Please upload your project drafts or comprehensive outlines (see an example below for the minimum outline expected).  Provide as much text as possible.  Also, include a bibliography with your sources separated into Primary and Secondary sources. ***The final essay is to be 1500 words, with formal title, complete citations, and a bibliography. Outline Example - This is the MINIMUM expected. I encourage you to include reference to the source citation throughout the outline and draft. The Genesis of the First Clinical Electrocardiogram: The rise of a cardiac breakthrough that marked the start and discovery of many cardiac related diseases Written by: STUDENT NAME HIST 285-001 DATE Introduction: As a biomedical engineering student, I’ve always been intrigued by the phenomenal medical technologies that exist today. Many of these medical technologies were created earlier in the years and have advanced to possess several beneficial features and serve an essential role in the medical field today. One of these medical technologies is the Electrocardiogram, commonly referred to as ECG. Willem Einthoven was a Dutch doctor who invented the first practical electrocardiogram in 1903. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for his revolutionizing contribution to the medical field. An electrocardiogram is a device that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. This is done through the use of leads or electrodes that are placed on the body to detect small electrical changes on the skin that are a result of the heart returning back from it’s contracted state after each heartbeat. Prior to Einthoven’s time, it was known that heartbeats produced electrical signals but no instrument could measure this without placing electrodes directly on the heart. In this paper I will explore the rise of the ECG. I will start off with a brief description of the anatomy and importance of the heart muscle. I will then proceed to explain the significance and purpose of the ECG and then continue to describe how Willem Einthoven went about creating the first ECG. Understanding the origin of the ECG is essential as they are currently used and relied on heavily by physicians and others in the medical field. They provide us with convenient, efficient, and accurate insight into the health of a patient’s heart. Outline: Part 1: Anatomy of basic cardiology to ensure reader can understand the information to follow   Point a: Include the location and function of anatomy of heart (Right atria, right ventricle, left atria, left ventricle etc)   Point b: Tie in blood flow pathway in the heart, nodes, and signals (AV node, SA Node, perkinji fibers etc)   Point c: Talk about electrical signal conduction and introduce terms diastole and systole and how that corresponds to contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle. Part 2: Talk about the mechanics of what an ECG is as well as the purpose it serves   Point a: Introduce the ECG signal wave and explain the si.

1. Please upload your project drafts or comprehensive outlines
(see an example below for the minimum outline expected).
Provide as much text as possible. Also, include a bibliography
with your sources separated into Primary and Secondary
sources.
***The final essay is to be 1500 words, with formal title,
complete citations, and a bibliography.
Outline Example - This is the MINIMUM expected. I encourage
you to include reference to the source citation throughout the
outline and draft.
The Genesis of the First Clinical Electrocardiogram: The rise of
a cardiac breakthrough that marked the start and discovery of
many cardiac related diseases
Written by: STUDENT NAME
HIST 285-001
DATE
Introduction:
As a biomedical engineering student, I’ve always been intrigued
by the phenomenal medical technologies that exist today. Many
of these medical technologies were created earlier in the years
and have advanced to possess several beneficial features and
serve an essential role in the medical field today. One of these
medical technologies is the Electrocardiogram, commonly
referred to as ECG. Willem Einthoven was a Dutch doctor who
invented the first practical electrocardiogram in 1903. He was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for his
revolutionizing contribution to the medical field. An
electrocardiogram is a device that records the electrical activity
of the heart over a period of time. This is done through the use
of leads or electrodes that are placed on the body to detect small
electrical changes on the skin that are a result of the heart
returning back from it’s contracted state after each heartbeat.
Prior to Einthoven’s time, it was known that heartbeats
produced electrical signals but no instrument could measure this
without placing electrodes directly on the heart. In this paper I

2. will explore the rise of the ECG. I will start off with a brief
description of the anatomy and importance of the heart muscle.
I will then proceed to explain the significance and purpose of
the ECG and then continue to describe how Willem Einthoven
went about creating the first ECG. Understanding the origin of
the ECG is essential as they are currently used and relied on
heavily by physicians and others in the medical field. They
provide us with convenient, efficient, and accurate insight into
the health of a patient’s heart.
Outline:
Part 1: Anatomy of basic cardiology to ensure reader can
understand the information to follow
Point a: Include the location and function of anatomy of heart
(Right atria, right ventricle, left atria, left ventricle etc)
Point b: Tie in blood flow pathway in the heart, nodes, and
signals (AV node, SA Node, perkinji fibers etc)
Point c: Talk about electrical signal conduction and introduce
terms diastole and systole and how that corresponds to
contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle.
Part 2: Talk about the mechanics of what an ECG is as well as
the purpose it serves
Point a: Introduce the ECG signal wave and explain the
significance of the p wave, QRS complex, and t wave in terms
of cardiac relaxation and contraction
Point b: Talk about the current ECG’s that exist in hospitals
and the current healthcare market.
Point c: Talk about why ECG’s are important, what purpose
they serve to doctors and how the have helped the lives of
cardiac patients
Part 3: Introduce Willem Einthoven
Point a: Brief description of his family and historical
background
Point b: Brief description of his education background and
how he got into cardiac research
Point c: Segue into his string galvanometer design
Part 4: Elaborate on Einthoven’s initial design of the ECG using

3. the string –galvanometer and it’s application
Point a: Describe what the string galvanometer looked like and
the components of it
Point b: Talk about the mechanism used for it to function
Point c: Include images of the design and talk about how
Einthoven made this all come together in one device, as well as
his testing and experiments
Part 5: Explain how Einthoven went about modifying his initial
design and talk about the ultimate improvement of the string-
galvanometer
Point a: Describe the faults in the initial design and limitations
Point b: Describe the changes made to improve these faults
Point c: Talk about how and why he was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Medicine in 1924
Conclusion: I will summarize the main points from Parts 1-5
and end with a statement that ties the importance of cardiology
into history.
Bibliography:
1)
Primary sources:
- Snellen, H. A. : Two pioneers of electrocardiography : the
correspondence between Einthoven and Lewis from 1908-1926 /
H.A. Snellen. Rotterdam : Donker Academic Publications,
c1983.
2)
Secondary sources:
- Snellen, H. A. : Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) : father of
electrocardiography : life and work, ancestors and
contemporaries / H.A. Snellen. Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer
Academic Publishers, c1995.
- Goy, Jean-Jacques, Staufer, Jean-Christophe, and Schlaepfer,
Jürg, eds. Electrocardiography (ECG). Sharjah, ARE: Bentham
Science Publishers, 2013.
- "Willem Einthoven - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel

4. Media AB 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2015.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/192
4/einthoven-bio.html> "Willem Einthoven".