Please help What stage of the cell cycle is this cell- The nuclear mem.pdf
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This cell is in prometaphase, as evidenced by the dissociated nuclear membrane and condensed chromosomes. The karyotype image shows replicated chromosomes, indicating this is a normal part of the cell cycle. Essential information for a PCR reaction includes the DNA sequences of the target region and primer regions, as well as the approximate distance between primer positions.
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The correct sequence of the phases of the cell cycle are A. prophase.pdf
The correct sequence of the phases of the cell cycle are A. prophase, interphase, metaphase,
telophase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis B. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis,
telophase C. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis D. prophase,
anaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis In which stage of mitosis the chromosomes align
along the cell equator? A. Metaphase B. Anaphase C. Telophase D. Prophase Which of the
following statements is correct about DNA replication? A. It occurs during the S phase of the
interphase B. The leading strand is synthesized discontinuously forming Okazaki fragments C.
The lagging strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork D. The leading strand
is synthesized continuously away from the replication fork The phase of mitosis in which the
nuclear envelope reforms is A. prometaphase B. prophase. C. telophase. D. metaphase A
compacted state of the genetic material DNA is known as A. Genome B. Euchromatin C.
Heterochromatin D. Chromatin During mitosis, the separation of sister chromatids to the
opposite poles of the cell occur during A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase
Which of the following will occur in meiosis but not in mitosis? A. DNA replication B.
Cytokinesis C. Crossing over D. Metaphase
Solution
1. C
2.A
In metaphase kinetochore of the microtubule pull the sister chromatids towards equator. This is a
check point for the cell division.
3.A
DNA replication is important for the cell division, it occurs in the S phase of the interphase.
4. C
In the telophase nuclear membrane starts to reassamble and cover the newly form or divided
chromosomes.
5. C
Slightly compact form of genetic material called euchromatin and when protein bind with DNA,
tightly compact form of DNA called heterochromatin.
6.C
In Anaphase separated chromatids pull out towards the pole by spindle fibers.
7. C
Crossing over is the events, occured in meiosis in which genetic material is exchanged between
homologous non sister chromatids..
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
DNA Replication Stress
DNA Replication stress is any hindrance to progression or movement of the replication fork. Recently, its been related to genomic instability and cancer.
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The correct sequence of the phases of the cell cycle are A. prophase.pdf
The correct sequence of the phases of the cell cycle are A. prophase, interphase, metaphase,
telophase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis B. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis,
telophase C. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis D. prophase,
anaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis In which stage of mitosis the chromosomes align
along the cell equator? A. Metaphase B. Anaphase C. Telophase D. Prophase Which of the
following statements is correct about DNA replication? A. It occurs during the S phase of the
interphase B. The leading strand is synthesized discontinuously forming Okazaki fragments C.
The lagging strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork D. The leading strand
is synthesized continuously away from the replication fork The phase of mitosis in which the
nuclear envelope reforms is A. prometaphase B. prophase. C. telophase. D. metaphase A
compacted state of the genetic material DNA is known as A. Genome B. Euchromatin C.
Heterochromatin D. Chromatin During mitosis, the separation of sister chromatids to the
opposite poles of the cell occur during A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase
Which of the following will occur in meiosis but not in mitosis? A. DNA replication B.
Cytokinesis C. Crossing over D. Metaphase
Solution
1. C
2.A
In metaphase kinetochore of the microtubule pull the sister chromatids towards equator. This is a
check point for the cell division.
3.A
DNA replication is important for the cell division, it occurs in the S phase of the interphase.
4. C
In the telophase nuclear membrane starts to reassamble and cover the newly form or divided
chromosomes.
5. C
Slightly compact form of genetic material called euchromatin and when protein bind with DNA,
tightly compact form of DNA called heterochromatin.
6.C
In Anaphase separated chromatids pull out towards the pole by spindle fibers.
7. C
Crossing over is the events, occured in meiosis in which genetic material is exchanged between
homologous non sister chromatids..
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
DNA Replication Stress
DNA Replication stress is any hindrance to progression or movement of the replication fork. Recently, its been related to genomic instability and cancer.
Chromosome: A Complete Overview
Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome.
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficia.pdf
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficial? Steps and functions of
mitosis and meiosis? ( I am having a hard time with defining each step in mitosis and meiosis.
There is meiosis I and II and I get confused on the steps with functions. Any ideas how I can
remember?)
TIA :)
Solution
Explanation:-
Variation in meiosis:-
During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles
of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. The result is 4 haploidHaving one copy of
each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are
haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1
from each pair in the diploid cell).
At conception, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to form a zygote (46 chromosomes or 23
pairs). This is the 1st cell of a new individual. The halving of the number of chromosomes in
gametes ensures that zygotes have the same number of chromosomes from one generation to the
next. This is critical for stable sexual reproduction through successive generations.
Benefits of Meiosis:-
1. New Cell Generation-
The chromosomes created during meiosis are composed of 50% copies of the parent cell and
50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division
process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the
new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics.
2. DNA Replication
The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell
into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into
the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will
partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the
offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents.
3. Genetic Variation
With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply
means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell
different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different
genetic material and structure.
With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring.
‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from
their parents but they will also have unique sets of personalities because of their unique genetic
composition.
Meiosis Stages:-
Prophase I
Chromosomes condense, Crossing over occurs
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pair up and align in middle of cell
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pulled apart
Telophase I
Nuclear Envelope reforms
Cytokinesis I
Cell splits into two
Prophase II
Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles
Metaphase II
Chromoso.
1.) What does “exonuclease” activity mean Which enzyme important fo.pdf
1.) What does “exonuclease” activity mean? Which enzyme important for DNA polymerization
has both 5’ – 3’ AND 3’ – 5’ exonuclease activity? Which is important for proofreading
function?
2.) How are the site(s) where replication begin(s) is/are characterized as in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes? What is beneficial about this? Are the sites the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
3.) Arrange the following proteins in the proper order in which they participate in DNA
replication.
1 = Primase
2 = Helicase
3 = Single-strand binding proteins
4 = DNA polymerase I
5 =DNA polymerase III
4.) When does DNA replicate in the cell cycle of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
5.) Why are Okazaki fragments only found on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of
DNA?
6.) What protein transports the histones of Nucleosomes into the nucleus?
7.) Describe the differences between Topoisomerase I and Topoisomerase II.
8.) During DNA replication, ___________ adds an RNA primer to naked template strands of
DNA. Why is this necessary during replication? What fills the gap after removal of this RNA
primer?
9.) What is the problem with the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes? How does telomerase
help the issue?
Solution
1. Exonuclease activity means that enzymes work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the
end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction breaks phosphodiester bonds at
either the 3’ or the 5’ ends.
DNA polymerase I is the enzyme important for DNA polymerization and has both 5’ – 3’ and 3’
– 5’ exonuclease activity, which is used in editing and proofreading DNA for errors. The 3\' to 5\'
can remove only one mononucleotide at a time, whereas the 5\' to 3\' activity can remove up to
10 nucleotides at a time.
2. Sites from which the process of replication starts are different in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication per DNA molecule, whereas in ekaryotes, there
are multiple sites for origin of replication.
To initiate DNA replication in Eukaryotes, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and
dissociate from these replicative origins. DNA double helix is unwound and an initial priming
event by DNA polymerase occurs on the leading strand.To initiate the process of DNA
replication, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and dissociate from these replicative
origins. The individual factors work together to direct the formation of the pre-replication
complex (pre-RC), a key intermediate in the replication initiation process.
In case of prokaryotes, Helicase separates the DNA to form a replication fork at the origin of
replication where DNA replication begins. Replication forks extend bi-directionally as
replication continues. The initiation of DNA replication is mediated by DnaA, a protein that
binds to a region of the origin known as the DnaA box. E. coli, has 4 DnaA boxes, each of which
contains a highly conserved 9 bp consensus sequence 5\' - TTATCCACA - 3\'.
3. Enzymes that participate in DNa.
Lab TemplateWeek 4 MeiosisSubmitted by your name here.docx
Lab Template
Week 4: Meiosis
Submitted by: <your name here>
As you complete the lab, record your answers in this template. Save the document as LastName_FirstName_BIO1020_W4A3, and submit it to the Dropbox. Full lab instructions and the rubric with which you will be evaluated can be found in the online classroom.
Activity
Cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes involves either mitosis or, in the case of sex cells, meiosis. Mitosis involves the reproduction of a cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, however, is a reduction division where a parental diploid cell produces four haploid gametes. Upon fusion, two haploid gametes (in humans the sperm and the egg) will result in one diploid zygote. In this activity you will track chromosomes through meiosis using colored beads.
Experiment 1
Questions
1. Why is crossing over important in heredity? (10 points)
2. Provide two ways that meiosis I and meiosis II are different. (10 points)
3. (10 points)
a. In the lab, how many chromosomes were present in each cell when meiosis I started?
b. How many chromosomes were present in each daughter cell at the end of meiosis II?
4. If humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells, determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following (10 points):
Sperm:
Egg:
Daughter cell from mitosis:
Daughter cell from meiosis II:
5. Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number of gametes, but not of other cells of an organism? (10 points)
41
Meiosis
Lab 4
42
Lab 4: Meiosis
43
Introduc on
Meiosis only occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually. The process generates haploid (1n) cells
called gametes (sperm cells in males and egg cells in fe-
males), or spores in some plants, fungi, and pro sts, that
contain one complete set of chromosomes. Haploid cells
fuse together during fer liza on to form a diploid cell with
two copies of each chromosome (2n).
Genes are the units of heredity that have speciÞc loci
(loca ons) on the DNA strand and code for inheritable
traits (such as hair color). Alleles are alterna ve forms of the same gene (brown vs. blue eyes). Homol-
ogous chromosomes contain the same genes as each other but o en di erent alleles. Non-sex cells
(e.g. bone, heart, skin, liver) contain two alleles (2n), one from the sperm and the other from the egg.
Mitosis and meiosis are similar in many ways. Meiosis, however, has two rounds of division—meiosis I
and meiosis II. There is no replica on of the DNA between meiosis I and II. Thus in meiosis, the parent
cell produces four daughter cells, each with just a single set of chromosomes (1n).
Meiosis I is the reduc on division– the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated so that each
daughter cell will receive just one set of chromosomes. During meiosis II, sister chroma ds are sepa-
rated (as in mitosis).
Concepts to explore:
Meiosis
Diploid cells
Haploid cells
...
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint: What job does each enzyme (e.g.
primase, helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase) accomplish? What are the requirements for DNA
polymerase activity? What is the source of energy for polymerization? How does DNA
polymerase select the correct base to insert during replication? Describe how ATP differs from
the DNA building block dATP. Describe the components of a replication fork. Explain the steps
in a PCR reaction and their purpose and describe different uses for PCR. Explain what
chromosomes are, and what it means for chromosomes to be homologous. Explain what it means
to be diploid, and how the chromosome number is kept constant from generation to generation.
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PLEASE HELP ME--------------------- 1- Financing a start-up company St.pdf
PLEASE HELP ME.....................
1. Financing a start-up company Start-up businesses typically go through a number of growth
stages, and at each stage, new sources of capital are required. Using the following table, match
the source of funds to its investor type. A company has to grow to a certain level before it can
successfully raise capital by selling its stock to the public. At different stages, a company has
different financing needs; it raises capital by reaching out to different kinds of investors.
Consider this case: Mark Zuckerberg started Facebook, a social networking website, in February
2004. He recruited his friends Dustin Moskowitz and Chris Hughes to grow the company. In the
summer of 2004, their first investor, Peter Thiel-the cofounder of PayPal-invested $500 , 000
into Facebook for a 10.2% stake in the company. In late 2004, Facebook was valued at $100
million and received funding of $12.7 million from Accel Partners. Facebook kept growing and
received $25 million in funding from Greylock Partners and Meritech Capital. After several
acquisition attempts and rounds of funding, Microsoft invested $240 million into Facebook for
1.6% of the company in October 2007. Based on your understanding of investors in different
stages of a start-up's financial cycle, which of the following companies or individuals would be
referred to as a venture capitalist? Chris Hughes Accel Partners Dustin Moskowitz Mark
Zuckerberg.
Please help with creating a javascript file to produce the outcome bel (1).pdf
Please help with creating a javascript file to produce the outcome below, using the following
HTML and CSS documents
HTML CODE 1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<!--
COMP125 Test Template
Section 402, 403
-->
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Hands-on Project 6-3</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css" />
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>
COMP125
</h1>
</header>
<article>
<h1>Payment Form</h1>
<form id="billShip" name="billShip" method="get">
<section>
<fieldset id="creditcard">
<legend>Payment Information</legend>
<label for="cardName">Name*</label>
<input name="cardName" id="cardName" type="text" />
<label for="cardNumber">Credit Card Number*</label>
<input name="cardNumber" id="cardNumber" type="text" />
<label for="expMonth">Expiration Date*</label>
<select id="expMonth" name="expMonth">
<option value="mm">mm</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
<option value="02">02</option>
<option value="03">03</option>
<option value="04">04</option>
<option value="05">05</option>
<option value="06">06</option>
<option value="07">07</option>
<option value="08">08</option>
<option value="09">09</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="11">11</option>
<option value="12">12</option>
</select>
<span id="separator"> / </span>
<select id="expYear" name="expYear">
<option value="yy">yy</option>
<option value="2022">2022</option>
<option value="2023">2023</option>
<option value="2024">2024</option>
<option value="2025">2025</option>
<option value="2026">2026</option>
</select>
<label for="cvc">CVC*</label>
<input name="cvc" id="cvc" type="text"/>
</fieldset>
</section>
<section>
<fieldset id="billing">
<input type="checkbox" name="copyPayment" id="copyPayment" />
<label id="cbLabel" for="copyPayment">Same as Payment Info</label>
<legend>Payment Info Copy</legend>
<label for="cardName2">Name*</label>
<input name="cardName2" id="cardName2" type="text" />
<label for="cardNumber2">Credit Card Number*</label>
<input name="cardNumber2" id="cardNumber2" type="text" />
<label for="expMonth2">Expiration Date*</label>
<select id="expMonth2" name="expMonth2">
<option value="mm">mm</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
<option value="02">02</option>
<option value="03">03</option>
<option value="04">04</option>
<option value="05">05</option>
<option value="06">06</option>
<option value="07">07</option>
<option value="08">08</option>
<option value="09">09</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="11">11</option>
<option value="12">12</option>
</select>
<span id="separator"> / </span>
<select id="expYear2" name="expYear2">
<option value="yy">yy</option>
<option value="2022">2022</option>
<option value="2023">2023</option>
<option value="2024">2024</option>
<option value="2025">2025</option>
<option value="2026">2026</option>
</select>
<label for="cvc2">CVC*</label>
<input name="cvc2" id="cvc2" type="text"/>
</fieldset>
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<p id="errorBox">Fill out mandatory fields an.
More Related Content
Similar to Please help What stage of the cell cycle is this cell- The nuclear mem.pdf
Chromosome: A Complete Overview
Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome.
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficia.pdf
1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficial? Steps and functions of
mitosis and meiosis? ( I am having a hard time with defining each step in mitosis and meiosis.
There is meiosis I and II and I get confused on the steps with functions. Any ideas how I can
remember?)
TIA :)
Solution
Explanation:-
Variation in meiosis:-
During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles
of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. The result is 4 haploidHaving one copy of
each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are
haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1
from each pair in the diploid cell).
At conception, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to form a zygote (46 chromosomes or 23
pairs). This is the 1st cell of a new individual. The halving of the number of chromosomes in
gametes ensures that zygotes have the same number of chromosomes from one generation to the
next. This is critical for stable sexual reproduction through successive generations.
Benefits of Meiosis:-
1. New Cell Generation-
The chromosomes created during meiosis are composed of 50% copies of the parent cell and
50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division
process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the
new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics.
2. DNA Replication
The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell
into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into
the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will
partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the
offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents.
3. Genetic Variation
With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply
means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell
different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different
genetic material and structure.
With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring.
‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from
their parents but they will also have unique sets of personalities because of their unique genetic
composition.
Meiosis Stages:-
Prophase I
Chromosomes condense, Crossing over occurs
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pair up and align in middle of cell
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes pulled apart
Telophase I
Nuclear Envelope reforms
Cytokinesis I
Cell splits into two
Prophase II
Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles
Metaphase II
Chromoso.
1.) What does “exonuclease” activity mean Which enzyme important fo.pdf
1.) What does “exonuclease” activity mean? Which enzyme important for DNA polymerization
has both 5’ – 3’ AND 3’ – 5’ exonuclease activity? Which is important for proofreading
function?
2.) How are the site(s) where replication begin(s) is/are characterized as in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes? What is beneficial about this? Are the sites the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
3.) Arrange the following proteins in the proper order in which they participate in DNA
replication.
1 = Primase
2 = Helicase
3 = Single-strand binding proteins
4 = DNA polymerase I
5 =DNA polymerase III
4.) When does DNA replicate in the cell cycle of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
5.) Why are Okazaki fragments only found on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of
DNA?
6.) What protein transports the histones of Nucleosomes into the nucleus?
7.) Describe the differences between Topoisomerase I and Topoisomerase II.
8.) During DNA replication, ___________ adds an RNA primer to naked template strands of
DNA. Why is this necessary during replication? What fills the gap after removal of this RNA
primer?
9.) What is the problem with the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes? How does telomerase
help the issue?
Solution
1. Exonuclease activity means that enzymes work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the
end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction breaks phosphodiester bonds at
either the 3’ or the 5’ ends.
DNA polymerase I is the enzyme important for DNA polymerization and has both 5’ – 3’ and 3’
– 5’ exonuclease activity, which is used in editing and proofreading DNA for errors. The 3\' to 5\'
can remove only one mononucleotide at a time, whereas the 5\' to 3\' activity can remove up to
10 nucleotides at a time.
2. Sites from which the process of replication starts are different in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication per DNA molecule, whereas in ekaryotes, there
are multiple sites for origin of replication.
To initiate DNA replication in Eukaryotes, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and
dissociate from these replicative origins. DNA double helix is unwound and an initial priming
event by DNA polymerase occurs on the leading strand.To initiate the process of DNA
replication, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and dissociate from these replicative
origins. The individual factors work together to direct the formation of the pre-replication
complex (pre-RC), a key intermediate in the replication initiation process.
In case of prokaryotes, Helicase separates the DNA to form a replication fork at the origin of
replication where DNA replication begins. Replication forks extend bi-directionally as
replication continues. The initiation of DNA replication is mediated by DnaA, a protein that
binds to a region of the origin known as the DnaA box. E. coli, has 4 DnaA boxes, each of which
contains a highly conserved 9 bp consensus sequence 5\' - TTATCCACA - 3\'.
3. Enzymes that participate in DNa.
Lab TemplateWeek 4 MeiosisSubmitted by your name here.docx
Lab Template
Week 4: Meiosis
Submitted by: <your name here>
As you complete the lab, record your answers in this template. Save the document as LastName_FirstName_BIO1020_W4A3, and submit it to the Dropbox. Full lab instructions and the rubric with which you will be evaluated can be found in the online classroom.
Activity
Cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes involves either mitosis or, in the case of sex cells, meiosis. Mitosis involves the reproduction of a cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, however, is a reduction division where a parental diploid cell produces four haploid gametes. Upon fusion, two haploid gametes (in humans the sperm and the egg) will result in one diploid zygote. In this activity you will track chromosomes through meiosis using colored beads.
Experiment 1
Questions
1. Why is crossing over important in heredity? (10 points)
2. Provide two ways that meiosis I and meiosis II are different. (10 points)
3. (10 points)
a. In the lab, how many chromosomes were present in each cell when meiosis I started?
b. How many chromosomes were present in each daughter cell at the end of meiosis II?
4. If humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells, determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following (10 points):
Sperm:
Egg:
Daughter cell from mitosis:
Daughter cell from meiosis II:
5. Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number of gametes, but not of other cells of an organism? (10 points)
41
Meiosis
Lab 4
42
Lab 4: Meiosis
43
Introduc on
Meiosis only occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually. The process generates haploid (1n) cells
called gametes (sperm cells in males and egg cells in fe-
males), or spores in some plants, fungi, and pro sts, that
contain one complete set of chromosomes. Haploid cells
fuse together during fer liza on to form a diploid cell with
two copies of each chromosome (2n).
Genes are the units of heredity that have speciÞc loci
(loca ons) on the DNA strand and code for inheritable
traits (such as hair color). Alleles are alterna ve forms of the same gene (brown vs. blue eyes). Homol-
ogous chromosomes contain the same genes as each other but o en di erent alleles. Non-sex cells
(e.g. bone, heart, skin, liver) contain two alleles (2n), one from the sperm and the other from the egg.
Mitosis and meiosis are similar in many ways. Meiosis, however, has two rounds of division—meiosis I
and meiosis II. There is no replica on of the DNA between meiosis I and II. Thus in meiosis, the parent
cell produces four daughter cells, each with just a single set of chromosomes (1n).
Meiosis I is the reduc on division– the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated so that each
daughter cell will receive just one set of chromosomes. During meiosis II, sister chroma ds are sepa-
rated (as in mitosis).
Concepts to explore:
Meiosis
Diploid cells
Haploid cells
...
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint: What job does each enzyme (e.g.
primase, helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase) accomplish? What are the requirements for DNA
polymerase activity? What is the source of energy for polymerization? How does DNA
polymerase select the correct base to insert during replication? Describe how ATP differs from
the DNA building block dATP. Describe the components of a replication fork. Explain the steps
in a PCR reaction and their purpose and describe different uses for PCR. Explain what
chromosomes are, and what it means for chromosomes to be homologous. Explain what it means
to be diploid, and how the chromosome number is kept constant from generation to generation.
Explain the diploid haploid diploid cycle. Describe the steps of mitosis and explain why mitosis
produces two daughter cells with identical genetic information as the mother cell. Describe the
two sequential divisions of meiosis, and how the two divisions are different from each other and
from those of mitosis. Compare chromosomes at mitotic metaphase, and meiotic metaphase I and
II..
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STEVEN GINEZbkdnkndindkbficbcudbuebibdjdbidbievdibd
STEVEN GINEZbkdnkndindkbficbcudbuebibdjdbidbievdibd
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Lab TemplateWeek 4 MeiosisSubmitted by your name here.docx
Lab TemplateWeek 4 MeiosisSubmitted by your name here.docx
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PLEASE HELP ME.....................
1. Financing a start-up company Start-up businesses typically go through a number of growth
stages, and at each stage, new sources of capital are required. Using the following table, match
the source of funds to its investor type. A company has to grow to a certain level before it can
successfully raise capital by selling its stock to the public. At different stages, a company has
different financing needs; it raises capital by reaching out to different kinds of investors.
Consider this case: Mark Zuckerberg started Facebook, a social networking website, in February
2004. He recruited his friends Dustin Moskowitz and Chris Hughes to grow the company. In the
summer of 2004, their first investor, Peter Thiel-the cofounder of PayPal-invested $500 , 000
into Facebook for a 10.2% stake in the company. In late 2004, Facebook was valued at $100
million and received funding of $12.7 million from Accel Partners. Facebook kept growing and
received $25 million in funding from Greylock Partners and Meritech Capital. After several
acquisition attempts and rounds of funding, Microsoft invested $240 million into Facebook for
1.6% of the company in October 2007. Based on your understanding of investors in different
stages of a start-up's financial cycle, which of the following companies or individuals would be
referred to as a venture capitalist? Chris Hughes Accel Partners Dustin Moskowitz Mark
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Please help with creating a javascript file to produce the outcome bel (1).pdf
Please help with creating a javascript file to produce the outcome below, using the following
HTML and CSS documents
HTML CODE 1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<!--
COMP125 Test Template
Section 402, 403
-->
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Hands-on Project 6-3</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css" />
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>
COMP125
</h1>
</header>
<article>
<h1>Payment Form</h1>
<form id="billShip" name="billShip" method="get">
<section>
<fieldset id="creditcard">
<legend>Payment Information</legend>
<label for="cardName">Name*</label>
<input name="cardName" id="cardName" type="text" />
<label for="cardNumber">Credit Card Number*</label>
<input name="cardNumber" id="cardNumber" type="text" />
<label for="expMonth">Expiration Date*</label>
<select id="expMonth" name="expMonth">
<option value="mm">mm</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
<option value="02">02</option>
<option value="03">03</option>
<option value="04">04</option>
<option value="05">05</option>
<option value="06">06</option>
<option value="07">07</option>
<option value="08">08</option>
<option value="09">09</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="11">11</option>
<option value="12">12</option>
</select>
<span id="separator"> / </span>
<select id="expYear" name="expYear">
<option value="yy">yy</option>
<option value="2022">2022</option>
<option value="2023">2023</option>
<option value="2024">2024</option>
<option value="2025">2025</option>
<option value="2026">2026</option>
</select>
<label for="cvc">CVC*</label>
<input name="cvc" id="cvc" type="text"/>
</fieldset>
</section>
<section>
<fieldset id="billing">
<input type="checkbox" name="copyPayment" id="copyPayment" />
<label id="cbLabel" for="copyPayment">Same as Payment Info</label>
<legend>Payment Info Copy</legend>
<label for="cardName2">Name*</label>
<input name="cardName2" id="cardName2" type="text" />
<label for="cardNumber2">Credit Card Number*</label>
<input name="cardNumber2" id="cardNumber2" type="text" />
<label for="expMonth2">Expiration Date*</label>
<select id="expMonth2" name="expMonth2">
<option value="mm">mm</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
<option value="02">02</option>
<option value="03">03</option>
<option value="04">04</option>
<option value="05">05</option>
<option value="06">06</option>
<option value="07">07</option>
<option value="08">08</option>
<option value="09">09</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="11">11</option>
<option value="12">12</option>
</select>
<span id="separator"> / </span>
<select id="expYear2" name="expYear2">
<option value="yy">yy</option>
<option value="2022">2022</option>
<option value="2023">2023</option>
<option value="2024">2024</option>
<option value="2025">2025</option>
<option value="2026">2026</option>
</select>
<label for="cvc2">CVC*</label>
<input name="cvc2" id="cvc2" type="text"/>
</fieldset>
</section>
<p id="errorBox">Fill out mandatory fields an.
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Duodenum - Lamina propria
Duodenum - submucosa
Duodenum - Villi
Duodenum - microvilli
Colon - Mucosa
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PLEASE HELP ME
Use the Internet to identify three network firewalls, and create a chart that compares their
features. Note if they are rule-based or application-aware, perform stateless or stateful packet
filtering, what additional features they include (IDS, content filtering, etc.), their costs, etc.
Which would you recommend? Why? Write a short paragraph that summarizes your research..
Please help me with this Java programming question- Please find your o.pdf
Please help me with this Java programming question. Please find your own images for question
1.
1. Write a program that displays the following labels and images using a flow pane. The image
files can be downloaded below. Use the following code to set the font of the labels:
label.setFont(Font.font("Times New Roman", FontWeight.BOLD, FontPosture.ITALIC, 20)); 2.
Write a program that paints a smiley face as shown below..
please help in python!!! (I have my code written below but i dont know.pdf
please help in python!!! (I have my code written below but i dont know if its correct)
main py code:
# Victor Carrillo
# March
# Obj; ENCRYpT AND DECRYPT RAHHHHH
import check_input
def menu():
""" Displays a menu for the user to interact with
Returns:
the users choice
"""
print("Secret Decoder Elden Ring: ")
print("1. Encrypt")
print("2. Decrypt")
return check_input.get_int_range("Enter choice: ", 1, 2)
def main():
while True:
choice = menu()
if choice == 1:
print("Enter encryption type: ")
print("1. Atbash")
print("2. Ceasar")
return check_input.get_int_range("Enter choice: ", 1, 2)
if choice == 2:
print("Enter decryption type: ")
print("1. Atbash")
print("2. Caesar")
main()
cihpherpy:
#dont use encrypt and decrypt in main
def __init__(self):
self.alpha = ["A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z"]
def encrypt_message(self, message):
message = alpha.upper()
while True:
if message == A:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == B:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == C:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == D:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == E:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == F:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == G:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == H:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == I:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == J:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == K:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == L:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == M:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == N:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == O:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == P:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == Q:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == R:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == S:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == T:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == U:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == V:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == W:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == X:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == Y:
encrypt_message(self, message)
elif message == Z:
encrypt_message(self, message)
def decrypt_message(self, message):
message = alpha.upper()
for i in range(len(message)):
def _encrypt_letter(self, letter):
def _decrypt_letter(self, letter):
cesaer cipher py:
def __init__(self, shift):
def _encrypt_letter(self, letter):
def _decrypt_letter(self, letter):
check input py:
""" Set of functions to validate user input.
Written by: Shannon Cleary
Date: Fall 2022
Functions:
get_int(prompt) - returns a valid integer (positive or negative).
get_positive_int(prompt) - returns a valid positive (>=0) integer.
get_int_range(prompt, low, high) - returns a valid integer within the inclusive range.
get_float(prompt) - returns a valid decimal value.
get_yes_no(prompt) - returns a valid yes/no input.
Usage: in your program, import the check_input module. Then call o.
Please help me with the above multiple choice questions- This is my la.pdf
Please help me with the above multiple choice questions. This is my last question reason why i
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What is NOT true about the Pleistocene Epoch? Cooling occurred in high latitudes and
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covered one-third of land. What type of mountain glaciers are large unconfined sheets of ice
found only in a few high-mountain areas today? valley glaciers highland icefields continental ice
sheets alpine glaciers What is till? enormous boulders deposited by retreating ice general term
for all material moved by glaciers material deposited by meltwater not by glaciers rock debris
directly deposited by glacial ice.
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describes some advantages and disadvantages of going public. Identify whether each description
is an advantage or a disadvantage of going public from the perspective of a company and its
owners..
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Please help me find the rock type ( Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic) of the 11 samples.
2.
3.
4. (1)
4. (2)
5.
6. (1)
6. (2)
7.
8.
10.
11. (1)
11. (2)
11 11 continued.
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please help
Data table enter a zero.) (b) Prepare the statement of owner's equity. Complete the heading as
well as the body of the statement. (There were no new investments from the owner during the
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incidence of Tay-Sachs within a family is depicted above. The row below that indicates the
genotypes of individuals II 1 , Il 2 , and III 1 is? A. B. C. D. 37. If individuals II-1 and II-2 have
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headlands River entrances Sandy beaches Question 10 1 pts 10. According to Environment
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Please give feedback on the below discussion:
Networking Devices Routers: Routers connect multiple devices to the internet and create a local
network. They allow devices on the network to communicate with each other and access the
internet. Routers come in many types, such as wired, wireless, and mesh routers. Modems:
Modems are used to connect to the internet service provider's network. They translate the data
between the local network and the internet, allowing devices on the local network to access the
internet. Switches: Switches are used to connect multiple devices together in a local network.
They allow devices to communicate with each other within the network. Wireless Access Points:
Wireless access points provide wireless connectivity to the local network. They allow devices to
connect to the internet without the need for cables. Mobile Networking Devices: Smartphones:
Smartphones are mobile devices that connect to the internet using cellular data or Wi-Fi. Tablets:
Tablets are similar to smartphones but are more extensive and typically do not have cellular data
capabilities. Mobile Hotspots: Mobile hotspots allow users to create a Wi-Fi network using
cellular data. They help provide internet access to devices that do not have cellular data
capabilities, such as laptops or tablets. Tethering: Tethering is a feature that allows users to share
their smartphone's internet connection with other devices by creating a personal hotspot. This is
useful for providing internet access to devices that do not have cellular data capabilities. SOHO
Routers/6e Mesh Routers: SOHO routers, or Small Office/Home Office routers, provide internet
access for a local network in a small office or home office setting. 6e mesh routers are newer
routers that use the Wi-Fi 6e standard and support mesh networking. Functions of SOHO
routers/6e mesh routers: Wireless Connectivity: These routers provide wireless connectivity to
the local network, allowing devices to connect to the internet without cables. DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol): DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on the local
network so that they can communicate and access the internet. Firewall: These routers have
built-in firewall functionality, which helps protect the local network from unauthorized access
and potential security threats. Network Address Translation (NAT): NAT allows devices on the
local network to share a single IP address when communicating with the internet. This helps to
conserve IP addresses and increase security. Mesh Networking: 6e mesh routers can create a
mesh network where multiple routers work together to provide wireless coverage across a larger
area. This helps to eliminate dead spots and provide more reliable connectivity throughout the
home or office..
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Please give an explanation if possible, thank you so much
Singlet oxygen reacts readily with many biological substrates including certain amino acids
in proteins, mainly tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, cysteine and methionine. It also reacts
with the guanine bases of DNA and RNA, as well as a variety of unsaturated lipids,
including cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids. It does not, however, affect
carbohydrates appreciably.
True
False
Photosensitizer that is very lipid soluble will tend to accumulate in the nucleus of cell, an
environment in which singlet oxygen has a lifetime about twice as long as it does in an
aqueous environment.
True
False
Super luminous diodes are true lasers
True
False
Type II reactions consists of the direct transfer of the extra electron to oxygen to produce
the superoxide radical anion and regenerating the original sensitize
True
False
An indirect mechanism of photodynamic cytotoxicity includes changes in tumor,
microenvironment, anti-vascular effect and anti-tumor immune response
True
False
.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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