Pneumonia is an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma that is usually accompanied by bronchiole inflammation and often pleuritis. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or physical/chemical agents. Risk factors include transportation stress, poor ventilation, weather changes, and food deprivation. Clinical signs include rapid shallow breathing, coughing, abnormal breath sounds, and toxemia with bacterial pneumonia. Diagnosis involves radiography, ultrasound, and lab tests of respiratory samples. Treatment consists of antimicrobials that achieve therapeutic lung tissue concentrations like macrolides and fluoroquinolones, along with supportive care and prevention of future outbreaks through early diagnosis and mass medication of herds.

1. PNEUMONIA IN
ANIMALS
MADHUMATHI K
BVT18031

2. • Inflammation of pulmonary parenchyma
• Usually accompanied by inflammation of bronchioles and often by pleuritis.
• Origin
Bronchogenic(inhalation)
Hematogenous (Septicemia)

3. ETIOLOGY
• Pneumonia may be associated with
viruses,bacteria or combination of both,fungi ,parasites and physical and
chemical agents
• Impairment of resistance to infectious agents increases susceptibility
(innate or adaptive resistance)

4. RISK FACTORS
• Shipping or transportation of beef cattle
food deprivation
Dehydration
Stress
• Housing in poorly ventilated houses
• Marked changes in weather

5. IN PNEUMONIA,
• Disruption of ciliary activity
• Increase in viscosity of mucus
• Yellow or green respiratory secrtions
• Cough reflex due to secretions and inflammatory exudate from lungs
• It may leads to
- retrograde movement of agents to bronchioles by diffusion

6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• In bacterial infections,
inhalation of infectious agents
Primary bronchiolitis & acute inflammation reaction
Spread of infection by extension and coughing ( retrograde movement)
• In viral infections, no inflammatory reaction but alveolar edema.

7. • Extension of pneumonia to visceral surface leads to
pleuritis
Pleuropneumonia
Pleural effusion
Thoracic pain

8. CLINICAL FINDINGS
• Rapid and shallow breathing
• Dyspnea
• Polypnea
• Coughing
Bacterial bronchopneumonia – moist coughing
Viral interstitial pneumonia – frequent dry cough
• Abnormal breath sounds on auscultation
• Toxaemia (in bacterial pneumonia)

9. DIAGNOSIS
• Thoracic radiography
• Ultrasonography
In bronchopneumonia in cattle-bilateral accumulation of fluid in pleural sacs
If pleuritis or effusion – unilateral accumulation(due to separate pleural sacs)
• Lab examination of nasal swabs,bronchotracheal aspirates & bronchoalveolar lavage
• Hematology – increased pcv (toxaemia),changes in leukon
• Fecal samples – detection of lungworm pneumonia

10. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Polypnea and dyspnea present in other diseases like
congestive heart failure
Terminal stages of anemia
Poisoning by histotoxic agents such as hydrocyanic acid
Respiratory distress also present in
Acidosis
Hyperthermia

11. • Pleuritis
shallow abdominal respiration
Muffling lung sounds
• If pneumothorax,
Absence of breath sounds on lobes but present in base of lung

12. TREATMENT
• Antimicrobials (should acheive therapeutic cocentrations in lung tissue)
like Macrolides(azithromycin,erythromycin)
Fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin,danofloxacin)
Penicillin and cephalosporins in horses and pigs
• Aerosolization and inhalation – reduces the systemic exposure
• For parasitic pneumonia –ivermectin ,doramectin and benzimidazoles

13. TREATMENT
• NSAIDS
meloxicam 0.5 mg/kg dose rate with tetracyclin to reduce size of lesions
• Corticosteroids
can be used to reduce inflammation
• Supportive therapy like oxygen supply if severe distress and antitussive agents
• Affected animals can be kept in well ventilated,Warm places
• Provided with Fresh water and good nutrition.

14. • Causes for failure of treatment
-Advancement of disease when diagnosed
-Presence of pleuritis and pulmonary diseases
-Drug resistant bacteria
-inadequate dosage of drug
-presence of other lesions which don’t respond to antibiotics

15. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Early diagnosis
• Mass medication
Outbreaks in swine herds,lamb Feedlots, veal calf enterprises and
beef cattle feedlots are the ideal situations for mass medication
through feed and water.

16. 1.Which type of coughing present in bacterial bronchopneumonia
(dry / moist coughing)
2.Risk factors of pneumonia
a)shipping b)poor ventilation
c)stress d) all the above
3.Pneumonia is the inflammation of what ?
4.Coughing is the clinical sign which may result in spread of microorganisms to terminal
bronchioles (True/false).
5.Toxaemia present in (bacterial / viral pneumonia)

17. 6.Absence of acute inflammation reaction during introduction of organism in viral
interstitial pneumonia (true / false).
7. Which are the preferable group of antimicrobials for lung diseases That acheive
therapeutic doses in lung tissues ?
8.aerosolization minimizes the systemic exposure of drug in pneumonia.(True/false)
9. Which practice is followed during outbreak of pneumonia in herds?
10.In pneumonia,mostly we can see (unilateral /bilateral) accumulation of fluid in
pleural sacs.