PodCase Synapses.pptx
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The document discusses Amanda Feilding's 54 years of experimenting with psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin mushrooms for scientific research purposes. It provides information on psilocybin and psilocin, how psilocin acts as a serotonin agonist in the brain, and how psychedelics may be able to treat mental health conditions like depression and anxiety by influencing neurotransmission between neurons. Specifically, it discusses how psilocin targets the 5-HT2A receptor on neurons to produce hallucinogenic effects by disrupting typical signaling across synapses in the brain.
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The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
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2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
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The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
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1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. The major categories are small-molecule neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and amino acids, and large peptides. They act on ligand-gated ion channels or G protein-coupled receptors. After release, they are typically removed from the synapse by reuptake back into the presynaptic neuron or breakdown by enzymes. Examples include acetylcholine, which activates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and binds GABAA/B/C receptors. Neuropeptides are longer amino acid chains that modulate synaptic transmission.
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UROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROMODULATORS
More than 50 chemical substances
1.Small molecules with rapid effects
Stored in axonal vesicules
Effect on postsynaptic membrane approx. 1 ms, -opening of ion channels,
Brief inactivation, recycled, fromed in the body of neurons
Class I. ACH
Class II. Amines : NA, A, Dopamin, serotonin, histamin
Class III. Aminoacids: GABA, Glycin, Glutamate, Aspartate
Class IV. NO
2. NEUROPEPTIDES,prolonged effects, are integral part of protein molecules
In neuronal bodies, are fromed in the bodies and compose the vesicules inside of them,
then they are brought to the axonal terminals with longlasting effect (hours -days)
Modulates the expression of genes
A.Hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Pituitary peptides: beta-endorfin, MSH, Prolactin, GH, vasopresin, oxytocin,
ACTH, LH, TSH
C. Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
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The document discusses the process of urine production in the kidneys. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to explain the functions of filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion in the kidneys. It then provides an overview of how these processes occur along the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, with filtration occurring in the renal corpuscle and reabsorption and secretion taking place in other regions of the nephron like the proximal tubule. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone regulate urine production by controlling water reabsorption and sodium levels. The document uses examples like an ultra runner named Courtney Dauwalter to illustrate how sodium balance impacts hydration and athletic performance
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This document provides information about cardiovascular anatomy and heart structure. It includes links to video clips of anatomist Joy Reidenberg describing her research dissecting whale hearts and what it's like to crawl inside a whale. It also links to podcast episodes featuring Reidenberg and science communicator Alie Ward discussing their work. The document poses multiple choice questions about heart chambers, valves, and the path of blood flow to test understanding of heart anatomy.
PodCase Muscle Force.pptx
This document discusses muscle force calculations and provides information about David Goggins. It begins with learning objectives about modeling muscles as levers to calculate the force they can generate. It then asks how much work the upper body does for a 207 lb adult to do a pull-up. Various information is provided about David Goggins, an ultra-endurance athlete and Navy SEAL. The document explains the different types of muscle contractions and what is needed to calculate muscle force. It asks the force required of the biceps brachii muscle in two scenarios. In the end, it asks what happened when David Goggins tried to break the pull-up record.
PodCase Homeostasis.pptx
1. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.
2. Wim Hof is a Dutch extreme athlete known for his ability to withstand cold temperatures without shivering. He has climbed mountains in shorts and barefoot in snow and ice.
3. When the body is exposed to cold, receptors detect the temperature change and send signals to the brain. The brain initiates responses like shivering and constricting blood vessels to generate heat and maintain core temperature.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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- 2. Learning Objectives • Compare and contrast excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and temporal and spatial summation • Identify the structures of and explain the events that occur during chemical synaptic transmission • Describe the functions of common neurotransmitters and identify them as primarily excitatory or inhibitory
- 4. Credit: Spotify PodCase: Neuron synapses
- 5. Amanda Feilding • Founder of the Beckley Foundation which supports neurological research on the use of psychedelics for the treatment of mental health disorders including depression, anxiety, and addiction • Also studies the effects of cannabis and LSD on mental health https://www.beckleyfoundation. org/amanda-feilding/ https://www.beckleyfoundation.org/
- 6. How do neurons communicate? Link to full episode: https://open.spotify.com/episode/04O1q0t4aBhLLYgcZpT7TM?si=nvOr15r9TlyYwKIJAPjyAw Credit: Spotify Play from 1:09:10 to 1:11:20
- 9. What does psilocin look like? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin Psilocin Serotonin What do you think psilocin does? Acts as an agonist to serotonin and influences serotonin’s effects in the synaptic cleft
- 10. What happens at the synapse? A – Depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels B – Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron C – The signal is terminated D – An action potential signal from a presynaptic axon arrives at synaptic terminals E – Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft Put events in correct order DAEBC
- 11. What are two ways that the signal can be terminated? Enzymatic breakdown Reuptake by transporters Credit: OpenStax
- 12. What best explains what is happening in the green regions of the graph? A – Depolarizations occur due to summation of EPSPs B – Hyperpolarizations occur due to summation of EPSPs C – Depolarizations occur due to summation of IPSPs D – Hyperpolarizations occur due to summation of IPSPs Credit: Openstax
- 13. What would happen if a drug caused GABA’s effects to be magnified? A – Fewer IPSPs would be generated B – More IPSPs would be generated C – Fewer EPSPs would be generated D – More EPSPs would be generated http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/ This is how alcohol works!
- 14. Psilocin acts as a serotonin agonist. Where would psilocin act on this diagram? Credit: Openstax
- 15. Credit: Openstax Specifically, psilocin targets the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, which is a type of GPCR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 5-HT2A_receptor Activation of 5-HT2A hallucinogenic effects
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