This document summarizes several poisonous plants that can affect animals: - White oleander leaves, fruits, and flowers contain toxic principles that can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and arrhythmias in horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and cats. No specific antidote is available. - Sweet clover contains dicumarol which can cause excessive bleeding in cattle. Vitamin K1 is the most effective treatment. - Water hyacinth contains oxalates and when contaminated with heavy metals, can cause weight loss, hepatic failure, and renal lesions in animals. Digitalis and potassium infusion are used as antidotes.

1. Poisonous Plant of Animal
Presented By
Avijit Dhar
MS Fellow, Dairy Science
CVASU
Email; abhiovi@yahoo.com

2. WHITE OLEANDER (Sheta karabi)
English name:
White oleander
Local name:
Sheta karabi
Scientific name:
Nerium oleander

3. Toxic principles and properties:
Neriodecin, Neriodorein, Neriene, Oleadrine,
Neriantine, Pseudocuraine, Nerioside, Nerianthoside.
Toxic dose:
Horse, cattle, sheep: 30-60 gm leaves
Dog: 30-60gm dried leaves
Cat: 2-5 gm dried leaves
Pigeon: 3gm dried leaves
Toxic part:
Leaves, fruits, flowers.

4. Clinical signs:
Anorexia,
Nausea,
Vomitting,
Abdominal pain,
Diarrhoea,
Tenesmus,
Arrythmias,
Ventricular premature systoles.
Antidotes:
Salicylic acid may be used. But no specific antidote
is available.

5. Treatment:
Treatment is not possible often found dead. No specific
antidote is available.
Treatment should be aimed at reducing the level of
toxicants in the gastrointestinal tract by administrating
emetics(apomorphine), osmotic or saline cathartics.
 Administration of gastric demulcents.
 Administration of atropine in conjugation with
propranolol.
 Administration of sedatives and tranquilizer.
 Providation of artificial respiration.
Administration of phenytoin or lodocaine to improve
atrio-ventricular conduction.

6. Sweet clover
Scientific name:
Meliotus alba
Poisonous part : Whole
plant.
Toxic principal :
Dicumarol
(Bishydroxycoumarin)
Toxic dose : No specific
dose.(minimum 90 ppm)

7. Toxic effect :
Excessive bleeding,Bruising,
Blood in feces & urine,
Lameness,
Hemorrhage,
First indication is death of one & more animals.
Affected animals show stiffness, epistaxis , GI
bleeding.
Treatment :
Cattle: Vit k1 I/M, 1mg/kg body weight .
Vit k1 is more effective than Vit k3.
Prevention :
Avoiding feeding sweet clover hay or silage.
Well-cured sweet clover is not dangerous.

8. WATER HYACINTH
Local Name: Kochuri pana
English name:
Water hyacinth
Scientific name:
Eichhornia crassipes
Toxic part: Whole plants with
roots, leafs
Toxic principle: Oxalate

9. Toxic dose :
When Kochuripana contains lead (200 mg/kg DM)
and high level of arsenic, it causes toxicity.
Toxic effect :
Weight loss
Hepatic failure
Renal lesions
Tetany
Irritation in the mouth

10. Treatment:
 Antidote : Digitalis
 Infusion of potassium.
 Atropine to block vagus nerve.
 Other supportive and symptomatic
therapy.
 Antidote is now available in the form of
antidigoxin immunotherapy.

11. BASKOROL
Bengali name: Baskorol
English name: Bamboo shoot
Scientific name: Bamoo sp
Toxic part: Leaf,soft bamboo
Toxic principle: Cyanogenic
glycoside (taxiphyllin),mainly
amygdalin
Toxic dose: Minimum is lethal,
orally – 2-3mg/kg bw

12. Poisonous effect :
Per acutely - die within few minutes
Acutely – dyspnea, convulsion .
Prominent clinical sign(s):
Cyanogenic glycoside in fresh bamboo shoots
may lead to food poisoning when consumed.
Symptoms occur within a few minutes and may
include constriction of the throat, nausea,
vomiting, headache and death has been reported
in severe cases.

13. Treatment:
Sodium thiosulfate:
Dose:
cattle: 0.5gm /kg bw ; IV (30 to 40% W/V
solution);Give rapidly using a 12-14 gauge needle.
 Horse: 30 to 40 mg/kg bw; IV (20% solution);
pretreat with 16 mg/kg sodium nitrite IV;Use as a
source of sulfur.
Management:
To render the bamboo shoots safe for consumption, fresh
bamboo shoots should be sliced into smaller pieces and
cooked thoroughly.

14. TOBACCO
English name: Tobacco
Local name: Tamak
Scientific name:
Nicotiana tobacum
Toxic part: Leaf and root
Toxic principle: Nicotine
(It is alkaloid in nature and
occasionally used as
insecticide.)

15. Toxic dose: Lethal dose of nicotine is 50mg/kg for rats;4
mg cause clinical sign 60 mg cause death at once time
Clinical signs: signs of toxicosis reflect the stimulation
of autonomic ganglia followed by their paralysis. Clinical
signs appear within few minutes and are characterized by
excitement,
rapid respiration,
salivation,
nausea,
vomition,
muscular weakness ,
straggering.

16. Treatment and management :treatment of
nicotine poisoning is usually unsuccessful.
In very early stages of poisoning , a non-depolarizing
type of ganglion blocker that can also cross blood brain
barrier(e.g. mechamylamine) may be of some use.
However, in later stages, it may precipitate toxicity.
 Respiratory and heart stimulant
Systemic treatment can be applied
Removing the material by washing or gastric lavage
with tannic acid or potassium permanganate.
If the animal is already depressed state and muscles
are flaccid , no drug can help. Artificial respiration
becomes only means of keeping the animals alive but
this too usually fails.

17. Oak
Local name: Oak
English name: Oak
Scientific name:
Quercus incana (India, China)
Toxic dose:
150mg/kg body weight

18. Toxic part: Leaves, acrons (fruit of oak, consisting of a
single seeded, thick walled nut set a woody, cuplike base)
Clinical signs:
1. Anorexia
2. Lack of rumination
3. Tucked up abdomen indicating abdominal pain
4. Thrust
5. Ruminal atony
6. Severe constipation
7. Dry & pelleted feces with shiny coat of mucus
Neurological effects: tremor, grinding of teeth, ataxia,
depression

19. Treatment:
 Remove the cause or source of intoxication.
 Administer gastrointestinal demulcent,
liquid paraffin, mild mucilaginous laxatives.
 Give hepatoprotective agents .
 Administer mineralocorticoids
 Give easily digestible feed.
 Provide fluid and electrolyte therapy

20. FOX GLOVE
Local name : Fox glove.
Bengali name : Fox glove.
Scientific name :
Digitalis purpurea.
Toxic principle:
Cardiac glycosides
(digitoxin,digoxin,gitoxin).
Poisonous part :
Herbage (fresh and dried).

21. Toxic dose : 12-25mg/kg bwt.
Daily dose 0.25-0.50mg/kg bwt
Toxic effect:
Nausea,
Slow pulse
Vomiting
abdominal pain,
Diarrhea
unusual color vision etc.
Antidote: Digitalis.

22. Radish
Local name:
Radish
English name:
Radish
Scientific name:
Raphanus raphanisternum
Toxic principle:
Isothiocyanates which
irritate the digestive tract

23. Toxic part:
Seeds
Clinical sign:
Gastrointestinal upset
Colic
Weight loss
Treatment management:
Avoid feeding of raw radish.
Toxic effect of cooked radish is lower than raw
radish.

24. Red Clover
Common name: Red
clover,Cow clover,Meadow
clover, Purple clover,Trefoil.
Scientific name:
Trifolium pratense
Toxic principle:
Isoflavones
Toxic dose:
More than 4gm/1.5-3 ml
Toxic part: Whole plant

25. Clinical sign:
 1.Pronounced hipersalivation, lacrimation
 2.Piloeraction.
 3.Respiratory distress.
 4.Diarrhoea.
 5.Decreased feed intake.
 6.Long term use increase the risk of heart disease and
breast and endometrial cancer.
 7.May increase the risk of excessive bleeding.
Treatment:
 1)Remove source of contaminated feed.
 2)Ensure proper drying of forage during haying.
 3)Toxin degrades over time in stored hay

26. Rakto Karobi
Bengali name:
Rakto karobi
English name:
Red oleander
Scientific name:
Nerrium indicum
Toxic principle: Thevitin
Toxic part: leaves, extract
and flower

27. Toxic dose: Foal, Calf, Children: 1 seed
Cattle, Horse, Man: 5 to 10 seeds
Clinical signs:
Gastrointestinal signs:
Acute exposure: This are first to be observed with a
few minutes to 1-2 hours and are characterized by
anorexia,nausea,vomition,abdominal pain,diarrhea.
Cardiovascular sign:
Slowing of heart, arrhythmias,ventricular premature
systole,general body temperature raised and pulse is rapid

28. Dhutra
Local name: Dhutra
Scientific name: Datura innoxia
Poisonous parts :Seeds
Poisonous principal:
Alkaloids such as scopolamine,
hyoscyamine, and atropine
Poisonous effects:
Dryness of mouth,
delirium,
fever,
Convulsion

29. Local name: Hijal
Scientific name:
Barringtonia acutangula
Poisonous parts :
Fruits
Poisonous effects:
Fruit causes severe
vomiting
Hijal

30. Local name:
Swarnalata
Scientific name:
Cuscuta reflexa
Poisonous parts :Whole plant
Poisonous effects:
Antifertility,
decoction causes nausea,
vomiting and
abortion.
Swarnalata

31. Local name:
Ghora Neem
Scientific name:
Melia sempervirens
Poisonous parts : Fruits
Poisonous effects:
Fruits produce nausea-
spasm and
choleric symptoms.
Ghora Neem

32. Local name: Akanda
Scientific name:
Calotropis gigantea
Poisonous parts :
Latex, leaves
Poisonous effects: Latex is
violent purgative,
abortifacient, infanticide,
leaves are homicidal poison.
Akanda

33. Questions???