finds that, depending on ideology
(Conservative/Liberal), a person is more or less likely to change their attitude about Bush’s way
of handling the crisis. Precisely, it appears that general awareness affects the probability of
attitude change, but to a far less extent compared to the ideology variable.
Another study that arrived to the same conclusion is Goren’s study (2004). Goren (2004) tests
the interaction model of public opinion to find whether the politically sophisticated tend to form
their policy preferences in accordance with their values. The five cross-sectional datasets from
3. POL3069_URN6130923_EssayQ9
3
National Election Studies are used in analysis. Thus, Goren (2004) finds that no matter the level
of political sophistication, respondents are found to form their preferences mostly based on their
prior beliefs. It is evident that political sophistication, which is measured by political knowledge,
remains as a significantly predictive factor in their analysis, but it far less predictive of the policy
preferences than it is presumed by a model (ibid.).
However, it is fair to note that the dataset on the President’s performance during the Golf War
has no direct measure of awareness. Therefore, Zaller (1993) uses the 4-point education variable
as a measure of awareness, because Zaller (1990) finds it to be a reliable indicator of general
awareness. Consequently, this decision to use an education variable as an indicator needs to be
justified in terms of its correlation with general awareness (Field, 2005). A similar point can be
made about Goren’s study (2004), where political knowledge was used as an indicator of
political awareness. Hence, it is argued that the evidence of weak effect of political awareness
may be related to that political awareness is measured by political knowledge (Craemer, 2003).
In spite of the noted weaknesses of the model, there are several points to be made that make this
model relevant and indicate its unique strengths. Retrospectively, the focus on attitude change
remains relevant, due to particular circumstances that encouraged this stream of research
initially. McGuire (1985) implies that the attitude change research emerged when USA had
started to realize its ideological powers and desired to use it for winning the hearts and minds. In
relation to the USA and media in general, this point still holds some relevance, which makes this
model genuinely influential. Hence, Rosati and Scott (2011) explain that currently, political
decisions of USA affect not only Americans, but other nations too. Furthermore, Paletz (2002)
argues that nowadays the media are extremely pervasive, and their messages have significant
effects on society and politics.
To make an example about the relevance of this model, Lovelace and Huston (1982) find that the
media can and occasionally changes attitudes of individuals in relation to health campaigns and
cultivating “prosocial” behaviour. Therefore, by building the theory, using this model as a base,
one can create a set of guidelines that will help to make media messages more persuasive.
Moreover, Zaller (1992) implies that this model may be a useful tool for analysis of the impact
of political and other messages, spread by the means of mass communication.
Overall, the studies such as Haack (2007) and Craemer (2003) argue that the model is good at
explaining the conflicting findings in laboratory studies in persuasion and is quite compelling.
Furthermore, Haack (2007) notes that the weaknesses, mentioned previously, demonstrate that
the effect of political awareness is mixed and complicated, which means that the model can be
4. POL3069_URN6130923_EssayQ9
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improved. This model is an important contribution in that it is a significant departure from the
“monotonic” pattern research conducted earlier (Zaller, 1993). A non-monotonic pattern design
has the potential to explain inconsistency and non-linearity of the laboratory findings, which
cannot be explained within the frame of other theories about political persuasion process (ibid.).
Hence, a unique strength of this model is that it provides the means to create and test various
predictions about the processes by which mass media affects the views of society and how this
process may be enforced or interrupted by different values (Zaller, 1993). For instance, this
model contributes to the media effect research in that it suggests that political awareness makes a
person more critical and sophisticated receiver of political messages. This assumption generated
a demand for a stream of research about the attitudes of sophisticated public. For instance, Franz
and Ridout (2007) analyse the dataset form a panel study conducted by Center for the Study of
Elections in 2004, based on the measures of exposure to Democratic and Republican
advertisements. They find that the more sophisticated public is less affected by political
advertisements, compared to the less sophisticated public (Franz and Ridout, 2007). Similarly,
Hansen (2007) finds that sophisticated individuals are generally less likely to be persuaded by
the media message.
To conclude, this essay has discussed the Converse-McGuire model of attitude change. This
model is an attempt to find what variables play a great role at shaping a person’s opinion when
the communication message is different from the one that a person holds. The question that it
seeks to address is what affects the probability of attitude change and why some previous
findings about the importance of particular factor over another are very inconclusive. Zaller
(1993) and Goren (2004) are few of the many who find that political awareness may certainly
shape the chances of attitude change, but its effect is not permanent and it varies depending on
the range of factors that a recipient of the message can distinguish to be different from their own.
For example, if a recipient is a Liberal, while the message is clearly Republican, they are less
likely to change their view due to the ideology aspect.
Nonetheless, this model remains to be one of the few systematic and has the potential to be
applied to various cases. Consequently, it is likely to be valid to various degrees depending on
the case, but this model is one of the few that accounts for the complexity of the information
flow. Furthermore, this model, compared to others, does not tend to simplify the relationship
between the variables in that it suggests that results are unlikely to follow a monotonic pattern. In
other words, it takes into account that only under very specific conditions the model as it is
stated initially would predict the result. The further elaborations that grow out of the research
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that seeks to test the model’s assumptions will clarify which variables are most predictive of the
probability value and under what conditions.
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