pls help I don't understand these parts -( 7- To begin understanding t.pdf
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pls help I don't understand these parts :( 7. To begin understanding the underlying pulmonary disorder, complete the following chart with Yes or No to indicate if the symptoms are present in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 8. Circle the correct answer to complete the following sentence: With chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, patients exert most of their work breathing during the (inspiration/ expiration ) phase of respiration, whereas patients with restrictive diseases exert most of their work of breathing during the (inspiration/ expiration ) phase. 9. Which of the statements below CORRECTLY describes the pathophysiologic difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis? A. Emphysema is characterized by hypersecretion of goblet and mucus cells B. Chronic bronchitis commonly results in polycythemia to compensate for persistent hypoxemia C. Chronic bronchitis produces destruction of alveolar walls D. Emphysema is due to chronic inflammation in fibrotic airways 10. Patient's history reveals that recently, he has noticed difficulty climbing the stairs at work, which not only produces fatigue but often requires him to stop at varying intervals so that he may catch his breath. He has also noticed that he tends to experience dyspnea with exertion and at rest. On physical examination you note that he is thin with a large chest for his size, purses his lips when breathing, and has decreased breath sounds. Based on this information, is the patient experiencing chronic bronchitis or emphysema? Briefly explain your answer..
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Recommended
Chapter 14 workbook
This document defines medical terminology related to the respiratory system. It defines terms like atelectasis, emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumothorax, asthma, ventilation, respiration, COPD, and pleural effusion. It also provides multiple choice questions to test understanding of respiratory system anatomy and physiology, including questions about the cells lining the airways, regions separating lungs, function of pleural fluid and surfactant, sinuses, sections of the pharynx, inspiration, purpose of cilia, and lobes and subdivisions of the lungs.
COPD.pdf
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and ensure effective airway clearance and rest.
Copd
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and promote effective airway clearance and activity tolerance.
Discussion #11. What physical findings might be indicative of a .docx
Discussion #1
1. What physical findings might be indicative of a patient with emphysema? The diagnosis is made on patients that usually are long term smokers, and they complaint of dyspnea, cough, and mucus expectoration. Most patients seek medical attention late in the course of their disease, usually ignoring smoldering symptoms that start gradually and progress over the course of years. The cough typically is worse in the morning with finite production of clear-to-white sputum. Dyspnea, emphysema's most significant symptom, does not generally occur until the sixth decade of life. However, patients with emphysema due to alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficit will exhibit the following characteristics: early presentation (< 45 y), predilection of emphysematous changes in the lung bases, and the panacinar morphological pattern.
Although the sensitivity of the physical evaluation in mild-to-moderate disease is relatively poor, the physical signs are quite sensitive and specific in severe disease. Patients with severe disease may experience tachypnea and dyspnea with mild exertion.
The respiratory rate increases in proportion to disease severity with the use of accessory respiratory muscles and paradoxical contraction of lower intercostal spaces becoming evident during exacerbations.
In end-stage emphysema, cyanosis, elevated jugular venous pressure, atrophy of limb musculature, and peripheral edema due to the development of pulmonary hypertension, right-to-left shunting, and/or right heart failure can easily be observed.
Thoracic examination reveals a 2:1 increase in anterior to posterior diameter (“barrel chest”), diffuse or focal wheezing, diffusely diminished breath sounds, hyperresonance upon percussion, prolonged expiration, and/or hyperinflation on chest radiographs.
2. What is the purpose and interpretations of the pulmonary function test? Pulmonary function tests will test the mechanical function of the lungs, chest wall, and respiratory muscles by measuring the total volume of air exhaled from a full lung (total lung capacity [TLC]) to maximal expiration (residual volume [RV]). This volume, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in the first second of the forceful exhalation (FEV1), In Emphysema, spirometry may show typical obstructive pattern due to the blockage of the air during expiration. As a result of the air trapping, the spirometry will show decreased in FVC, but less than the FEV 1, and increased FRC and RV.(McCance, & Huether, 2013).
3. What are the pathophysiological findings specifying emphysema? As a result of the cellular apoptosis, and early cellular senescence, the alveolar cells are damaged, and a reduced surface of gas exchanged occurred. The destruction of the alveoli creates bullae, which are large spaces in the lung parenchyma and air spaces adjacent to pleurae(blebs). Both elements bullae, and blebs difficult the air exchange. In addition, areas of the lungs that are bad perfused contributes to w.
COPD535.pptx
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a pair of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by limited airflow. The main causes are smoking, air pollution, and occupational exposures. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Management includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and lung surgery in some cases. Nursing priorities are to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, ensure adequate rest, and promote effective airway clearance.
Respiratory Physiology
The document discusses lifestyle changes and management strategies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It recommends eating a nutrient-rich diet, regular exercise, breathing exercises, using a spirometer daily, practicing good hand hygiene to prevent infections, quitting smoking and avoiding air pollution or smoke. These steps can help strengthen muscles, improve lung function and defend against flare-ups of COPD symptoms.
What is COPD ?
This document discusses definitions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from various medical organizations over time. It describes COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The definitions have evolved to emphasize COPD as an inflammatory condition caused by long-term exposure to noxious particles or gases. Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to COPD severity and impact quality of life. The document also contrasts COPD and asthma, noting their different causes, inflammatory profiles, and treatment responses.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[ COPD].pptx
1. COPD is a progressive lung disease involving airway obstruction that is not fully reversible. It encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
2. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation in the airways and lung tissue leading to damage over time.
3. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and oxygen therapy. Lung volume reduction surgery may be an option for severe COPD.
Recommended
Chapter 14 workbook
This document defines medical terminology related to the respiratory system. It defines terms like atelectasis, emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumothorax, asthma, ventilation, respiration, COPD, and pleural effusion. It also provides multiple choice questions to test understanding of respiratory system anatomy and physiology, including questions about the cells lining the airways, regions separating lungs, function of pleural fluid and surfactant, sinuses, sections of the pharynx, inspiration, purpose of cilia, and lobes and subdivisions of the lungs.
COPD.pdf
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and ensure effective airway clearance and rest.
Copd
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and promote effective airway clearance and activity tolerance.
Discussion #11. What physical findings might be indicative of a .docx
Discussion #1
1. What physical findings might be indicative of a patient with emphysema? The diagnosis is made on patients that usually are long term smokers, and they complaint of dyspnea, cough, and mucus expectoration. Most patients seek medical attention late in the course of their disease, usually ignoring smoldering symptoms that start gradually and progress over the course of years. The cough typically is worse in the morning with finite production of clear-to-white sputum. Dyspnea, emphysema's most significant symptom, does not generally occur until the sixth decade of life. However, patients with emphysema due to alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficit will exhibit the following characteristics: early presentation (< 45 y), predilection of emphysematous changes in the lung bases, and the panacinar morphological pattern.
Although the sensitivity of the physical evaluation in mild-to-moderate disease is relatively poor, the physical signs are quite sensitive and specific in severe disease. Patients with severe disease may experience tachypnea and dyspnea with mild exertion.
The respiratory rate increases in proportion to disease severity with the use of accessory respiratory muscles and paradoxical contraction of lower intercostal spaces becoming evident during exacerbations.
In end-stage emphysema, cyanosis, elevated jugular venous pressure, atrophy of limb musculature, and peripheral edema due to the development of pulmonary hypertension, right-to-left shunting, and/or right heart failure can easily be observed.
Thoracic examination reveals a 2:1 increase in anterior to posterior diameter (“barrel chest”), diffuse or focal wheezing, diffusely diminished breath sounds, hyperresonance upon percussion, prolonged expiration, and/or hyperinflation on chest radiographs.
2. What is the purpose and interpretations of the pulmonary function test? Pulmonary function tests will test the mechanical function of the lungs, chest wall, and respiratory muscles by measuring the total volume of air exhaled from a full lung (total lung capacity [TLC]) to maximal expiration (residual volume [RV]). This volume, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in the first second of the forceful exhalation (FEV1), In Emphysema, spirometry may show typical obstructive pattern due to the blockage of the air during expiration. As a result of the air trapping, the spirometry will show decreased in FVC, but less than the FEV 1, and increased FRC and RV.(McCance, & Huether, 2013).
3. What are the pathophysiological findings specifying emphysema? As a result of the cellular apoptosis, and early cellular senescence, the alveolar cells are damaged, and a reduced surface of gas exchanged occurred. The destruction of the alveoli creates bullae, which are large spaces in the lung parenchyma and air spaces adjacent to pleurae(blebs). Both elements bullae, and blebs difficult the air exchange. In addition, areas of the lungs that are bad perfused contributes to w.
COPD535.pptx
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a pair of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by limited airflow. The main causes are smoking, air pollution, and occupational exposures. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Management includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and lung surgery in some cases. Nursing priorities are to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, ensure adequate rest, and promote effective airway clearance.
Respiratory Physiology
The document discusses lifestyle changes and management strategies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It recommends eating a nutrient-rich diet, regular exercise, breathing exercises, using a spirometer daily, practicing good hand hygiene to prevent infections, quitting smoking and avoiding air pollution or smoke. These steps can help strengthen muscles, improve lung function and defend against flare-ups of COPD symptoms.
What is COPD ?
This document discusses definitions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from various medical organizations over time. It describes COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The definitions have evolved to emphasize COPD as an inflammatory condition caused by long-term exposure to noxious particles or gases. Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to COPD severity and impact quality of life. The document also contrasts COPD and asthma, noting their different causes, inflammatory profiles, and treatment responses.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[ COPD].pptx
1. COPD is a progressive lung disease involving airway obstruction that is not fully reversible. It encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
2. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation in the airways and lung tissue leading to damage over time.
3. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and oxygen therapy. Lung volume reduction surgery may be an option for severe COPD.
NR 507 Week 2 Discussion.docx
1) The differential diagnoses for the 5-month-old with diarrhea and wheezing are cystic fibrosis, cow's milk protein intolerance, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.
2) Tests that would help clarify the diagnosis include a sweat test, trial of hypoallergenic formula, and respiratory viral panel.
3) Tammy's most likely diagnosis is bronchitis based on her cough developing after a cold. Less likely possibilities are pneumonia and asthma. Treatment would be cough suppressants and expectorants. Fever and foul smelling mucus would make pneumonia more likely.
Respiratory insufficiency pathophysiology, diagnosis, oxygen therapy
This document discusses various pulmonary function tests and abnormalities, including the determination of blood gases, maximum expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume, chronic pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, atelectasis, asthma, tuberculosis, cyanosis, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. It provides detailed explanations of the physiological mechanisms and clinical measurements for each condition.
Respiratory insufficiency pathophysiology, diagnosis, oxygen therapy
This document discusses various pulmonary function tests and abnormalities seen in different lung diseases. It begins by describing tests to measure blood gases, including pH, CO2, and PO2. It then discusses measurement of maximum expiratory flow and abnormalities seen on flow-volume curves in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. Examples of diseases discussed in more depth include chronic pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, atelectasis, asthma, tuberculosis, cyanosis, and hypercapnia. Oxygen therapy is also discussed in the context of different causes of hypoxia.
Pathophysiology of copd
this will help you in understanding copd
i hope
if you wanna enjoy download it then press F5 to see the things i did
Examinating the Resipiratory System.pptx
This document provides guidance on examining the respiratory system through history taking and physical examination. It details what to ask patients regarding symptoms like breathlessness, cough, sputum production, and chest pain. It also explains how to inspect, palpate, percuss and auscultate the chest. Specific tests are described like measuring chest expansion, examining neck veins, and evaluating breath sounds and vocal fremitus. A thorough respiratory exam provides clues to underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.
Pulmonary-Failure-.pptx
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, resulting in hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) and hypercapnia (high blood carbon dioxide). Acute respiratory failure develops suddenly in patients without preexisting lung disease, while chronic respiratory failure is caused by conditions like COPD. Treatment involves oxygen therapy, ventilation if needed, treating the underlying cause, and monitoring vital signs.
COPD -MA.pptx
A brief presentation on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Talking about epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms and the Gold standard treatment.
Pulmonary embolism presenation by Henok Oncho
A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the lungs caused by a blood clot that forms elsewhere in the body and travels through the bloodstream. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, ventilation-perfusion scans, and pulmonary angiograms. Treatment focuses on anticoagulant medications like heparin to prevent further clotting and reduce the risk of additional embolisms. Nursing care monitors the patient's oxygenation status and educates them on preventing future clots.
Resp. diseases
This document discusses several chronic respiratory diseases including pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, atelectasis, asthma, tuberculosis, and dyspnea. Pulmonary emphysema is caused by years of smoking and results in destruction of lung tissue and impaired gas exchange. Pneumonia causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the alveoli, reducing their function. Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli due to obstruction or lack of surfactant. Asthma involves bronchiolar constriction causing difficulty breathing. Tuberculosis forms lesions that can destroy lung tissue if left untreated. Dyspnea is the sensation of breathlessness caused by respiratory abnormalities, work of breathing, or psychological factors.
Bronchial Asthma.pptx
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and phenotypes. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable respiratory symptoms and reversible airflow limitation. It can be triggered by allergens, irritants, and viruses.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms and lung function tests showing variable expiratory airflow limitation that improves with bronchodilators. Spirometry and peak flow monitoring are used to confirm diagnosis.
- Asthma has different phenotypes including allergic, non-allergic, obesity-related, and those with persistent airflow limitation. Treatment is tailored based on phenotype and control of symptoms.
Bronchial asthma.vikramppt
The document discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma. Some key points include:
- Characteristic symptoms include recurrent wheezing, chest tightness, breathlessness, and cough that are often worse at night. Common triggers include allergens, exercise, and viral infections.
- Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing reduced airflow and reversibility with bronchodilators. Measurement of peak expiratory flow rates can confirm diurnal variations.
- Differential diagnosis includes upper airway obstruction, left ventricular failure, and eosinophilic pneumonias which present differently than asthma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is usually easier to differentiate by showing less variability and reversibility of
What values were affected by simulate airway obstruction, and why Ex.pdf
What values were affected by simulate airway obstruction, and why? Explain the physiological
events that occurred during the simulated asthma attack.
Solution
Ans:
In patients with obstructive lung disease, the small airways are partially obstructed by a
pathological condition. The most common forms are asthma and COPD.
A patient with obstructive lung disease typically has a concave F/V loop. The air in the large
airways usually can be expired without problems, so PEF may be normal. When all the air is
expired from the large airways, air from the smaller airways will be expired. With obstructive
lung disease, these airways are partially blocked, so the air will come out slower (you can
simulate this by blowing out through a straw!).
This will result in a lower flow and a (more or less) sharp fall in the flow-volume .
FEV1 and FEF25-75 will be too low.
Typically the patient will have a normal FVC at the early stages of his condition.
The FET (Forced Expiratory Time) will be higher due to the lower flow but equal volume.
Historically a Tiffeneau index (FEV1/FVC x 100) less than 70% was considered to be very
suggestive for obstructive lung disease. Nowadays the value is compared to LLN.
A bronchodilator test will than be performed to assess reversibility.
Theasthma symptoms are caused by 3 main physiological events are as follows.
Tightening of the muscles lining the airways: This contraction or tightening of the bronchial
smooth muscles is called bronchospasm or bronchoconstriction. As these muscles tighten around
the outside of your bronchial tubes, causing narrowing, it becomes more difficult to move air
through the lung. When this occurs, you may notice shortness of breath, chest tightness or
wheezing.
Mucus production: In addition to the bronchoconstriction, airways of the lung produce an
increased amount of mucus. This can lead to mucus plugging and further narrowing of the
airways, making symptoms worse.
Inflammation: The inside of the airways become swollen and inflamed. This swelling even
further decreases airflow and makes it more difficult to breathe. The inflammation generally
occurs later in an asthma attack.
Apart from this the person feels
· Coughing. Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or early in the morning, making
it hard to sleep.
· Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.
· Chest tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.
· Shortness of breath. Some people who have asthma say they can\'t catch their breath or
they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can\'t get air out of your lungs.
· sweating, itching in the throat, light feeling in the chest, irritation to cigarette smoke, air
pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, compounds in home décor products, and sprays
(such as hairspray)..
Farmer lung's disease and COPD
Farmer’s lung disease:
Farmer's lung disease (FLD) is a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) caused by inhaling microorganisms from hay or grain stored in conditions of high humidity in the agricultural workplace.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an immunologically mediated inflammatory disease of the lung involving the terminal airways.
It's also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, hypersensitivity alveolitis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
The "-itis" at the end of these names means it causes inflammation. With farmer's lung, the inflammation, or swelling, is in the lungs.
Two conditions cause COPD: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both affect your lungs in different ways.
Asthma is not typically considered a type of COPD, but it is a chronic respiratory condition. You can have asthma along with COPD.
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
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This document provides an overview of respiratory module part 2, covering pneumonia syndromes, lung carcinoma, pleural lesions, and nasopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma. It discusses community-acquired typical and atypical pneumonia caused by pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It describes the clinical presentation, pathology, and complications of bacterial pneumonias. It also briefly discusses SARS, COVID-19, and other pneumonia syndromes.
Respiratory Diseases -Obstructive lung diseases.ppt
The document discusses several lung diseases including obstructive lung diseases, restrictive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and diseases of the pleura. It provides details on specific conditions such as atelectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology, and clinical course. It also compares and contrasts emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Copd
COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Common symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and medical history, along with spirometry to measure lung function. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and managing complications. Nursing care emphasizes airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, activity, education, and symptom management.
The respiratory system
Don is experiencing symptoms of coughing, shortness of breath, and fatigue due to chronic bronchitis and a respiratory infection likely caused by influenza. Examination finds his blood pressure, pulse, and respiration are elevated, indicating severe respiratory distress. Chest X-rays reveal Don has emphysema, a destructive lung disease where the air sacs have been destroyed, reducing oxygen transfer and lung elasticity and causing shortness of breath.
Copd
The document defines COPD as a serious lung disease that makes breathing difficult over time. It can be caused by prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke, environmental factors, or genetics. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, respiratory infections, and shortness of breath. COPD is diagnosed through spirometry testing and imaging tests. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on stopping smoking, using medications to relieve symptoms and prevent worsening, oxygen therapy for severe cases, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Preventing smoking is key to avoiding most COPD cases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airways disease. COPD risk factors include cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing airflow obstruction. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
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Price (\$) Suppose that the supply curve is at $1 . At the market equilibrium price $8 , the
consumer surplus is dollars..
Presentedbelow is a list of accounts in alphabetical order-Prepare a c.pdf
Presentedbelow is a list of accounts in alphabetical order. Prepare a classified balance sheet in
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Similar to pls help I don't understand these parts -( 7- To begin understanding t.pdf
NR 507 Week 2 Discussion.docx
1) The differential diagnoses for the 5-month-old with diarrhea and wheezing are cystic fibrosis, cow's milk protein intolerance, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.
2) Tests that would help clarify the diagnosis include a sweat test, trial of hypoallergenic formula, and respiratory viral panel.
3) Tammy's most likely diagnosis is bronchitis based on her cough developing after a cold. Less likely possibilities are pneumonia and asthma. Treatment would be cough suppressants and expectorants. Fever and foul smelling mucus would make pneumonia more likely.
Respiratory insufficiency pathophysiology, diagnosis, oxygen therapy
This document discusses various pulmonary function tests and abnormalities, including the determination of blood gases, maximum expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume, chronic pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, atelectasis, asthma, tuberculosis, cyanosis, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. It provides detailed explanations of the physiological mechanisms and clinical measurements for each condition.
Respiratory insufficiency pathophysiology, diagnosis, oxygen therapy
This document discusses various pulmonary function tests and abnormalities seen in different lung diseases. It begins by describing tests to measure blood gases, including pH, CO2, and PO2. It then discusses measurement of maximum expiratory flow and abnormalities seen on flow-volume curves in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. Examples of diseases discussed in more depth include chronic pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, atelectasis, asthma, tuberculosis, cyanosis, and hypercapnia. Oxygen therapy is also discussed in the context of different causes of hypoxia.
Pathophysiology of copd
this will help you in understanding copd
i hope
if you wanna enjoy download it then press F5 to see the things i did
Examinating the Resipiratory System.pptx
This document provides guidance on examining the respiratory system through history taking and physical examination. It details what to ask patients regarding symptoms like breathlessness, cough, sputum production, and chest pain. It also explains how to inspect, palpate, percuss and auscultate the chest. Specific tests are described like measuring chest expansion, examining neck veins, and evaluating breath sounds and vocal fremitus. A thorough respiratory exam provides clues to underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.
Pulmonary-Failure-.pptx
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, resulting in hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) and hypercapnia (high blood carbon dioxide). Acute respiratory failure develops suddenly in patients without preexisting lung disease, while chronic respiratory failure is caused by conditions like COPD. Treatment involves oxygen therapy, ventilation if needed, treating the underlying cause, and monitoring vital signs.
COPD -MA.pptx
A brief presentation on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Talking about epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms and the Gold standard treatment.
Pulmonary embolism presenation by Henok Oncho
A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the lungs caused by a blood clot that forms elsewhere in the body and travels through the bloodstream. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, ventilation-perfusion scans, and pulmonary angiograms. Treatment focuses on anticoagulant medications like heparin to prevent further clotting and reduce the risk of additional embolisms. Nursing care monitors the patient's oxygenation status and educates them on preventing future clots.
Resp. diseases
This document discusses several chronic respiratory diseases including pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, atelectasis, asthma, tuberculosis, and dyspnea. Pulmonary emphysema is caused by years of smoking and results in destruction of lung tissue and impaired gas exchange. Pneumonia causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the alveoli, reducing their function. Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli due to obstruction or lack of surfactant. Asthma involves bronchiolar constriction causing difficulty breathing. Tuberculosis forms lesions that can destroy lung tissue if left untreated. Dyspnea is the sensation of breathlessness caused by respiratory abnormalities, work of breathing, or psychological factors.
Bronchial Asthma.pptx
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and phenotypes. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable respiratory symptoms and reversible airflow limitation. It can be triggered by allergens, irritants, and viruses.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms and lung function tests showing variable expiratory airflow limitation that improves with bronchodilators. Spirometry and peak flow monitoring are used to confirm diagnosis.
- Asthma has different phenotypes including allergic, non-allergic, obesity-related, and those with persistent airflow limitation. Treatment is tailored based on phenotype and control of symptoms.
Bronchial asthma.vikramppt
The document discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma. Some key points include:
- Characteristic symptoms include recurrent wheezing, chest tightness, breathlessness, and cough that are often worse at night. Common triggers include allergens, exercise, and viral infections.
- Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing reduced airflow and reversibility with bronchodilators. Measurement of peak expiratory flow rates can confirm diurnal variations.
- Differential diagnosis includes upper airway obstruction, left ventricular failure, and eosinophilic pneumonias which present differently than asthma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is usually easier to differentiate by showing less variability and reversibility of
What values were affected by simulate airway obstruction, and why Ex.pdf
What values were affected by simulate airway obstruction, and why? Explain the physiological
events that occurred during the simulated asthma attack.
Solution
Ans:
In patients with obstructive lung disease, the small airways are partially obstructed by a
pathological condition. The most common forms are asthma and COPD.
A patient with obstructive lung disease typically has a concave F/V loop. The air in the large
airways usually can be expired without problems, so PEF may be normal. When all the air is
expired from the large airways, air from the smaller airways will be expired. With obstructive
lung disease, these airways are partially blocked, so the air will come out slower (you can
simulate this by blowing out through a straw!).
This will result in a lower flow and a (more or less) sharp fall in the flow-volume .
FEV1 and FEF25-75 will be too low.
Typically the patient will have a normal FVC at the early stages of his condition.
The FET (Forced Expiratory Time) will be higher due to the lower flow but equal volume.
Historically a Tiffeneau index (FEV1/FVC x 100) less than 70% was considered to be very
suggestive for obstructive lung disease. Nowadays the value is compared to LLN.
A bronchodilator test will than be performed to assess reversibility.
Theasthma symptoms are caused by 3 main physiological events are as follows.
Tightening of the muscles lining the airways: This contraction or tightening of the bronchial
smooth muscles is called bronchospasm or bronchoconstriction. As these muscles tighten around
the outside of your bronchial tubes, causing narrowing, it becomes more difficult to move air
through the lung. When this occurs, you may notice shortness of breath, chest tightness or
wheezing.
Mucus production: In addition to the bronchoconstriction, airways of the lung produce an
increased amount of mucus. This can lead to mucus plugging and further narrowing of the
airways, making symptoms worse.
Inflammation: The inside of the airways become swollen and inflamed. This swelling even
further decreases airflow and makes it more difficult to breathe. The inflammation generally
occurs later in an asthma attack.
Apart from this the person feels
· Coughing. Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or early in the morning, making
it hard to sleep.
· Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.
· Chest tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.
· Shortness of breath. Some people who have asthma say they can\'t catch their breath or
they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can\'t get air out of your lungs.
· sweating, itching in the throat, light feeling in the chest, irritation to cigarette smoke, air
pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, compounds in home décor products, and sprays
(such as hairspray)..
Farmer lung's disease and COPD
Farmer’s lung disease:
Farmer's lung disease (FLD) is a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) caused by inhaling microorganisms from hay or grain stored in conditions of high humidity in the agricultural workplace.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an immunologically mediated inflammatory disease of the lung involving the terminal airways.
It's also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, hypersensitivity alveolitis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
The "-itis" at the end of these names means it causes inflammation. With farmer's lung, the inflammation, or swelling, is in the lungs.
Two conditions cause COPD: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both affect your lungs in different ways.
Asthma is not typically considered a type of COPD, but it is a chronic respiratory condition. You can have asthma along with COPD.
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
Rs pathology 02
This document provides an overview of respiratory module part 2, covering pneumonia syndromes, lung carcinoma, pleural lesions, and nasopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma. It discusses community-acquired typical and atypical pneumonia caused by pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It describes the clinical presentation, pathology, and complications of bacterial and atypical pneumonias. It also briefly discusses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 caused by coronaviruses.
Rs pathology 02
This document provides an overview of respiratory module part 2, covering pneumonia syndromes, lung carcinoma, pleural lesions, and nasopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma. It discusses community-acquired typical and atypical pneumonia caused by pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It describes the clinical presentation, pathology, and complications of bacterial pneumonias. It also briefly discusses SARS, COVID-19, and other pneumonia syndromes.
Respiratory Diseases -Obstructive lung diseases.ppt
The document discusses several lung diseases including obstructive lung diseases, restrictive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and diseases of the pleura. It provides details on specific conditions such as atelectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology, and clinical course. It also compares and contrasts emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Copd
COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Common symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and medical history, along with spirometry to measure lung function. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and managing complications. Nursing care emphasizes airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, activity, education, and symptom management.
The respiratory system
Don is experiencing symptoms of coughing, shortness of breath, and fatigue due to chronic bronchitis and a respiratory infection likely caused by influenza. Examination finds his blood pressure, pulse, and respiration are elevated, indicating severe respiratory distress. Chest X-rays reveal Don has emphysema, a destructive lung disease where the air sacs have been destroyed, reducing oxygen transfer and lung elasticity and causing shortness of breath.
Copd
The document defines COPD as a serious lung disease that makes breathing difficult over time. It can be caused by prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke, environmental factors, or genetics. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, respiratory infections, and shortness of breath. COPD is diagnosed through spirometry testing and imaging tests. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on stopping smoking, using medications to relieve symptoms and prevent worsening, oxygen therapy for severe cases, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Preventing smoking is key to avoiding most COPD cases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airways disease. COPD risk factors include cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing airflow obstruction. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
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