The document summarizes three clinical trials that examined the effectiveness of Pilates training in healthy adults. The strengths of the trials were that they used established measurements for their stated outcomes and addressed an area in need of research. However, the trials also had weaknesses. They lacked true experimental designs and had small sample sizes. Additionally, one trial did not define the Pilates method used. While the trials provided cautious support that Pilates can improve flexibility, core stability, and muscle activity, the lack of strong research methodology means future randomized controlled trials are still needed to strengthen the evidence for Pilates' effectiveness in healthy adults.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
Effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected health re...IJARIIT
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected
physical fitness components among female athletes. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five (N = 45) female athletes,
they were selected randomly in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 14 to 19 years.
They are divided into three equal groups consists of fifteen subjects each (n = 15) were named experimental group I underwent
core strength training and experimental group II underwent yogasana practices and group – III as a control. The period of
experimentations is limited to 15 weeks, 4 days a week and 45 to 60 minutes per day with proper warming-up and cooling down
regimen. The selected health related physical fitness components such as muscular strength and muscular endurance were
selected as criterion variables and tested. The core strength training and the yogic practices were selected as training protocol.
The core strength training will be given based on individuals 1 RM to set the load and the intensity will be set between 75% to
90%. The pre-test and post-test means of experimental groups I, II and control group will test for significance by applying the
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The level of confidence is fixed at 0.05, for significance. In addition to this, Scheffe's posthoc
test will be employed, when the F-ratio of the adjusted post-test means is significant, to find out the paired mean difference
if any among the groups for each variable, separately. Based on the result of the study there was a significant change on
health related physical fitness performance due to core strength training and yogic practice.
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency testIOSR Journals
Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical
performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii)
standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical
Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were
selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose
of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable
test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected
influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test.
Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups
for one minute.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
Effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected health re...IJARIIT
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected
physical fitness components among female athletes. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five (N = 45) female athletes,
they were selected randomly in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 14 to 19 years.
They are divided into three equal groups consists of fifteen subjects each (n = 15) were named experimental group I underwent
core strength training and experimental group II underwent yogasana practices and group – III as a control. The period of
experimentations is limited to 15 weeks, 4 days a week and 45 to 60 minutes per day with proper warming-up and cooling down
regimen. The selected health related physical fitness components such as muscular strength and muscular endurance were
selected as criterion variables and tested. The core strength training and the yogic practices were selected as training protocol.
The core strength training will be given based on individuals 1 RM to set the load and the intensity will be set between 75% to
90%. The pre-test and post-test means of experimental groups I, II and control group will test for significance by applying the
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The level of confidence is fixed at 0.05, for significance. In addition to this, Scheffe's posthoc
test will be employed, when the F-ratio of the adjusted post-test means is significant, to find out the paired mean difference
if any among the groups for each variable, separately. Based on the result of the study there was a significant change on
health related physical fitness performance due to core strength training and yogic practice.
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency testIOSR Journals
Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical
performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii)
standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical
Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were
selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose
of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable
test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected
influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test.
Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups
for one minute.
The effect of an educational program on strength-trainingadh.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The effect of an educational program on strength-training
adherence in older adults
Charilaos Papadopoulosa and Johnna M. Jagerb
aDepartment of Kinesiology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA; bDepartment of Nutrition,
Exercise and Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, USA
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a strength-training
program combined with an educational intervention on resistance-training
knowledge, adherence, psychological parameters, and functionality in older
individuals residing in assisted living facilities. Twenty-four (mean age:
83.8 ± 8.0 years) participants were divided into three groups; one group
participated in strength-training plus an educational program, the second
group participated in a strength-training program, and the third group
served as a reference group. Both strength-training groups completed an
8-week training program using elastic tubing twice per week. The educa-
tional program was offered once a week for 20 minutes and consisted of
various strength-training topics. All participants completed the Up and Go
test; handgrip strength test; questionnaires to determine quality of life,
depression and fatigue; and a strength-training knowledge test before
and after 8 weeks of training. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to
determine differences. The strength training plus education group had a
significantly (p = .03) higher (87.5%) attendance rate compared to the
strength training only group (69.2%). After 8 weeks of training, the partici-
pants in the combined strength and education group experienced a sig-
nificant (p > .05) increase in strength-training knowledge, functional ability,
and quality of life compared to baseline testing. The results showed that an
educational intervention has a positive effect on strength knowledge, func-
tion, and attendance rate. Additional research is needed to determine the
long-term effect of such educational components when added to regular
strength-training programs.
Older adults (65 years and older) in the United States are the fastest growing segment of the
population and are projected to continue to increase for the next 20–30 years compared to other
segments of the population (Nelson et al., 2007; Skelton, Greig, Davies, & Young, 1994). As the
human body ages, the functions of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular systems are
affected. The decline in skeletal muscle begins in the 4th decade of life (Doherty, 2003; Nair,
2005). As muscle mass is reduced, the ability to generate force decreases, therefore, reducing the
individual’s ability to participate in activities of daily living (Doherty, 2003; Nair, 2005; Narici,
Maganaris, Reeves, & Capodaglio, 2003). Porter, Vandervoort, and Lexell (1995) reported that by the
age of 70, cross-sectional muscle area decreases by 25% to 30%. The functional implication is that
muscular strength is decreased by 30% to 40% (Porter et al., 1995). A.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association between Physical Fitness and
Successful Aging in Taiwanese Older Adults
Pay-Shin Lin1,2☯‡*, Chih-Chin Hsieh1☯‡, Huey-Shinn Cheng3, Tsai-Jou Tseng1, Shin-
Chang Su1
1 Department of Physical Therapy & Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine,
Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 2 Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University &
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 3 Internal & Geriatric Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial
Hospital, LinKou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡ PSL and CCH are co-first authors on this work.
* [email protected]
Abstract
Population aging is escalating in numerous countries worldwide; among them is Taiwan,
which will soon become an aged society. Thus, aging successfully is an increasing concern.
One of the factors for achieving successful aging (SA) is maintaining high physical function.
The purpose of this study was to determine the physical fitness factors associated with SA
in Taiwanese older adults (OAs), because these factors are intervenable. Community-
dwelling OAs aged more than 65 years and residing in Northern Taiwan were recruited in
this study. They received a comprehensive geriatric assessment, which includes sociode-
mographic data, health conditions and behaviors, activities of daily living (ADL) and instru-
mental ADL (IADL) function, cognitive and depressive status, and quality of life. Physical
fitness tests included the grip strength (GS), 30-second sit-to-stand (30s STS), timed up-
and-go (TUG), functional reach (FR), one-leg standing, chair sit-and-reach, and reaction
time (drop ruler) tests as well as the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). SA status was defined as
follows: complete independence in performing ADL and IADL, satisfactory cognitive status
(Mini-Mental State Examination� 24), no depression (Geriatric Depression Scale < 5), and
favorable social function (SF subscale� 80 in SF-36). Adjusted multiple logistic regression
analyses were performed. Among the total recruited OAs (n = 378), 100 (26.5%) met the
aforementioned SA criteria. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and
health condition and behaviors, some physical fitness tests, namely GS, 30s STS, 6MWT,
TUG, and FR tests, were significantly associated with SA individually, but not in the multi-
variate model. Among the physical fitness variables tested, cardiopulmonary endurance,
mobility, muscle strength, and balance were significantly associated with SA in Taiwanese
OAs. Early detection of deterioration in the identified functions and corresponding interven-
tion is essential to ensuring SA.
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0150389 March 10, 2016 1 / 12
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Lin P-S, Hsieh C-C, Cheng H-S, Tseng T-J,
Su S-C (2016) Association between Physical Fitness
and Successful Aging in Taiwanese Older Adults.
PLoS ONE 11(3): e0150389. .
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
1. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (2007) 11, 106–110
Bodywork and
Journal of
Movement Therapies
LITERATURE REVIEW
The effectiveness of Pilates training in healthy
adults: An appraisal of the research literature
Lisa Marie Bernardo, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.N., H.F.I.Ã
University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, 225 Victoria Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, 412 624-7637, USA
Received 13 July 2006; accepted 8 August 2006
KEYWORDS
Pilates;
Healthy adults;
Research options;
Literature review
Summary Pilates has gained momentum and attention in the past 5 years as a
modality for improving flexibility, strength and mind–body awareness. What is not
revealed, however, is the scientific basis for this practice. The two-fold purpose of
this review was to (1) critically appraise published research on Pilates in healthy
adults and (2) propose future research options for this method in healthy adults. An
extensive literature search was conducted, using Pilates as the search word. A total
of 277 articles were found. Thirty-nine articles and abstracts were published in
refereed, professional journals, of which there were only three clinical trials in
healthy adults. The strengths of these three clinical trials were the (1) use of
established measurements for stated outcomes and (2) documented need for
research in this area. The weaknesses were (1) lack of true experimental designs, (2)
small sample sizes, and (3) lack of a defined method of Pilates. There is cautious
support for the effectiveness of Pilates in improving flexibility, abdominal and
lumbo-pelvic stability and muscular activity, primarily due to a lack of sound
research methodology surrounding each study. Utilizing a true experimental design
and stating the Pilates method utilized can strengthen and improve future Pilates
research in healthy adults.
& 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Pilates is a mind–body fitness program gaining in
popularity and acceptance within the fitness com-
munity. Named after its founder, Joseph H. Pilates,
and detailed in his publications (Pilates, 1934,
1945), this fitness program incorporates the use of
special apparatus and equipment into movement
routines designed to enhance flexibility, strength,
and coordination. Pilates is advocated as a bene-
ficial exercise method in adult populations (Rey-
neke, 1993; LaBrusciano and Lonergan, 1996;
Latey, 2001, 2002; Stanko, 2002; Muscolino and
Cipriani, 2003a, b; Smith and Smith, 2004).
With this ongoing interest in and support for
Pilates as an exercise method in healthy adults, an
established scientific framework based on evidence
ARTICLE IN PRESS
www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/jbmt
1360-8592/$ - see front matter & 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2006.08.006
ÃTel.: +1 412 624 7637; fax: +1 412 383 7293.
E-mail address: LBE100@pitt.edu.
2. from research studies would be expected. To learn
more about the scientific basis for Pilates, a
literature search and critical appraisal of the
published research were undertaken to answer
the question: What is the evidence for Pilates as a
method of exercise in healthy adults?
Method
An electronic and paper literature search was
conducted using the OVID search engine. Data
bases searched were Medline, Allied and Comple-
mentary Medicine (AMED), Cumulative Index to
Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL),
SportsInfo, and the Cochrane Database of Systema-
tic Reviews. Journal articles published from
1990–2005 were searched. The key word searched
was Pilates. Articles were retrieved for appraisal if
they were human subjects research published in
refereed, professional journals. A total of 277
articles and abstracts were identified. No meta-
analyzes or systematic reviews were found. Table 1
outlines the distribution of published Pilates arti-
cles.
Only 10 (3.9%) research studies were published in
refereed, professional journals. Of these, five
research studies were conducted in dancers and
gymnasts (Fitt et al., 1993; Parrott, 1993; McLain et
al., 1997; Hutchinson et al., 1998; McMillan et al.,
1998); two studies were conducted in special
populations (Savage, 2005; Mallery et al., 2003);
and three studies (1.08%) conducted in healthy
adults (Herrington and Davies, 2005; Segal et al.,
2004; Petrofsky et al., 2005). These three studies
are reviewed and appraised.
Literature review of the three published
studies
Herrington and Davies (2005) conducted an obser-
vational study to assess and compare the contrac-
tion of the transversus abdominis muscle among
healthy females trained in Pilates, traditional
abdominal curls and a control group. Thirty-six
healthy females (mean age ¼ 32.6 years) served as
the study subjects who were divided into three
groups. Twelve were categorized as Pilates trained,
based on their attendance of one or two 45-min
Pilates classes each week for a 6-month period.
Another 12 subjects were categorized as abdominal
curl trained, having attended 15-min abdominal
curl classes, once or twice weekly for 6 months.
The last 12 subjects did not practice Pilates or
abdominal curls. To indirectly measure contraction
of the transversus abdominis muscle and to monitor
lumbar–pelvic stability, a stabilizer pressure bio-
feedback unit (Chattanooga Group Inc.) was em-
ployed. A tester, blinded to group category,
conducted the measurements.
Results indicated that 10 (83%) Pilates group, 4
(33.3%) abdominal curl group and three (25%)
control group subjects passed the transversus
abdominis stability test. Overall, less than half of
the 36 subjects (n ¼ 17, 47%) passed this test. For
the lumbar–pelvic stability test, only 5 (42%) Pilates
group subjects passed this test, with all others
failing this test, leaving 14% overall who were able
to stabilize the lumbar–pelvic area. The authors
concluded that females who train in Pilates may be
better able to recruit and utilize their deep
abdominal muscles and stabilize the pelvic area
compared to those not trained in Pilates.
Segal et al. (2004) conducted an observational,
prospective, repeated measures study to assess the
effects of Pilates training on flexibility, body
composition, and health status of healthy adults.
A power analysis was calculated for a sample size of
16 subjects. Adult members of a health club (31
women (average age ¼ 41 years) and one man (age
42 years)) were assigned into classes of 8–12
students. All subjects participated in 1-h weekly
Pilates mat class for 6 months. Exercises progressed
in difficulty. Outcomes measured at baseline, 2, 4
and 6 months were composite flexibility (fingertip-
to-floor), body composition (height, body mass
index (BMI), body mass, segmental fat, and lean
body mass); perception of health and function
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Table 1 Distribution of published Pilates literature.
No meta-analyses or systematic reviews were found
Seventy-one (25.6%) no match in the Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory
Four (1.4%) published in foreign languages
Eighty-five (30.7%) trade magazines
Seventy-eight (28.1%) printed in consumer publications (magazines, newspapers, and newsletters)
Thirty-nine articles and abstracts (14%) published in refereed, professional journals
N ¼ 277.
Effectiveness of Pilates training in healthy adults 107
3. (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS)
outcomes questionnaire); and event log (self-
report of problems with the Pilates class). Compo-
site flexibility improved from baseline to 6 months
ðPo0:01Þ. There was no statistically significant
change in body composition or in the AAOS
questionnaire. Self-reported event log had themes
of adverse events with pain or discomfort in back
and neck muscles ðn ¼ 6Þ. Positive comments were
improved posture, improved flexibility, and cessa-
tion of morning stiffness, among others. The
authors concluded that Pilates exercises may
improve truncal flexibility in healthy adults.
Petrofsky et al., (2005) conducted an observa-
tional study to compare Pilates exercises with and
without a resistance band, and to compare these
exercises against those performed with commercial
exercise equipment. Six healthy subjects, four
males and two females, (mean age ¼ 25.3 years)
were enrolled. Muscle activity was measured during
the exercises with electromyogram (EMG), and this
technique was validated in other studies. The
resistance band used during the Pilate exercises
was an oblong ring (Zone Pilates Sculpter, Svvier LP,
Santa Fe Springs, CA), and weight lifting was done
on a Keiser weight lifting system (Wilmington, DE).
Each subject participated in all exercises. Subjects
first completed Pilates exercises without the
resistance band, then completed Pilates exercises
with the resistance band. Pilates exercises included
squats, leg adduction, and hip extension. Once EMG
was assessed with the Pilates exercises, the
subjects completed commercial equipment exer-
cises on the quads, inner outer thigh, and ham-
string machines. The weight applied on each
exercise machine was compared with the results
of EMG activity during the Pilates exercises
completed with and without the resistance band.
The results showed little muscular activity during
the Pilates exercises without the resistance band,
averaging 20% of the total muscle activity for the
leg muscles. Pilates exercises with the resistance
band increased the muscle activity by at least 50%.
Pilates exercises with and without the resistance
band exercised multiple muscle groups simulta-
neously. Pilates may be beneficial in those seeking a
resistance workout that places less stress on the
joints and muscles.
Appraisal of the research studies
These three studies reflect the extent of current
published research in healthy adult subjects using
Pilates. Each study had its strengths, weaknesses,
and limitations. The theory behind each of these
studies—the effect of Pilates exercises on muscle
activity, flexibility, body composition, and muscular
strength—were well defined. Subjects across all
studies were in a similar age range, with females
over-represented, and all studies used the subjects
as their own controls. The instruments used to
measure study outcomes were valid and reliable, as
demonstrated by data from previous studies. Intra-
rater reliability was established. Subject consent
was obtained, and study protocols appeared to be
followed consistently. Overall, data analyses ap-
peared to be adequate for the level of data
collected. The researchers drew their conclusions
from their study data and did not go beyond their
findings in translating their findings into practice.
All researchers agreed that additional research in
Pilates is needed. These strengths add to the body
of empirical evidence needed in the application of
Pilates exercises and outcomes in a healthy adult
population.
Numerous weaknesses were found across the
studies. Aside from Segal et al. (2004) who
recruited from a health club, it is unclear how
subjects were recruited into the studies by Her-
rington and Davies (2005) and Petrofsky et al.
(2005). All sample sizes were very small, which
does not allow for generalizability of the findings.
Only Segal et al. (2004) calculated sample size to
determine the effect needed to measure differ-
ences in fitness attributes before and after the
Pilates interventions.
The Pilates exercises themselves were a source
of concern. Segal et al. (2004) utilized the
Stott–Pilates method, and the classes were taught
by a Stott–Pilates certified instructor. The Stott–Pi-
lates method is taught through an established
curriculum, and instructors follow a prescribed
sequencing of exercises similar to that taught by
Pilates himself. The method of Pilates utilized in
the remaining two studies is unclear, leaving doubt
as to whether or not Pilates actually was per-
formed. Herrington and Davies (2005) enrolled
subjects who self-reported their practice of Pilates,
but there was no verification of the Pilates method
practiced by the subjects or their ability to perform
Pilates exercises. Similarly, Petrofsky et al. (2005)
listed Pilates exercises as muscle groups worked
(leg adduction, hip extension), and the translation
into a Pilates exercise is not given. Readers, then,
may arrive at or draw different assumptions about
what Pilates method was practiced.
The lack of a defined method of Pilates, the small
sample sizes, and the lack of randomization
influenced the studies’ results. While Segal et al.
(2004) utilized a defined Pilates method and
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L.M. Bernardo108
4. specified a power calculation, randomization and a
control group were lacking (although each subject
served as his/her own control). Their findings
support increased flexibility and no changes in
body composition or self-reported health following
a period of Pilates training. However, positive
comments about the benefits of Pilates in their
activities of daily living were provided. These
results show promise for future large-scale studies
in Pilates training. Herrington and Davies (2005)
showed that the Pilates-trained subjects had the
highest passing rates for transversus abdominis
isolation and lumbar–pelvic stability compared to
those subjects trained in abdominal curls or those
in the control group. While subject randomization
was not possible, the randomizing of the measure-
ments for transversus abdominis isolation and
lumbar–pelvic stability would have avoided bias in
the test measurements and perhaps the results.
Because the Pilates method used by the Pilates
subjects was not explicated or tested, it cannot be
said for certain that the subjects’ results were due
to Pilates training. Similarly, Petrofsky et al. (2005)
did not randomize their testing order and kept
standard the order of Pilates exercises, Pilates
exercises with the resistance band and then weight
machines. The order of muscle activity also was
kept standard. Again, the method of Pilates utilized
by subjects when completing the exercises as well
as the subjects’ prior experience with or profi-
ciency in Pilates was not stated, allowing for
uncertainty as to whether or not Pilates exercises
were executed or executed properly.
Implications for Practice
Despite the hundreds of published articles on
Pilates, the extant scientific evidence for Pilates
is limited. An extensive literature search found 277
Pilates articles published in the past 14 years; only
10 (3.6%) were human subjects research and of
these, only three were conducted in healthy adults.
The research presented in this appraisal was
published very recently (2003–2005), at a height
in the Pilates movement. Ideally, one would expect
to find a significant number of well-controlled
research studies in healthy adults conducted at
universities, or at fitness centers, Pilates studios,
health clubs, rehabilitation or other settings.
Remarkably, very few research studies have been
published where Pilates has been rigorously and
empirically tested and evaluated, in any popula-
tion. This lack of published research is disappoint-
ing, considering the popularity of Pilates, the
numerous established curricula for instructor and
student training, and how it is adapted and taught
in a variety of settings.
Overall, each study’s purpose and questions were
well stated. The rationale for studying Pilates was
thorough, and documentation of the need for such
study was clear. All investigators stated that Pilates
warranted further study in healthy adults. The lack
of randomization, either in group assignment or in
outcome measurement, raises questions of bias.
This bias cannot be discounted, despite similarities
in gender (mostly females) and age (adult) across
the studies. Furthermore, there was no direct
measurement of the subjects’ prior training in or
skill level with executing Pilates exercises.
A limitation of this appraisal is that articles may
have been missed that were not available through
the OVID search engine. Unpublished master’s
theses and doctoral dissertations were not obtained
through this search, and these studies may hold
additional data of interest to researchers and
practitioners.
Conclusion
This appraisal of three human subjects research
studies utilizing Pilates finds support for the
effectiveness of Pilates in healthy adults to improve
flexibility, transversus abdominis activation, lum-
bar–pelvic stability, and muscular activity. This
support is given cautiously, due to small sample
sizes, lack of true experimental research designs,
and bias in subject recruitment and measurement.
The lack of specificity and description of the Pilates
method used in two of the studies leaves room for
doubt as to how Pilates was defined and practiced.
Researchers and practitioners alike agree that
there is a lack of, and need for, published research
on the effectiveness of Pilates in healthy adults
(Fitt et al., 1993; Brown, 1999; Stone, 2000; Lange
et al., 2000). Human subjects research must be
conducted with Pilates to establish an evidence
base for its practice.
Well-designed experimental studies that rando-
mize subjects, utilize a control group, define the
Pilate method utilized, calculate statistical power
and sample size, and using valid and reliable
methods to measure outcomes, would build a body
of scientific evidence of Pilates’ efficacy and
effectiveness in practice with healthy adults.
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