The EKG Glove is a wearable glove-based device on which all the necessary electrodes are pre-positioned hence the patient simply inserts his right hand into the glove and properly position the glove his chest to record a standard ECG. It is the first, lead wire free, simultaneous, and fully diagnostic ECG recording system in Pakistan with easy, natural and almost automatic placement of the electrodes, hence eliminating the difficulty of lead wire entanglement and electrode misplacement.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It does this by detecting tiny voltage changes on the skin caused by the heart muscle during each heartbeat. A standard 12-lead ECG involves placing 10 electrodes on the patient's limbs and chest to record 12 different electrical signals that provide different views of the heart. The ECG can help diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and detect signs of damage to heart muscle.
1. Researchers developed a portable ECG device using dry capacitive electrodes and a driven right leg circuit to reject common-mode interference.
2. Simulation and testing of the electronic interface showed high input impedance, suitable common-mode rejection, and readable P, QRS, and T waves.
3. The developed device uses an ESP32 microcontroller to digitize and wirelessly transmit ECG signals, demonstrating the potential for multi-lead wearable ECG monitoring.
Acquiring Ecg Signals And Analysing For Different Heart AilmentsIJERA Editor
This paper describes and focuses on acquiring and identification of cardiac diseases using ECG waveform in LabVIEW software, which would bridge the gap between engineers and medical physicians. This model work collects the waveform of an affected person. The waveform is analyzed for diseases and then a report is sent to the doctor through mail. Initially the waveforms are collected from the person using EKG sensor with the help of surface electrodes and the hardware controlled by MCU C8051, acquires ECG and also Phonocardiogram (PCG) synchronously and the waveform is sent to the PC installed with LabVIEW software through DAQ-6211. The waveform in digital format is saved and sent to the loops containing conditions for different diseases. If the waveform parameters coincide with any of the looping statements, particular disease is indicated. Simultaneously the patient PCG report is also collected in a separate database containing all information, which will be sent to the doctor through mail.
The document discusses biosignals, which are variables that can be measured from the human body to provide health information. It defines active biosignals that use internal energy sources like bioelectric signals (ECG, EEG), and passive biosignals that use external energy sources. It describes instruments used to measure biosignals like electrodes, amplifiers, and recorders. Specific biosignals discussed include ECG, EEG, and temperature signals. Challenges like electrode contact potentials and signal artifacts are also covered.
Ecg signal processing for detection and classification of cardiac diseasesIAEME Publication
This document discusses ECG signal processing for detecting and classifying cardiac diseases. It begins with an overview of heart anatomy and the cardiac conduction system. It then discusses properties of cardiac muscle cells and ECG measurements. The main types of cardiac arrhythmias and diseases that can be detected from ECG signals are outlined, including ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contractions, ischemia, and myocardial infarction. Detection methods focus on time-domain analysis of ECG signals using algorithms like Pan-Tompkins to identify arrhythmias, with results verified against databases like MIT-BIH and PhysioNet.
Classification of Arrhythmia from ECG Signals using MATLABDr. Amarjeet Singh
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is defined as a test
that is performed on the heart to detect any abnormalities in
the cardiac cycle. Automatic classification of ECG has
evolved as an emerging tool in medical diagnosis for effective
treatments. The work proposed in this paper has been
implemented using MATLAB. In this paper, we have
proposed an efficient method to classify the ECG into normal
and abnormal as well as classify the various abnormalities.
To brief it, after the collection and filtering the ECG signal,
morphological and dynamic features from the signal were
obtained which was followed by two step classification
method based on the traits and characteristic evaluation.
ECG signals in this work are collected from MIT-BIH, AHA,
ESC, UCI databases. In addition to this, this paper also
provides a comparative study of various methods proposed
via different techniques. The proposed technique used helped
us process, analyze and classify the ECG signals with an
accuracy of 97% and with good convenience.
The document describes a thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering. The thesis aims to classify electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms in real-time to diagnose cardiac diseases. It uses the discrete Daubechies wavelet transform to preprocess ECG signals and extract features. These features are then classified using a multilayer perceptron neural network. The classification model was implemented in SIMULINK software to simulate real-time detection and verify its performance. The thesis discusses ECG basics, wavelet transforms, neural networks, and presents results of signal decomposition, network training, and SIMULINK implementation.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It does this by detecting tiny voltage changes on the skin caused by the heart muscle during each heartbeat. A standard 12-lead ECG involves placing 10 electrodes on the patient's limbs and chest to record 12 different electrical signals that provide different views of the heart. The ECG can help diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and detect signs of damage to heart muscle.
1. Researchers developed a portable ECG device using dry capacitive electrodes and a driven right leg circuit to reject common-mode interference.
2. Simulation and testing of the electronic interface showed high input impedance, suitable common-mode rejection, and readable P, QRS, and T waves.
3. The developed device uses an ESP32 microcontroller to digitize and wirelessly transmit ECG signals, demonstrating the potential for multi-lead wearable ECG monitoring.
Acquiring Ecg Signals And Analysing For Different Heart AilmentsIJERA Editor
This paper describes and focuses on acquiring and identification of cardiac diseases using ECG waveform in LabVIEW software, which would bridge the gap between engineers and medical physicians. This model work collects the waveform of an affected person. The waveform is analyzed for diseases and then a report is sent to the doctor through mail. Initially the waveforms are collected from the person using EKG sensor with the help of surface electrodes and the hardware controlled by MCU C8051, acquires ECG and also Phonocardiogram (PCG) synchronously and the waveform is sent to the PC installed with LabVIEW software through DAQ-6211. The waveform in digital format is saved and sent to the loops containing conditions for different diseases. If the waveform parameters coincide with any of the looping statements, particular disease is indicated. Simultaneously the patient PCG report is also collected in a separate database containing all information, which will be sent to the doctor through mail.
The document discusses biosignals, which are variables that can be measured from the human body to provide health information. It defines active biosignals that use internal energy sources like bioelectric signals (ECG, EEG), and passive biosignals that use external energy sources. It describes instruments used to measure biosignals like electrodes, amplifiers, and recorders. Specific biosignals discussed include ECG, EEG, and temperature signals. Challenges like electrode contact potentials and signal artifacts are also covered.
Ecg signal processing for detection and classification of cardiac diseasesIAEME Publication
This document discusses ECG signal processing for detecting and classifying cardiac diseases. It begins with an overview of heart anatomy and the cardiac conduction system. It then discusses properties of cardiac muscle cells and ECG measurements. The main types of cardiac arrhythmias and diseases that can be detected from ECG signals are outlined, including ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contractions, ischemia, and myocardial infarction. Detection methods focus on time-domain analysis of ECG signals using algorithms like Pan-Tompkins to identify arrhythmias, with results verified against databases like MIT-BIH and PhysioNet.
Classification of Arrhythmia from ECG Signals using MATLABDr. Amarjeet Singh
An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is defined as a test
that is performed on the heart to detect any abnormalities in
the cardiac cycle. Automatic classification of ECG has
evolved as an emerging tool in medical diagnosis for effective
treatments. The work proposed in this paper has been
implemented using MATLAB. In this paper, we have
proposed an efficient method to classify the ECG into normal
and abnormal as well as classify the various abnormalities.
To brief it, after the collection and filtering the ECG signal,
morphological and dynamic features from the signal were
obtained which was followed by two step classification
method based on the traits and characteristic evaluation.
ECG signals in this work are collected from MIT-BIH, AHA,
ESC, UCI databases. In addition to this, this paper also
provides a comparative study of various methods proposed
via different techniques. The proposed technique used helped
us process, analyze and classify the ECG signals with an
accuracy of 97% and with good convenience.
The document describes a thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering. The thesis aims to classify electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms in real-time to diagnose cardiac diseases. It uses the discrete Daubechies wavelet transform to preprocess ECG signals and extract features. These features are then classified using a multilayer perceptron neural network. The classification model was implemented in SIMULINK software to simulate real-time detection and verify its performance. The thesis discusses ECG basics, wavelet transforms, neural networks, and presents results of signal decomposition, network training, and SIMULINK implementation.
A simple portable ecg monitor with iotArhamSheikh1
This document describes the design of a portable ECG monitor with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. The system uses a 3-electrode setup to detect low-amplitude ECG signals from a patient. Signal conditioning circuitry including instrumentation amplifiers, filters, and other amplifiers strengthen and clean the signals before they are digitized with an analog-to-digital converter in a microcontroller. The microcontroller then transmits the digital ECG data via GPRS to a remote server. This allows doctors to access the ECG graphs through a web browser to monitor patients remotely. The system aims to provide wireless ECG monitoring for improved patient care and mobility.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
This paper proposes a lightweight, low-cost wearable ECG monitoring device using digital signal processing. An ECG acquisition system is designed using electrodes, instrumentation amplifiers, and filters to capture and preprocess the ECG signal. A PIC microcontroller detects the R-peak in the ECG to calculate heart rate. Results from testing on patients matched clinical analysis. The system aims to remotely monitor patients at low cost to detect cardiac issues earlier. Future work includes transmitting the digital ECG data wirelessly to doctors for remote monitoring and analysis.
The document describes a portable device developed for real-time ECG signal analysis and detection of cardiac diseases like atrial fibrillation and myocardial ischemia. The device uses an ARM processor and simplified analog front-end to process ECG signals in real-time. Features are extracted from preprocessed ECG data and a support vector machine classifier detects cardiac diseases with 95.1% sensitivity and 95.5% specificity. The portable device allows for continuous monitoring and early detection of cardiac issues.
Evaluating ECG Capturing Using Sound-Card of PC/Laptopijics
The purpose of the Evaluating ECG capturing using sound-card of PC/Laptop is provided portable and low
cost ECG monitoring system using laptop and mobile phones. There is no need to interface microcontroller
or any other device to transmit ECG data. This research is based on hardware design,
implementation, signal capturing and Evaluation of an ECG processing and analyzing system which attend
the physicians in heart disease diagnosis. Some important modification is given in design part to avoid all
definitive ECG instrument problems faced in previous designs. Moreover, attenuate power frequency noise
and noise that produces from patient's body have required additional developments. The hardware design
has basically three units: transduction and conditioning Unit, interfacing unit and data processing unit.
The most focusing factor is the ECG signal/data transmits in laptop/PC via microphone pin. The live
simulation is possible using SOUNDSCOPE software in PC/Laptop. The software program that is written
in MATLAB and LAB-View performs data acquisition (record, stored, filtration) and several tasks such as
QRS detection, calculate heart rate.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines ECG as the study of the electrical activity of the heart muscles using an electrocardiograph. It describes the anatomy of the heart including its four chambers, four valves, three layers, blood vessels, and dual circulation systems. It also explains the different ECG lead systems including standard bipolar limb leads, augmented unipolar limb leads, and chest leads. Finally, it outlines the basic components of an ECG recording setup including defibrillator protection, lead selection logic, calibration, pre-amplification, power amplification, feedback, and output display.
Project Report on ECG Transmitter using Agilent ADS (Advance System Design)Manu Mitra
In 1996, Intellidesign Pty Ltd (then IntelliMed) was approached by a cardiologist to design an ECG Holter monitor. This original device was a two or three lead, single channel ECG device, which could continuously record for a maximum of one hour. Additionally, the device had Polar Chest Strap capabilities for the added functionality as a Heart Rate monitor. The device could operate in four different modes: 1-hour ECG Recording Mode, in which the device would record one continuous hour of near diagnostic quality ECG trace during exercise; Event Recording Mode, in which the device would record up to 60, one minute segments around a recorded event, over a period of up to 24 hours; Heart rate Recording Mode, in which the unit would have the capacity to record up to 24 hours of heart rate information; and ECG Telemetry Mode, in which the unit would transmit, via a Radio Frequency (RF) link, a real-time ECG signal to a receiver unit. The purpose of this project is to design ECG transmitter using the software Agilent ADS.
This document provides information on medical applications of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines common ECG terms like electrocardiogram, holter monitor, and defibrillation. It then discusses ECG markets, waveform characteristics, patient skin characteristics, signal chains, and examples of diagnostic ECGs, holter monitors, AEDs, and exercise heart rate monitors.
This document describes the development of a low-cost and portable ECG monitoring system for rural areas of Bangladesh. It proposes a complete solution for ECG monitoring from signal recording to report generation. The system uses inexpensive hardware including electrodes, voltage regulators, an instrumentation amplifier, filter, and clamper circuit interfaced with an Arduino and laptop. ECG signals are recorded, digitally filtered in MATLAB to remove noise, and analyzed to calculate diagnostic parameters. Real-time monitoring is also possible. Such an affordable portable system could improve cardiac healthcare access in remote areas.
IRJET- Detection of Abnormal ECG Signal using DWT Feature Extraction and CNNIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that uses discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to extract features from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and then uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the signals as normal or abnormal. DWT is used to represent the ECG signals at different resolutions, which allows numerical features to be extracted. A CNN is then trained on the extracted features to predict whether signals indicate normal or abnormal heart conditions. The goal is to develop an efficient early detection system for cardiovascular disease by combining DWT feature extraction and CNN classification of ECG signals.
A portable electrocardiogram for real‑time monitoring of cardiacArhamSheikh1
This document presents a portable electrocardiogram (ECG) system for real-time cardiac monitoring. The system consists of three main units: 1) a data acquisition circuit that detects ECG signals using electrodes and amplifies/filters the signals, 2) a data processing unit with a microcontroller that converts the analog signals to digital and transmits them wirelessly using ZigBee, and 3) a graphical user interface (GUI) unit that displays the ECG signals on a computer in real-time using LabVIEW or MATLAB. Testing showed the hardware and software operated correctly to produce distortion-free ECG signals in real-time on the GUI. However, the system could be improved by adding the ability to differentiate
This document describes the development of a low-cost and portable ECG monitoring system for rural/remote areas of Bangladesh. An ECG circuit was designed using inexpensive components like electrodes, voltage regulators, an instrumentation amplifier, low-pass filter, and clamper. The ECG signal was interfaced with an Arduino and sent to a PC/laptop for real-time monitoring and offline analysis using MATLAB. Digital signal processing techniques like filtering were used to remove noise from the ECG signal. An algorithm was then used to detect heartbeats and calculate diagnostic parameters from the ECG recording. The goal is to provide a complete low-cost solution for ECG monitoring and generation of patient reports that can help diagnose cardiac conditions in
This document describes a portable wearable tele ECG monitoring system. The system uses textile electrodes that are comfortable for long-term wear and can reliably detect ECG signals. The signals are transmitted via Bluetooth to a smartphone, then to a server. This allows a patient's physician to monitor the ECG and heart rate in real-time from the web. If values exceed normal ranges or a help button is pressed, the physician is alerted. The system is intended to improve patient quality of life through remote psychological reassurance of their condition.
A Wireless ECG Plaster for Real-Time Cardiac Health Monitoring in Body Senso...ecgpapers
In this paper we present a wireless ECG plaster
that can be used for real-time monitoring of ECG in cardiac
patients. The proposed device is light weight (25 grams),
wearable and can wirelessly transmit the patient’s ECG signal to
mobile phone or PC using ZigBee. The device has a battery life of
around 26 hours while in continuous operation, owing to the
proposed ultra-low power ECG acquisition front end chip. The
prototype has been verified in clinical trials.
This document discusses ECG artifacts and pitfalls in interpretation. It outlines 10 commandments for proper ECG acquisition to avoid artifacts. Artifacts are classified as internal (physiological) or external (non-physiological). Common artifacts include limb and precordial lead reversals, tremor artifact, computer averaging errors, and electromagnetic interference. Differentiating artifacts from true arrhythmias like ventricular tachycardia is important. Characteristics that can help differentiate include absence of hemodynamic effects, normal complexes within the artifact, and association with movement. Proper electrode placement and equipment grounding can help reduce artifact occurrence.
An ECG (electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of your heart at rest. It provides information about your heart rate and rhythm and shows if there is an enlargement of the heart due to high blood pressure (hypertension) or evidence of a previous heart attack (myocardial infarction).
Questions and Answers related to ECG and illustration. Short assignment with diagram and images
This document provides information about electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and patient monitoring. It discusses how EEG is used to measure brain activity through electrodes on the scalp. It describes the different frequency bands seen on EEG and how they relate to mental states. The document outlines the components of an EEG recording system and various EEG artifacts. It also discusses EMG and how it is used to measure muscle electrical activity. Finally, it covers patient monitoring systems, including bedside monitors, central monitoring stations, and the parameters that are measured like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate.
Cardiac monitoring generally refers to continuous or intermittent monitoring of heart activity, generally by electrocardiography, with assessment of the patient's condition relative to their cardiac rhythm.
Salient features of the book are -
- The book provides a shortcut to understand and remember certain specific formulae and points you require to interpret the 12-lead ECG.
- Treatment protocols (in green boxes) for most of the important conditions are also included.
- View sample ECGs as you read along the topics.
- The content is explained in a very simple language to provide good conceptions, written from a student’s point of view.
- People can gain their belief in the book after going through sample ECGs which would be available at www.themedicalpost.net/ecg
- The book competes with the other books available in the market in simplicity, summaries, treatment protocols, live diagrams and regularly updated sample ECGs on the website.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a process that records and analyzes the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It was invented in 1903 by Dutch physician Willem Einthoven, who received the Nobel Prize for his creation. A standard ECG uses 10 electrodes placed in specific locations on the limbs and chest to detect electrical signals produced during each heartbeat. The signals are interpreted by an ECG machine to analyze heart rate, rhythms, and for signs of conditions like heart attacks, damage, or defects. An ECG can provide important information about the structure and function of the heart.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the history of the ECG, invented by Willem Einthoven in 1903. It describes the indications for an ECG exam and different types of ECG machines and tests, including 12-lead ECGs, Holter monitors, loop recorders, and stress tests. The document also covers the procedure for an ECG, including electrode placement and the purpose of the different leads in evaluating the heart's electrical activity.
Introduction to Electrocariography(ecg).docwosade3943
This document discusses the history and basics of electrocardiography (ECG). It describes how ECG originated from experiments in the late 18th century showing that electrical stimulation of muscles and the heart caused contractions. In the late 19th century, scientists like Waller and Einthoven developed the first human ECG recordings using early galvanometers to detect the tiny electrical signals from the heart. The document outlines the development of instrumentation that led to the modern ECG and defines ECG as a method to study and graphically record the bioelectric potentials generated by the myocardium, providing a detailed look at heart function and abnormalities.
A simple portable ecg monitor with iotArhamSheikh1
This document describes the design of a portable ECG monitor with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. The system uses a 3-electrode setup to detect low-amplitude ECG signals from a patient. Signal conditioning circuitry including instrumentation amplifiers, filters, and other amplifiers strengthen and clean the signals before they are digitized with an analog-to-digital converter in a microcontroller. The microcontroller then transmits the digital ECG data via GPRS to a remote server. This allows doctors to access the ECG graphs through a web browser to monitor patients remotely. The system aims to provide wireless ECG monitoring for improved patient care and mobility.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
This paper proposes a lightweight, low-cost wearable ECG monitoring device using digital signal processing. An ECG acquisition system is designed using electrodes, instrumentation amplifiers, and filters to capture and preprocess the ECG signal. A PIC microcontroller detects the R-peak in the ECG to calculate heart rate. Results from testing on patients matched clinical analysis. The system aims to remotely monitor patients at low cost to detect cardiac issues earlier. Future work includes transmitting the digital ECG data wirelessly to doctors for remote monitoring and analysis.
The document describes a portable device developed for real-time ECG signal analysis and detection of cardiac diseases like atrial fibrillation and myocardial ischemia. The device uses an ARM processor and simplified analog front-end to process ECG signals in real-time. Features are extracted from preprocessed ECG data and a support vector machine classifier detects cardiac diseases with 95.1% sensitivity and 95.5% specificity. The portable device allows for continuous monitoring and early detection of cardiac issues.
Evaluating ECG Capturing Using Sound-Card of PC/Laptopijics
The purpose of the Evaluating ECG capturing using sound-card of PC/Laptop is provided portable and low
cost ECG monitoring system using laptop and mobile phones. There is no need to interface microcontroller
or any other device to transmit ECG data. This research is based on hardware design,
implementation, signal capturing and Evaluation of an ECG processing and analyzing system which attend
the physicians in heart disease diagnosis. Some important modification is given in design part to avoid all
definitive ECG instrument problems faced in previous designs. Moreover, attenuate power frequency noise
and noise that produces from patient's body have required additional developments. The hardware design
has basically three units: transduction and conditioning Unit, interfacing unit and data processing unit.
The most focusing factor is the ECG signal/data transmits in laptop/PC via microphone pin. The live
simulation is possible using SOUNDSCOPE software in PC/Laptop. The software program that is written
in MATLAB and LAB-View performs data acquisition (record, stored, filtration) and several tasks such as
QRS detection, calculate heart rate.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines ECG as the study of the electrical activity of the heart muscles using an electrocardiograph. It describes the anatomy of the heart including its four chambers, four valves, three layers, blood vessels, and dual circulation systems. It also explains the different ECG lead systems including standard bipolar limb leads, augmented unipolar limb leads, and chest leads. Finally, it outlines the basic components of an ECG recording setup including defibrillator protection, lead selection logic, calibration, pre-amplification, power amplification, feedback, and output display.
Project Report on ECG Transmitter using Agilent ADS (Advance System Design)Manu Mitra
In 1996, Intellidesign Pty Ltd (then IntelliMed) was approached by a cardiologist to design an ECG Holter monitor. This original device was a two or three lead, single channel ECG device, which could continuously record for a maximum of one hour. Additionally, the device had Polar Chest Strap capabilities for the added functionality as a Heart Rate monitor. The device could operate in four different modes: 1-hour ECG Recording Mode, in which the device would record one continuous hour of near diagnostic quality ECG trace during exercise; Event Recording Mode, in which the device would record up to 60, one minute segments around a recorded event, over a period of up to 24 hours; Heart rate Recording Mode, in which the unit would have the capacity to record up to 24 hours of heart rate information; and ECG Telemetry Mode, in which the unit would transmit, via a Radio Frequency (RF) link, a real-time ECG signal to a receiver unit. The purpose of this project is to design ECG transmitter using the software Agilent ADS.
This document provides information on medical applications of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines common ECG terms like electrocardiogram, holter monitor, and defibrillation. It then discusses ECG markets, waveform characteristics, patient skin characteristics, signal chains, and examples of diagnostic ECGs, holter monitors, AEDs, and exercise heart rate monitors.
This document describes the development of a low-cost and portable ECG monitoring system for rural areas of Bangladesh. It proposes a complete solution for ECG monitoring from signal recording to report generation. The system uses inexpensive hardware including electrodes, voltage regulators, an instrumentation amplifier, filter, and clamper circuit interfaced with an Arduino and laptop. ECG signals are recorded, digitally filtered in MATLAB to remove noise, and analyzed to calculate diagnostic parameters. Real-time monitoring is also possible. Such an affordable portable system could improve cardiac healthcare access in remote areas.
IRJET- Detection of Abnormal ECG Signal using DWT Feature Extraction and CNNIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that uses discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to extract features from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and then uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the signals as normal or abnormal. DWT is used to represent the ECG signals at different resolutions, which allows numerical features to be extracted. A CNN is then trained on the extracted features to predict whether signals indicate normal or abnormal heart conditions. The goal is to develop an efficient early detection system for cardiovascular disease by combining DWT feature extraction and CNN classification of ECG signals.
A portable electrocardiogram for real‑time monitoring of cardiacArhamSheikh1
This document presents a portable electrocardiogram (ECG) system for real-time cardiac monitoring. The system consists of three main units: 1) a data acquisition circuit that detects ECG signals using electrodes and amplifies/filters the signals, 2) a data processing unit with a microcontroller that converts the analog signals to digital and transmits them wirelessly using ZigBee, and 3) a graphical user interface (GUI) unit that displays the ECG signals on a computer in real-time using LabVIEW or MATLAB. Testing showed the hardware and software operated correctly to produce distortion-free ECG signals in real-time on the GUI. However, the system could be improved by adding the ability to differentiate
This document describes the development of a low-cost and portable ECG monitoring system for rural/remote areas of Bangladesh. An ECG circuit was designed using inexpensive components like electrodes, voltage regulators, an instrumentation amplifier, low-pass filter, and clamper. The ECG signal was interfaced with an Arduino and sent to a PC/laptop for real-time monitoring and offline analysis using MATLAB. Digital signal processing techniques like filtering were used to remove noise from the ECG signal. An algorithm was then used to detect heartbeats and calculate diagnostic parameters from the ECG recording. The goal is to provide a complete low-cost solution for ECG monitoring and generation of patient reports that can help diagnose cardiac conditions in
This document describes a portable wearable tele ECG monitoring system. The system uses textile electrodes that are comfortable for long-term wear and can reliably detect ECG signals. The signals are transmitted via Bluetooth to a smartphone, then to a server. This allows a patient's physician to monitor the ECG and heart rate in real-time from the web. If values exceed normal ranges or a help button is pressed, the physician is alerted. The system is intended to improve patient quality of life through remote psychological reassurance of their condition.
A Wireless ECG Plaster for Real-Time Cardiac Health Monitoring in Body Senso...ecgpapers
In this paper we present a wireless ECG plaster
that can be used for real-time monitoring of ECG in cardiac
patients. The proposed device is light weight (25 grams),
wearable and can wirelessly transmit the patient’s ECG signal to
mobile phone or PC using ZigBee. The device has a battery life of
around 26 hours while in continuous operation, owing to the
proposed ultra-low power ECG acquisition front end chip. The
prototype has been verified in clinical trials.
This document discusses ECG artifacts and pitfalls in interpretation. It outlines 10 commandments for proper ECG acquisition to avoid artifacts. Artifacts are classified as internal (physiological) or external (non-physiological). Common artifacts include limb and precordial lead reversals, tremor artifact, computer averaging errors, and electromagnetic interference. Differentiating artifacts from true arrhythmias like ventricular tachycardia is important. Characteristics that can help differentiate include absence of hemodynamic effects, normal complexes within the artifact, and association with movement. Proper electrode placement and equipment grounding can help reduce artifact occurrence.
An ECG (electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of your heart at rest. It provides information about your heart rate and rhythm and shows if there is an enlargement of the heart due to high blood pressure (hypertension) or evidence of a previous heart attack (myocardial infarction).
Questions and Answers related to ECG and illustration. Short assignment with diagram and images
This document provides information about electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and patient monitoring. It discusses how EEG is used to measure brain activity through electrodes on the scalp. It describes the different frequency bands seen on EEG and how they relate to mental states. The document outlines the components of an EEG recording system and various EEG artifacts. It also discusses EMG and how it is used to measure muscle electrical activity. Finally, it covers patient monitoring systems, including bedside monitors, central monitoring stations, and the parameters that are measured like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate.
Cardiac monitoring generally refers to continuous or intermittent monitoring of heart activity, generally by electrocardiography, with assessment of the patient's condition relative to their cardiac rhythm.
Salient features of the book are -
- The book provides a shortcut to understand and remember certain specific formulae and points you require to interpret the 12-lead ECG.
- Treatment protocols (in green boxes) for most of the important conditions are also included.
- View sample ECGs as you read along the topics.
- The content is explained in a very simple language to provide good conceptions, written from a student’s point of view.
- People can gain their belief in the book after going through sample ECGs which would be available at www.themedicalpost.net/ecg
- The book competes with the other books available in the market in simplicity, summaries, treatment protocols, live diagrams and regularly updated sample ECGs on the website.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a process that records and analyzes the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It was invented in 1903 by Dutch physician Willem Einthoven, who received the Nobel Prize for his creation. A standard ECG uses 10 electrodes placed in specific locations on the limbs and chest to detect electrical signals produced during each heartbeat. The signals are interpreted by an ECG machine to analyze heart rate, rhythms, and for signs of conditions like heart attacks, damage, or defects. An ECG can provide important information about the structure and function of the heart.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the history of the ECG, invented by Willem Einthoven in 1903. It describes the indications for an ECG exam and different types of ECG machines and tests, including 12-lead ECGs, Holter monitors, loop recorders, and stress tests. The document also covers the procedure for an ECG, including electrode placement and the purpose of the different leads in evaluating the heart's electrical activity.
Introduction to Electrocariography(ecg).docwosade3943
This document discusses the history and basics of electrocardiography (ECG). It describes how ECG originated from experiments in the late 18th century showing that electrical stimulation of muscles and the heart caused contractions. In the late 19th century, scientists like Waller and Einthoven developed the first human ECG recordings using early galvanometers to detect the tiny electrical signals from the heart. The document outlines the development of instrumentation that led to the modern ECG and defines ECG as a method to study and graphically record the bioelectric potentials generated by the myocardium, providing a detailed look at heart function and abnormalities.
The electrocardiogram, or ECG, is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. An ECG provides a non-invasive method for diagnosing cardiac diseases and abnormalities. Some key events in the history of electrocardiography include Alexander Muirhead obtaining the first record of a patient's heartbeat in 1872. In 1887, Augustus Waller published the first human electrocardiogram. Willem Einthoven introduced the term 'electrocardiogram' in 1893 and distinguished the five deflections labeled P, Q, R, S and T waves in 1895. Einthoven published the first electrocardiogram recorded on a string galvanometer in 1902
The electrocardiogram, or ECG, is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. An ECG provides a non-invasive method for diagnosing cardiac diseases and abnormalities. Some key events in the history of electrocardiography include Alexander Muirhead obtaining the first record of a patient's heartbeat in 1872. In 1887, Augustus Waller published the first human electrocardiogram. Willem Einthoven introduced the term 'electrocardiogram' in 1893 and distinguished the five deflections labeled P, Q, R, S and T waves in 1895. Einthoven published the first electrocardiogram recorded on a string galvanometer in 1902
The document discusses the history and development of the electrocardiogram (EKG) from 1842 to present day. It defines an EKG as a representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle through distinctive waveforms. The document outlines how electrical impulses in the heart are transmitted to the body surface where electrodes detect them and the electrocardiograph measures them, producing a permanent recording. It provides details on correctly conducting an EKG and interpreting various waves and intervals.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time through electrodes placed on the skin. It shows five main components - P wave, QRS complex, and T wave - that represent the spread of electrical impulses through the heart during each heartbeat. Doctors can analyze features of the EKG like interval durations and waveform shapes to detect abnormalities and disorders of the heart's rhythm or muscle tissue. In this experiment, students will record their own EKG, identify the components, calculate heart rate, and observe how the tracing changes when the electrode leads are switched to simulate a myocardial infarction.
Phonocardiogram based diagnostic systemijbesjournal
A Phonocardiogram or PCG is a plot of high fidelity recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the
heart with the help of the machine called phonocardiograph. It has developed continuously to perform an
important role in the proper and accurate diagnosis of the defects of the heart. As usually with the
stethoscope, it requires highly and experienced physicians to read the phonocardiogram. A diagnostic
system based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is implemented as a detector and classifier of heart
diseases. The output of the system is the classification of the sound as either normal or abnormal, if it is
abnormal what type of abnormality is present. In this paper, Based on the extracted time domain and
frequency domain features such as energy, mean, variance and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
(MFCC) various heart sound samples are classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest
Neighbour (KNN), Bayesian and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Classifiers. The data used in this paper
was obtained from Michigan university website.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. Small metal electrodes are attached to the skin on the arms, legs, and chest to detect electrical impulses from the heart. The ECG machine amplifies and records these impulses, showing normal and abnormal heart rhythms and any signs of heart damage or disease. A normal ECG tracing shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave representing atrial and ventricular contractions and repolarizations. The ECG test takes about five minutes and is painless.
3rd Year Project - Design and build of an ElectrocardiogramM. Yahia Al Kahf
This document describes the design and build of a 3-electrode electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. Skin electrodes are used to capture ECG signals, which are then conditioned through custom designed instrumentation amplifiers to amplify and filter the signals. An microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter digitizes the conditioned ECG signals and transmits them to a computer running Matlab software for analysis and diagnosis of potential heart abnormalities based on features in the ECG patterns. The device is designed to identify several common arrhythmias based on abnormalities in heart rate and waveform patterns in the ECG signals.
learn how to obtain an ECG, anyone can do it:
This presentation aims to show the clinical process of obtaining an ECG and features some tips and suggestions to troubleshoot and improve the quality of the tracing.
Please note that you're welcome to use any slides as long as you reference my post when you do so to maintain the integrity of authorship
If interested in detailed answers, please email: aamirdash@yahoo.com
Thanks, Ahmad
An ECG is a record of the heart's electrical activity over time captured by skin electrodes. It is a diagnostic tool used to detect cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, electrolyte disturbances, and screen for heart disease. An ECG involves placing electrodes on the skin of the limbs and chest to record the heart's electrical activity through 12 leads that detect the heart from different angles based on Einthoven's triangle. The ECG trace shows the P, QRS, and T waves that correspond to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
An ECG is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. It is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac diseases in a noninvasive manner. The ECG records the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization and repolarization of the atria, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Proper electrode placement and ensuring good skin contact is important for obtaining an accurate recording. The recording is then analyzed based on heart rate, rhythm, intervals, wave amplitudes and shapes to identify any abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of pacemakers and defibrillators, including their history, types, indications for use, important terminology, factors to consider from an anesthesia perspective, preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and specific perioperative considerations. It discusses the development of pacemakers from early external versions to modern implantable devices, and covers defibrillator components and codes.
The document discusses an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG is obtained by placing electrodes on the body surface to record voltage differences generated by the heart. It can provide information about the heart's anatomy, chambers, rhythm, conduction, ischemia, and myocardial infarction. The document outlines some key terminologies used in ECG recording, including electrodes, leads, the 12-lead system, and frontal or limb leads that record from different planes. It also notes some cases where a dentist may advise a patient to get an ECG done in their dental office.
“ Omnipresent ECG -oversee android watch” is designed to implement the increasing awareness of
alteration in the rhythm of heart beat and coronary heart diseases due to stress and other risk factors. Death
caused by heart diseases are high it can be reduced when a person’s heart beat rate is monitored
continuously for this purpose “Omnipresent ECG -oversee android watch” is used. It can be used by
higher officials/patients to keep track of their heart beat rate by self-opinion or for remote diagnosis of
chronic heart disease patients before sudden flicker. This watch works by ceaseless monitoring over a
person’s heart beat rate if any deflection is found it generates an alert. It is mainly used by people
who are living alone or by those who suffer from any heart disease. It scales the ECG using three lead
electrocardiography and impart three signals to smart watch for processing and for generating alert
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines ECG as the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes on the skin. The goals of an ECG are to obtain information about the heart's structure and function to aid in diagnosis. A standard 12-lead ECG uses 10 electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to measure electrical signals. The ECG machine amplifies and records these small signals to produce an electrocardiogram graph for analysis.
This document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including its history, components, interpretation, and procedure. It discusses that ECG was invented in 1901 by Enthovan to record electrical impulses of the heart. It describes the normal conduction system, waves (P, Q, R, S, T), segments, intervals of ECG and placement of 12 leads. The document outlines the procedure for performing an ECG including preparing the patient, connecting the leads, and interpreting the results. It emphasizes the importance of properly performing and interpreting ECG to assess cardiac function and diagnose cardiac conditions.
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metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
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many people diagnosed with OSCC. Patients with this OSCC are more likely unaware of its side effects
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In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
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Diagnosis and Staging
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Endocrine Therapy
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
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DESIGNING A 3-LEAD COST EFFECTIVE ECG RECORDING GLOVE FOR HOME MONITORING
1. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), Vol.1, No.1, July 2014
45
DESIGNING A 3-LEAD COST EFFECTIVE ECG
RECORDING GLOVE FOR HOME MONITORING
MADIHA YUNUS
1
AMNA TALIB
2
AND ARSALAN KHAN
3
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The EKG Glove is a wearable glove-based device on which all the necessary electrodes are pre-positioned
hence the patient simply inserts his right hand into the glove and properly position the glove his chest to
record a standard ECG. It is the first, lead wire free, simultaneous, and fully diagnostic ECG recording
system in Pakistan with easy, natural and almost automatic placement of the electrodes, hence eliminating
the difficulty of lead wire entanglement and electrode misplacement.
KEYWORDS
Electrocardiogram, Electrical Activity, Glove, Patient Ease, Medical Imaging
1. INTRODUCTION
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely performed by a skilled operator familiar with the
placement of individual electrodes on a patient. Incorrect positioning of the electrodes can lead to
critical errors in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Furthermore, the conventional ECG
perusing methodology might create a hindrance and consume a lot of time even for a well-
experienced operator for the electrodes placement on the patient prior to the acquisition which
can be a depreciative issue in the situation of an emergency.
In this research paper, we have discussed the design a wearable glove-based device on which all
the necessary electrodes are mounted for a standard ECG recording. Even an amateur individual
can use this device. The glove is placed on the chest of the patient with the electrode on the
thumb resting right under the collarbone and the fingers cupped under the left underarm. The
output of the glove is transmitted to a standard PC through the audio cable for the recording of the
ECG.
2. BACKGROUND
EKG or ECG stands for Electro-kardio-gram or electrocardiogram. It is an electrical recording of
the heart and is used in the investigation purposes of the heart disease. Electrocardiogram is used
to record the electrical action of the heart over a specific intervals of time. The Electrocardiogram
is recorded Electrocardiograph which can then provide information about a wide range of cardiac
disorders. Electrocardiography is commonly used in the cardiac labs, CCUs, ICUs and for regular
diagnostic usage in cardiology.
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An ECG is used to observe the heart’s electrical conduction system [1]. An ECG detects electrical
impulses induced by the depolarization and polarization of cardiac tissue and deduces into a
waveform which is then used to calculate the rate and normality of the heart beats, along with the
location and morphology of the cardiac atria and ventricles, the occurrence of any heart
impairment and the impact of cardiac drugs or instrumentation.
2.1. The Evolution of the Electrocardiogram
The first device developed to sense electrical activity of the heart was known as a "galvanometer"
(1794), which sensed rather than measuring electricity. In 1849 however, DuBois-Reymond made
modification of the existing device by adding a two position switch in order to measure the
current. This device then came to be called a "Rheotome" [2]. In 1868, Julius Bernstein, a student
of DuBois-Reymond, made alterations to the rheotome again so that the interval between
sampling and simulation was variable. This came to be known as "the differential rheotome" and
become the apparatus through which the first EKG was ever obtained. The heart of frog was used
for most of these EKG, with the placement of electrodes being the heart of the frog. The
differential rheotome however, was not sensitive hence, this lead to the developing of a “capillary
electrometer” in 1872 by Gabriel Lippmann.
Alexander Muirhead is stated to have connected wires to a wrist of an agitated patient to obtain a
reading of the heartbeat of a patient while pursuing his Science Doctorate at St. Bartholomew’s
Hospital in 1872 [3]. A British physiologist John Burdon Sanderson directly visualized and
recorded the reading with the help of a Lippmann capillary electrometer [4].
Augustus De ‘sire' Waller managed to be the first person to discover that the capillary
electrometer could record the electrical activity of the human heart without exposing the heart by
cutting the chest open. This allowed him to be the first in 1887, to observe the electrical activity
of the human heart [5]. However, Waller coined the term electrogram for his recordings in his
initial paper, and only after a year delay was he able to change the name to “cardiograms”.
In 1900s, after being disappointed with the capillary electrometer, Einthoven started to design his
own galvanometer. Completely finished in the 1903, this invention came to be known as the
“String Galvanometer” although the initial report of this device was published by Einthoven in
the 1901 [6]. The electrocardiograph designed by Einthoven was initially manufactured by
Edelmann and Sons of Munich in Germany. The manufacturing rights were later transferred to
the British Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, Ltd.
Einthoven allocated the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the numerous refractions [7], and defined the
electrocardiographic characteristics of several vascular conditions. In 1924, he was presented the
Nobel Prize in Medicine for his findings [8].
EKG was introduced within the United States by Professor Horatio Williams and brought to
existence by Charles Hindle in 1914 [9]. The Hindle EKG machine came into hands of Alfred
Cohn in May 1915, and finally on the May 20, 1915, America saw its first EKG observations of
the acute anterior infarction in a patient, even though it was not recognizable at that time.
Even though the basic principles defined during the olden times are still considered authentic, the
conventional ECG machine has undergone a lot of advances. For example, older ECG models
involved cumbrous instrumentation with troublesome electrodes. The bulky apparatus has now
been replaced with compact electronic systems which can not only record easily but also give off
computerized interpretation of the recorded readings.
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2.2. The Standard ECG Wave
The ECG wave is defined as a PQRST complex. The P wave describes the atrial depolarization of
the heart while the PR interval shows the time delay from atrial depolarization to the start
ventricular depolarization. If a PR interval is longer than usual, it denotes an impaired AV
conduction. The QRS complex represents the ventricular depolarization. Normal depolarization
occurs when the right and left bundle of His is functioning normally. If any of the bundle
branches is blocked, it will result in an abnormally lengthy QRS duration. The T wave represents
the ventricular repolarization and the QT interval shows the time between the depolarization of
the ventricles and repolarization [11].
Figure 1. The ECG wave as the PQRST complex
2.3. The Einthoven’s Triangle
Whenever ECG is recorded from any one of the bipolar lead pairs, it results in a single
dimensional, time variant projection of that specific cardiac vector and can be easily represented
with the help of an Einthoven triangle. Usually, a triangle is used to represent the QRS segment.
[12]
Fig. 2.1. The Einthoven’s Triangle
With the help of an Einthoven's triangle we can comprehend the amplitude of the ECG waves. In
order to create an Einthoven’s triangle, we need to draw an equilateral triangle which is inverted
showing the base on top. We need to label the top inverted base as lead I, the right side of the
triangle as lead III and the left side as lead II.
After the labelling is complete, we need to plot segment of magnitude that is directly proportional
to the QRS complex amplitude, from the midpoint of each of corresponding lead side. After the
plotting, we need to trace at the end of each segment, a line that is perpendicular to the segment.
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These perpendicular lines will intersect at the center of the triangle, corresponding at the initial
vector point. A point to note is that, the vectors should also be an intersection at one point, when
traced from their ends. Orientation of heart must be visible within the line between two of the
intersections, allowing an explanation in the magnitude variations between nominal data and
perceived data. [13]
2.4. Health Consequences
While patients suffering from heart diseases are very much fragile and vulnerable to sudden heart
failures which can lead to sudden deaths [14], the ECG glove provides the patient an ease to self-
measure his ECG at home without the need of a doctor at a sudden upsetting of his health
conditions. If the ECG wave differs from the standard wave, the patient will be sure to call for
help. He will no more require trips to the hospital just to have his ECG done.
2.4. Key Features of the ECG Glove
The EKG Glove we have designed is the first, simultaneous, lead wire free and completely
diagnostic ECG recording system in Pakistan with natural, automatic and easy placement
of the electrodes, hence eliminating the difficulty of lead wire entanglement and electrode
misplacement. Due to the ECG glove being reusable, the ECG readings can be reproduced again
and again, becoming an appropriate tool for 3-Lead ECG comparisons of the conditions in the
same patient as well as an essential device for population analysis in pharmacological studies as
well as precautionary cardiology. There is no need for any special training hence, EKG glove can
be used by almost anybody. The glove we have designed is ideal for home patient use or for
bedridden patients. Best of all, there is no need for special preparation for example shaving of
hair, the results are immediate.
3. DEVELOPMENT AND METHODOLOGY
3.1. Materials and Cost
The circuit was designed using the instrumentation amplifier, and then the ECG wave was filtered
using a band pass filter, followed by a notch filter, and then finally the output. The circuit was
achieved at minimal cost, keeping the cost-effectiveness in mind. The hardware required:
S.No. Components Values Quantities Cost
1. Electrodes 3 100Rs.
2. Instrumentation Amplifier AD620AD 1 350Rs.
3. Operational Amplifier TL-1081, LM353 2 30Rs
4. Various Resistors 30Rs
5. Capacitors 30Rs.
6. Glove 1 200Rs.
7. Conductive Fiber 1 700Rs.
8. Audio Jack 1 30Rs
9. Audio Cable 1 50Rs.
Total Charges: Rs.1500 (PKR)
Table 1. The Total Materials and Costs
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3.2. Working Principle
The ECG Glove is put on the patient's right hand and the patient is then required to put the glove
against his chest. The Glove has electrodes embedded into it, which detect the electrical activity
of the heart when the hand is placed over the chest and display the result immediately.
Figure 2. The Representation of the Design Layout
This enables the monitoring person to recognize the patient’s condition and take immediate action
in the emergency [15], for example to see if someone who has collapsed with chest pain to is
under a heart attack and need to be taken to hospital. The glove is easy to use and can also be
implemented by the patient itself.
3.3. Methodology
In the world of electrocardiography, evolution is constant, while revolution is rare. We have made
a wearable EKG glove, a unique glove based platform for the simultaneous acquisition, storage
and transmission of standard 3 lead ECG. The technique of performing diagnostic ECG has
remained unchanged for almost 100 years.
Even then, the common ECG is controversial, subjected to many technical errors, time consuming
and labor extensive. It is a process that involves constant entanglement of the lead wires, the
lengthy practice of prepping the skin and placing the electrodes, the difficulty in the securing of
the skin contact with the electrodes and common episodes of misplacement or swapping of the
electrod
es.
Figure 3. The Functional Diagram of the ECG glove
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We aim to revolutionize the technique of performing ECG with a wearable glove platform. The
wearable glove, although capable of doing much more, is in its most basic form in essence, a
sophisticated replacement for the conventional ECG cable. The glove will incorporate all three
required electrodes in the glove itself, and connects to the output to PC through audio cable or
through oscilloscope via probe.
The glove will provide a natural alignment of the location of the electrodes by being positioned
on the right arm of the user. When the user places the right arm on the chest in a “universal
pledge” position, the hand and the lower arm naturally align with the correct anatomic positions
which are required to measure the ECG. In addition, the RA, LA and LL electrodes are also
incorporated within the glove.
The pressure of the user’s hand against the body maintains constant skin contact without the need
of the special preparation of the skin, or application of conducting mediums. The positioning of
the glove on the body is natural and does not require knowledge or training of proper sensor
placement. This allows for it to be performed by non-technical personnel or even by the patients
themselves.
Due to the natural positioning of the hand, the electrodes always settle in the same exact position
and there is no chance of electrode misplacement. This ensures that each ECG session is
consistently reproducible in exact accordance with the international convention thereby, reducing
1/5th
of the time required for producing conventional ECG.
3.4. Circuitry
The range of our portable ECG glove is from 0.15Hz to 160Hz [16]. By utilizing the electrodes
capable of picking up signals from the body which for example being extracted from the heart, a
low pass filter is designed to eliminate frequency above 160Hz, a high pass filter to eliminate the
frequency below 0.05Hz and a notch filter was designed to eliminate the line noise of 50Hz, the
optimum ECG wave was obtained [17]. The output of this glove was then transferred to PC via
audio jack and audio cable or to Oscilloscope via the probe of the oscilloscope.
As the voltage from the heart pulses is incident against the electrodes, it detects the voltages and
sends it to the circuit for further amplification. These electrodes are low cost, homemade devices
the main problem of which was that they picked up background noise that was difficult to filter
out with the ECG. Therefore, a good amount of time was spent on the design of the amplification
and the filtering circuit to cut off the undesired noises including line fluctuation, thermal
interference and other bodily signals such as EEG.
The main objective of our circuitry was to amplify the ECG signal obtained from the body with a
reasonable Signal to Noise Ratio, maintain low power consumption and be cost effective. The
frequency response, gain, line noise, thermal and harmonic distortion also must be taken into
account when designing the extraction circuit [18]. The circuit itself was divided into five stages:
pre-amplifier, amplifier, band-pass filter, notch filter and post-amplifier.
The pre-amplifier was created to increase the low-signal from the electrodes to the line-level for
further amplification. A band-pass filter was used to limit the impulse frequencies. The amplifier
was then used to supply necessary power to drive the circuit, and then the notch filter was
required to eliminate the line noise. Lastly, the post-amplifier amplified the wave to give an
optimum result.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The circuit was finally designed and then put into order. The output was defined on the PC as
well as oscilloscope, and a standard 3 lead ECG was obtained. The final output was obtained by
testing the device on the fellow group member as a subject, who was asked to sit up straight and
still so that the movement factor does not disturb the ECG signal being extracted from the body.
The patient was then asked to wear the glove in his hand and apply a little conductive gel to the
electrodes. The patient after wearing the glove then switches the glove on, and places the glove
on his chest so that the thumb lies on the sternum and the finger lies under the left underarm. The
ECG is then recorded which can be viewed on the laptop or Personal computer through the audio
cable, or can be viewed through the oscilloscope via the probe of the oscilloscope.
Figure. 4 The Cost Effective Wearable ECG glove itself
4.1. Final Output
The output was displayed on the oscilloscope by grounding the probe of the oscilloscope from
one end, and connecting the probe to the output on the other end, and the following result was
displayed on the digital oscilloscope:
Figure. 5 The Output of the ECG glove on the Oscilloscope
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To record the output on the PC, we made use of an audio jack, and the audio cable, and recorded
the output via audio cable to the Microphone port of a common laptop. The output will be
obtained as the following:
Figure. 6. The Output of the ECG glove on the Laptop PC
Thus, the ECG glove itself proved useful in recording the ECG on the laptop as well as the
Oscilloscope software.
4.2. Circuit Calculations
The band pass filter had a range from 0.15Hz to 160Hz, and thus the calculations are
given according to the following formula [19].
4.2.1. For High Pass of 0.15Hz:
>
>
>
>
>
>
4.2.2. For Low Pass of 160Hz:
>
>
>
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>
>
>
4.3. Problems Encountered
Any successful project is not possible without encountering a lot of problems during the task. We
had to go through many problems including:
• The glove was to be originally designed incorporating an entire 12 lead ECG system in it,
however, the circuitry we tried could not be made as compact as we needed, which ended
up to us designing the product on the 3 lead standard ECG recording instead of a full 12
lead ECG recording
• Synchronizing the output on the laptop as well as oscilloscope played a lot of hurdle, as
the output of the oscilloscope was not matching with the output on the laptop, due to the
hurdle of audio cable of the laptop, and the line noise due to the oscilloscope, testing that
took a lot of time.
• Mishandling of the power, and the components, often led to the loss of the components
itself for which we had to replace the new ones.
• The circuit to be embedded on the glove was originally planned to be soldered on a
polyamide flexible PCB sheet, but the polyamide sheet was unavailable locally, and even
the retailers abroad failed to provide us the sheet without buying the bulk, so we had to
go with the Vero board in the end.
4.4. Future Improvements
The first and foremost improvement that we would suggest would be to use a polyamide sheet,
for the patient convenience, and to use micro-components to improve the glove functioning and
the look. Using the micro-components will also allow the circuit to be made into full 12-lead
ECG circuit as well.
Also there are many other good quality differential amplifiers available in the market, like
AD624AD, we did not approach them however keeping the cost-effectiveness in our mind.
Lastly, the transmission of the signal can be considered a lot [20]. We are using conventional
readymade software, or the oscilloscope, but the output can be easily transmitted using the
wireless connectivity, or the data can be stored into the SD card or USB to be shown to the doctor
directly.
We can also design a good Android application for the ECG software so that the output can be
displayed and stored on the smartphone, or use a microcontroller to interface the output signals
with the LCD. Unfortunately, time constraints and the various problems encountered did not
allow us to implement any of the suggestions made above.
5. APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Personal ECG glove offers many benefits beyond its elder sibling, the conventional 12-lead ECG
machine. Our designed ECG glove is cost-effective, simple to use and convenient. The cardiac
monitoring can be held anytime within the comfort of home and the desired measurements are
recorded and available within minutes. Using the ECG glove is simpler than a blood pressure
machine.
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Cardiac events tend to occur irregularly and it is not necessary that they may take place at an
appropriate time, for they can occur anytime outside the doctor’s office [21]. By taking ECG at
home, the patient can constantly record, save and monitor his ECG to be used for showing the
doctor the analysis later at his clinic. The best time to use the ECG glove is when you’re not
feeling well at home, and have a fear that you may be experiencing a heart problem.
If a patient is not well, the family members, or the patient himself can take the ECG at home to
overrule the heart problem doubts, assess the situation and take proper action. Without the action,
the patient may be reluctant to approach a doctor at first [22]. Also, sometimes a heart attack is
mistaken for the muscular pain, or vice versa, which again causes a lot of inconvenience for the
patient and the family themselves. Hence the ECG recording can clear the doubts, and allow a
patient to seek out the doctor if the ECG wave differs from the normal value.
ECG glove is also essential tool for sleep apnea. Researches have shown that obstructive sleep
apnea also alters healthy heart conditions. The conventional heart rate usually fluctuates
cyclically during intervals of prolonged sleep apnea. This cyclic fluctuation is linked with the
apneic period and the renewal of breathing. After the analysis of ECG data, one of the studies has
demonstrated that this obstructive sleep apnea can be identified in over 93% of the volunteering
test cases. [23]
Henceforth the ECG glove can eliminate the chances of a false heart attack, which can cause a lot
of anxiety and stress, in turn triggering the possibilities of a real heart attack. To eliminate the
chances of human error, this glove was designed.
ECG glove is also appropriate for home care and nursing homes providers for monitoring the
development and conditions of their patients. Ever since the availability of the portable, high
quality and affordable ECG monitors, the requirement of training for measurements has become
minimal, allowing the ECG glove to be commonly made available to the patients. Even with no
training, the patients as well as the healthcare providers can identify abnormal readings and in
case of emergency notify themselves and their doctors.
Angiocardiopathy is one of the diseases that have the highest morbidity rate and the death rate at
present. According to the research, over 1700 people have died from this disease yearly all over
the world. Currently, the diagnosis of this disease mostly depends upon ECG [24]. The ordinary
ECG monitors however can only take short-term readings as it is not possible to keep a patient
around the ECG for a long time. Whereas, an ECG glove can be carried anytime around and is
also feasible for the long-term monitoring of the patient’s condition and thus tremendously
increase the possibility to find the non-sustained cardiac arrhythmia and temporary myocardial
ischemia.
The evolution and applications of the Electrocardiogram with portability initiative have been
intertwined into the little glove for patient feasibility. The glove allows the readings to be taken at
the comfort of home, office or any place while travelling and be read out during the feel of
arrhythmic conditions and be later advised by medical practitioner for reviewing. This would be
extremely advantageous for the senior citizens, people with disabilities, and people in remote
areas who will have difficulties reaching a proper healthcare facility every day or having the
difficulty managing the time out of their daily lives for routinely doctor checkup. The
applications of the EKG glove are immense and bound to revolutionize the acceptance
Biomedical Engineering field.
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6. CONCLUSIONS
Though our research seemingly is sophisticated, however, precautions and tests were needed to
overcome the difficulties of the selection of proper glove material, positioning of proper
electrodes, and the calibration of the ECG wave. Hence, we had to test our design at every step of
the development to ensure promising results. We achieved the tests through labs, overcame
difficulties through reference of books and consulted our senior teachers taking help of their
expertise, also through individual experimenting and research.
The EKG Glove is a medical device that provides an alternative to the plugs, electrodes and
cumbersome cables typically used for recording an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). It is
reusable, portable and can easily connect to most standard ECG recording. It typically can be
used in hospitals, private practice, and home health care and emergency services. Within the
sheath of the glove is embedded a conductive circuitry, which never causes any risk by coming in
contact with the patient. To obtain a recording, the operator only has to connect the glove to an
oscilloscope or laptop then insert their right hand into the glove, properly position it over the
chest of the patient and then take the reading.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to take this opportunity to thank the Almighty Allah, who made it possible for us
to complete this research despite all the consequences we had to face throughout the product
design. We also wish to express our gratitude to Professor Dr. M. A Haleem, Chairman of
Biomedical Engineering Department and Sir Wasim Munir, convener of the Final Year Project
Committee of Biomedical Engineering department who generously helped us in providing
guideline for the completion of the task.
We are also very thankful to Sir M. Omair and Sir M. Muzammil Khan who helped us in
compiling this article by sharing their expertise, knowledge and experiences without which it
would have been impossible. However, all of this would have been incomplete without the further
assistance from M. Faraz Shaikh, who was the one to suggest us this topic and provided us
understanding of a lot of applications, moral support and guideline that he gave through his
experience.
We look forward for such support in future.
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[24] Haarmark C, Graff C, Andersen MP, et al. (2010). "Reference values of electrocardiogram
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Madiha Yunus
B.S Biomedical Engineering (2014), Sir Syed University, Pakistan
madiha.yunus91@gmail.com
Her research interests include implementation of bio-materials engineering and
cardiovascular physiology for synthesis of artificial heart valves, relative fluid
dynamics and cardiac regeneration. She is also interested in working in the fields of
animal rehabilitation, microbial tissue engineering and cost-effect liver damage
treatments.This research paper is her effort at the cardiac applications of medical
imaging and major credit for the product design and development goes to her. She
plans to pursue her MSc at a credible university abroad in subjects not available
locally.
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Amna Talib
B.S Biomedical Engineering (2014), Sir Syed University, Pakistan
amna_talib@hotmail.com
Her research interests include biomedical signaling systems and signal processing,
medical imaging, and bioinstrumentation. This research paper is her idea. She plans to
pursue her MSc in Australia soon within the specialization of Biosignal Processing
and Systems.
Arsalan Khan
B.S Biomedical Engineering (2014), Sir Syed University, Pakistan
arsalankhan1990@hotmail.com
A graduate, he has already taken over Scientific supplies Ltd, as the director of
trainees. His research interests include Hematological Equipment, Chemical
Analyzers, PCRs and flow cytometry applications. He plans to pursue his career
professionally at Beckman Coulter. He helped with the financial resources for this
project.