A novel theory for the origin of water on Earth and in the solar system.
Basically, electromagnetic or plasma vapor deposit hydrogen and oxygen atoms on surfaces or onto atmospheres to produce liquid water or coat with ice. This theory predicts high sulfur levels on Jupiter's moon Io , Saturn's icy rings etc
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the solar system and the formation of elements. It describes how early scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler realized the sun was at the center of the solar system, rather than the Earth. It explains how the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust 4.6 billion years ago. Key events included the solar nebula contracting and flattening into a disk, and planets forming from accretion of material in the disk. Nuclear fusion in stars produces lighter elements, while heavier elements are formed in supernova explosions when massive stars die.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life. It describes how the Big Bang created the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It then explains how galaxies, stars, and planets formed, including theories about how the solar system originated. The formation and geological history of Earth is covered in detail, breaking its timeline into Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Key events like the emergence of life and mass extinctions are highlighted.
Meteorology-a student's report( a compilation of facts from books,internet,jo...John Allen Marilla
it is a summary of the topic about t6he atmosphere..... all information written are not words of the maker but are compilations only from various book,journal,internet sources... this makes learning about the atmosphere for freshmen easier,,,
The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago as a molten ball, and its early atmosphere consisted of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor released by volcanoes. As the planet cooled, oceans formed from condensed water vapor. Algae evolved around 3.4 billion years ago and began producing oxygen through photosynthesis, causing oxygen levels in the atmosphere to steadily rise over billions of years. Modern animals later evolved to use oxygen for respiration.
This document summarizes key facts about the 8 planets in our solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) as well as Pluto, Ceres, and Eris. It describes each planet's composition, atmosphere, rotation, and notable features such as moons and weather patterns. The document also provides brief summaries of Pluto, Ceres, and Eris to round out the major bodies in our solar system.
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from a cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity to form a spinning disk. As the disk spun and separated into rings, the particles at the center became molten and formed the Sun, while the outer particles cooled to form planets like Earth. The Moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected during a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet called Theia. Without the stabilizing effect of the Moon, Earth's rotation would have been faster and its climate more extreme, potentially preventing the emergence of life.
The document provides an overview of geology, describing the structure of the Earth and key concepts in the field. It begins with definitions of geology and discusses the four spheres that make up the Earth: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Key points about the layers of the Earth's interior and crust are summarized. The remainder of the document outlines principles of geology including plate tectonics, geological timescales, dating methods like radioactive decay, and the progression of life forms through different eras.
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the solar system and the formation of elements. It describes how early scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler realized the sun was at the center of the solar system, rather than the Earth. It explains how the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust 4.6 billion years ago. Key events included the solar nebula contracting and flattening into a disk, and planets forming from accretion of material in the disk. Nuclear fusion in stars produces lighter elements, while heavier elements are formed in supernova explosions when massive stars die.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe, Earth, and life. It describes how the Big Bang created the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It then explains how galaxies, stars, and planets formed, including theories about how the solar system originated. The formation and geological history of Earth is covered in detail, breaking its timeline into Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Key events like the emergence of life and mass extinctions are highlighted.
Meteorology-a student's report( a compilation of facts from books,internet,jo...John Allen Marilla
it is a summary of the topic about t6he atmosphere..... all information written are not words of the maker but are compilations only from various book,journal,internet sources... this makes learning about the atmosphere for freshmen easier,,,
The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago as a molten ball, and its early atmosphere consisted of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor released by volcanoes. As the planet cooled, oceans formed from condensed water vapor. Algae evolved around 3.4 billion years ago and began producing oxygen through photosynthesis, causing oxygen levels in the atmosphere to steadily rise over billions of years. Modern animals later evolved to use oxygen for respiration.
This document summarizes key facts about the 8 planets in our solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) as well as Pluto, Ceres, and Eris. It describes each planet's composition, atmosphere, rotation, and notable features such as moons and weather patterns. The document also provides brief summaries of Pluto, Ceres, and Eris to round out the major bodies in our solar system.
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from a cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity to form a spinning disk. As the disk spun and separated into rings, the particles at the center became molten and formed the Sun, while the outer particles cooled to form planets like Earth. The Moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected during a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet called Theia. Without the stabilizing effect of the Moon, Earth's rotation would have been faster and its climate more extreme, potentially preventing the emergence of life.
The document provides an overview of geology, describing the structure of the Earth and key concepts in the field. It begins with definitions of geology and discusses the four spheres that make up the Earth: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Key points about the layers of the Earth's interior and crust are summarized. The remainder of the document outlines principles of geology including plate tectonics, geological timescales, dating methods like radioactive decay, and the progression of life forms through different eras.
History and formation of the Earth (Presentation #2 Bilogy L2 project)Sebasttian98
The Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Its early atmosphere was toxic and volcanic activity and asteroid impacts were common. One large impact is believed to have formed the Moon. Over billions of years the planet cooled and developed tectonic plates and a stable crust allowing liquid water and the first life. The atmosphere gradually gained oxygen as photosynthetic life evolved. Multicellular life diversified in the Phanerozoic Eon starting over 500 million years ago, though many species died out in extinction events like the one that ended the Cretaceous Period.
Earth and life Science (Origin of the Universe and Star System, Earth System,...Jerry Taay
This document provides information on Earth and life science topics including the formation of the universe, formation of star systems, and the Earth system. It discusses the prevailing Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It also describes theories for the formation of star systems such as the nebular hypothesis. The Earth system is described as having four interconnected subsystems: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Each subsystem is then defined and key aspects are outlined, such as the internal structure of the geosphere and importance of the hydrosphere.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
The document discusses the history of determining the age of the Earth. Early estimates ranged from thousands to billions of years based on different methods and assumptions. In the late 19th century, radioactive dating methods were developed that provided evidence the Earth was millions to billions of years old, conflicting with a literal reading of the Bible. This sparked debates around assumptions made in dating methods and their application to estimating the Earth's age. While techniques have improved, disagreement remains on interpreting results within biblical or long-age frameworks.
Changes in the earth and its atmosphereSteve Bishop
The document summarizes changes to the Earth's core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere over time. It describes the theory of tectonic plates and how their movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It explains how early theories of continental drift were rejected but later accepted when ocean floor investigations found evidence supporting plate tectonics. It also outlines how the atmosphere was initially composed of gases like carbon dioxide and methane, and how oxygen levels increased due to photosynthesis by plants and algae.
The document summarizes the evolution of the Earth and solar system. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. Over time, gas and dust coalesced to form stars and planets, including our sun and solar system approximately 4.5 billion years ago. As the early Earth formed and cooled, differentiation occurred with iron sinking to form the core and lighter elements floating upward. The atmosphere gradually evolved from a primitive mix including hydrogen and helium to today's nitrogen and oxygen-rich atmosphere through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen-producing life.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of models of the universe. It begins by describing early flat earth cosmologies from ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia. It then outlines the development of the spherical earth model in ancient Greece, including ideas proposed by Pythagoras, Plato, and calculations made by Eratosthenes to estimate the earth's circumference. The document also summarizes the geocentric model developed by the Greeks with the earth at the center, and revisions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Finally, it outlines the heliocentric model first proposed by Aristarchus, placing the sun at the center, and the further developments of this model by Copernicus.
This document summarizes the formation of the solar system according to the core accretion model. It explains that the solar system began as a solar nebula that collapsed under gravity to form the sun. Heavier elements near the sun merged to form terrestrial planets, while lighter elements further from the sun formed gas giants. The earliest Earth had a hot molten surface and atmosphere of gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Over time, the Earth cooled and developed layers, water was introduced via asteroids, and a water cycle, plate tectonics, and life emerged.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
The document examines various hypotheses regarding the origin of life on Earth, such as abiogenesis, the RNA world, and panspermia. It discusses early Earth conditions and the emergence of the earliest life forms. While panspermia provides a favored hypothesis for how life began on our planet, the document concludes that delivery of organic molecules by comets alone was likely not sufficient and that additional triggers were needed to initiate life.
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the definition of universe, and some of the theories of the origin of the Universe.
The document summarizes the formation and evolution of the Earth. It describes how the Earth formed from a large gas cloud following the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. As the cloud contracted under gravity, it began to rotate and the planets of the solar system formed, including the Earth. The Earth developed layers, including a molten core and crust, around 4.5 billion years ago. By 3.5 billion years ago, the Earth had oceans and the first life emerged. Plate tectonics and the formation of continents also began shaping the Earth by around 2.5 billion years ago.
Earth began forming over 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust that also formed the Sun and other planets. As the solar system developed, small objects called planetesimals collided and stuck together, eventually forming Earth. When Earth first formed, it was a hot molten planet bombarded by asteroids and comets. As it cooled over millions of years, the first life forms of bacteria emerged and the oceans and atmosphere developed. Today, Earth is a complex system made up of interacting spheres including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere that sustain life.
The document discusses key characteristics of Earth that support life. It describes Earth's location in the solar system, its atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen, its size and mass that maintain gravity and the atmosphere. It also discusses Earth's magnetic field, generated by electric currents in the molten iron core, which shields the planet from solar winds. Finally, it notes the crucial presence of water, which exists in all three states and has a cooling effect through the hydrologic cycle.
This document provides information about geochronology and dating the age of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old based on dating of meteorites and the oldest Earth rocks. It describes the principles of relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships. It also explains numerical dating techniques using radioactive isotopes like potassium-argon and uranium-lead dating to assign absolute ages to rocks in millions or billions of years. Finally, it briefly discusses isostatic adjustment and two hypotheses about isostasy proposed by J.H. Pratt and G.B. Airy.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, facts, and natural phenomena like mountains, minerals, rocks, and volcanoes. The text also covers topics like meteoroids, global warming, the greenhouse effect, pollution, depletion of the ozone layer, and indications that the Earth is nearing its end. Suggested preventions include education programs, banning illegal dumping, raising awareness, and supporting green movements.
The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago, including major extinction events. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, and facts such as the presence of one natural satellite, the Moon. Graphics are included showing the relative sizes and distances of planets in the solar system. The document also covers mountains, minerals, rocks, volcanoes, meteoroids, and natural phenomena such as global warming, the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and indications of threats facing Earth. Prevention methods are mentioned.
The document provides information on several celestial bodies in our solar system including Mars, Io, Enceladus, Europa, and Titan. Mars has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and evidence of past liquid water. Europa has an ocean under its icy surface that could support microbial life, fueled by tidal heating from Jupiter. Titan has a dense nitrogen atmosphere and evidence liquid water existed in the past. Future missions may discover life on other planets and moons like Mars and Europa that have conditions suitable for supporting microbial organisms.
The document discusses the phases of the moon. It explains that the moon does not produce its own light, but rather reflects light from the sun. As the moon orbits Earth, different portions are illuminated by the sun, appearing to change shape from our perspective on Earth. This cycle, where the illuminated portion appears to grow and then shrink over the course of around 29.5 days, is what causes the phases of the moon. The document then defines and provides images for each of the 8 main phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.
History and formation of the Earth (Presentation #2 Bilogy L2 project)Sebasttian98
The Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Its early atmosphere was toxic and volcanic activity and asteroid impacts were common. One large impact is believed to have formed the Moon. Over billions of years the planet cooled and developed tectonic plates and a stable crust allowing liquid water and the first life. The atmosphere gradually gained oxygen as photosynthetic life evolved. Multicellular life diversified in the Phanerozoic Eon starting over 500 million years ago, though many species died out in extinction events like the one that ended the Cretaceous Period.
Earth and life Science (Origin of the Universe and Star System, Earth System,...Jerry Taay
This document provides information on Earth and life science topics including the formation of the universe, formation of star systems, and the Earth system. It discusses the prevailing Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It also describes theories for the formation of star systems such as the nebular hypothesis. The Earth system is described as having four interconnected subsystems: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Each subsystem is then defined and key aspects are outlined, such as the internal structure of the geosphere and importance of the hydrosphere.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
The document discusses the history of determining the age of the Earth. Early estimates ranged from thousands to billions of years based on different methods and assumptions. In the late 19th century, radioactive dating methods were developed that provided evidence the Earth was millions to billions of years old, conflicting with a literal reading of the Bible. This sparked debates around assumptions made in dating methods and their application to estimating the Earth's age. While techniques have improved, disagreement remains on interpreting results within biblical or long-age frameworks.
Changes in the earth and its atmosphereSteve Bishop
The document summarizes changes to the Earth's core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere over time. It describes the theory of tectonic plates and how their movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It explains how early theories of continental drift were rejected but later accepted when ocean floor investigations found evidence supporting plate tectonics. It also outlines how the atmosphere was initially composed of gases like carbon dioxide and methane, and how oxygen levels increased due to photosynthesis by plants and algae.
The document summarizes the evolution of the Earth and solar system. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. Over time, gas and dust coalesced to form stars and planets, including our sun and solar system approximately 4.5 billion years ago. As the early Earth formed and cooled, differentiation occurred with iron sinking to form the core and lighter elements floating upward. The atmosphere gradually evolved from a primitive mix including hydrogen and helium to today's nitrogen and oxygen-rich atmosphere through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen-producing life.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of models of the universe. It begins by describing early flat earth cosmologies from ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia. It then outlines the development of the spherical earth model in ancient Greece, including ideas proposed by Pythagoras, Plato, and calculations made by Eratosthenes to estimate the earth's circumference. The document also summarizes the geocentric model developed by the Greeks with the earth at the center, and revisions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Finally, it outlines the heliocentric model first proposed by Aristarchus, placing the sun at the center, and the further developments of this model by Copernicus.
This document summarizes the formation of the solar system according to the core accretion model. It explains that the solar system began as a solar nebula that collapsed under gravity to form the sun. Heavier elements near the sun merged to form terrestrial planets, while lighter elements further from the sun formed gas giants. The earliest Earth had a hot molten surface and atmosphere of gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Over time, the Earth cooled and developed layers, water was introduced via asteroids, and a water cycle, plate tectonics, and life emerged.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
The document examines various hypotheses regarding the origin of life on Earth, such as abiogenesis, the RNA world, and panspermia. It discusses early Earth conditions and the emergence of the earliest life forms. While panspermia provides a favored hypothesis for how life began on our planet, the document concludes that delivery of organic molecules by comets alone was likely not sufficient and that additional triggers were needed to initiate life.
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the definition of universe, and some of the theories of the origin of the Universe.
The document summarizes the formation and evolution of the Earth. It describes how the Earth formed from a large gas cloud following the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. As the cloud contracted under gravity, it began to rotate and the planets of the solar system formed, including the Earth. The Earth developed layers, including a molten core and crust, around 4.5 billion years ago. By 3.5 billion years ago, the Earth had oceans and the first life emerged. Plate tectonics and the formation of continents also began shaping the Earth by around 2.5 billion years ago.
Earth began forming over 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust that also formed the Sun and other planets. As the solar system developed, small objects called planetesimals collided and stuck together, eventually forming Earth. When Earth first formed, it was a hot molten planet bombarded by asteroids and comets. As it cooled over millions of years, the first life forms of bacteria emerged and the oceans and atmosphere developed. Today, Earth is a complex system made up of interacting spheres including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere that sustain life.
The document discusses key characteristics of Earth that support life. It describes Earth's location in the solar system, its atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen, its size and mass that maintain gravity and the atmosphere. It also discusses Earth's magnetic field, generated by electric currents in the molten iron core, which shields the planet from solar winds. Finally, it notes the crucial presence of water, which exists in all three states and has a cooling effect through the hydrologic cycle.
This document provides information about geochronology and dating the age of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old based on dating of meteorites and the oldest Earth rocks. It describes the principles of relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships. It also explains numerical dating techniques using radioactive isotopes like potassium-argon and uranium-lead dating to assign absolute ages to rocks in millions or billions of years. Finally, it briefly discusses isostatic adjustment and two hypotheses about isostasy proposed by J.H. Pratt and G.B. Airy.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, facts, and natural phenomena like mountains, minerals, rocks, and volcanoes. The text also covers topics like meteoroids, global warming, the greenhouse effect, pollution, depletion of the ozone layer, and indications that the Earth is nearing its end. Suggested preventions include education programs, banning illegal dumping, raising awareness, and supporting green movements.
The document provides information about the history and formation of Earth 4.54 billion years ago, including major extinction events. It discusses Earth's atmosphere, composition, layers, and facts such as the presence of one natural satellite, the Moon. Graphics are included showing the relative sizes and distances of planets in the solar system. The document also covers mountains, minerals, rocks, volcanoes, meteoroids, and natural phenomena such as global warming, the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and indications of threats facing Earth. Prevention methods are mentioned.
The document provides information on several celestial bodies in our solar system including Mars, Io, Enceladus, Europa, and Titan. Mars has a thin atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide and evidence of past liquid water. Europa has an ocean under its icy surface that could support microbial life, fueled by tidal heating from Jupiter. Titan has a dense nitrogen atmosphere and evidence liquid water existed in the past. Future missions may discover life on other planets and moons like Mars and Europa that have conditions suitable for supporting microbial organisms.
The document discusses the phases of the moon. It explains that the moon does not produce its own light, but rather reflects light from the sun. As the moon orbits Earth, different portions are illuminated by the sun, appearing to change shape from our perspective on Earth. This cycle, where the illuminated portion appears to grow and then shrink over the course of around 29.5 days, is what causes the phases of the moon. The document then defines and provides images for each of the 8 main phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.
The Earth is able to support life due to key characteristics like the presence of liquid water, its ability to maintain heat from both its core and the Sun, and the existence of an atmosphere. Life first began in water, as the earliest photosynthetic organisms used sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen. Maintaining heat allows photosynthesis and the right balance of gases, while the atmosphere provides surface temperature regulation and protects from extreme temperature fluctuations. Other planets lack some of these necessary conditions to sustain life over long periods.
The document discusses the key factors that make Earth capable of sustaining life. It states that all planets in the solar system formed from dust particles through accretion. Two important characteristics for life are the presence of liquid water and an atmosphere. Water allowed the first photosynthetic organisms to emerge and produce oxygen. Heat from both the Earth's interior and Sun is also necessary, as it drives systems like plate tectonics and the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect helps regulate temperatures and enables photosynthesis, which controls gas levels. Together these factors have made the Earth uniquely suited for life.
Q1C1L3 Life on Earth.pptx Q1C1L3 Life on Earth.pptxMAHAZELTEOLOGO3
This document discusses the key factors that make Earth unique in its ability to support life. It explains that the presence of liquid water allowed the first photosynthetic organisms to emerge and produce oxygen. The Earth's ability to maintain heat from both its core and the Sun through the greenhouse effect enables photosynthesis and habitable temperatures. Additionally, the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect and influences surface conditions crucial for biodiversity.
Might our earth undergo a runaway greenhouse warming similar to Venus?
Could there be life on the billions of exo-planets?
Why is the oxygen content of our earth’s atmosphere greater that of Venus and Mars, which are mostly CO2 ?
Water is abundant throughout the universe, found both as interstellar gas and within many planetary atmospheres and surfaces. It exists in different states including vapor, liquid, and ice on planets and moons in our solar system based on variables like temperature, pressure, and gravity. The existence of liquid water on Earth is vital to life here as we know it due to factors like our atmosphere, temperature regulation, and gravity which allow it to exist in its liquid form.
Origin of Earth, Big Bang theory, Nebular hypothesis, Internal heating of earth, formation of Earth's crust and inner structure, evolution of continents, oceans and atmosphere, continental drift theory, origin of life, Geological Time Scale.
1) Early Earth had a different atmosphere than today and was bombarded by asteroids and comets. 2) Miller-Urey experiments showed how organic molecules could form in early Earth conditions. 3) RNA may have come before DNA and led to early life forms. Photosynthetic bacteria later produced oxygen that changed Earth's atmosphere.
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the Solar System is explored, including place where biology might exist.
The document provides an overview of relief and water on Earth. It discusses the structure of the Earth and how tectonic plate movements have shaped the continents over hundreds of millions of years. It also describes the main types of continental and oceanic relief that have been formed through internal forces like earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as external forces like erosion. Finally, it examines the distribution of water on Earth, including the characteristics and movements of oceans, seas, and continental freshwater sources.
Astrochemists study the chemistry of other planets and stars by working with astronomers and geologists. They analyze the chemistry of atmospheres, elemental makeup of stars and asteroids. This involves studying the chemistry and any organic compounds that may be present on other celestial bodies both near and far from Earth, including detecting organic molecules in very young galaxies over 10 billion light years away using infrared spectroscopy. A key finding is that over 90% of the mass of the human body consists of stardust from elements created in supernovas and scattered across the universe.
Astrochemists study the chemistry of other planets and stars by working with astronomers and geologists. They analyze the chemistry of atmospheres, elemental makeup of stars and asteroids. This involves studying the chemistry and any organic compounds that may be present on other celestial bodies both near and far, including young galaxies over 10 billion light years away. Much of what we are made of, including over 90% of our mass, originated from stardust created in supernova explosions that dispersed elements across the universe.
Astrochemists study the chemistry of other planets and stars by working with astronomers and geologists. They analyze the chemistry of atmospheres, elemental makeup of stars and asteroids. This involves studying the chemistry and any organic compounds that may be present on other celestial bodies both near and far, including young galaxies billions of light years away using infrared spectroscopy from telescopes like Spitzer. A significant portion of the matter that makes up humans and Earth originated from stardust formed in supernovae that dispersed elements across the universe.
Mars may have once supported life and could potentially support human colonization in the future. Liquid water was present on ancient Mars, and current conditions could allow microorganisms to survive. NASA plans to send microbes to Mars to produce oxygen and test their viability. Creating a magnetic shield could protect any atmosphere and allow Mars to become a habitable, Earth-like environment over long timescales. Future colonization would require equipment for living standards, resource extraction, energy production, food growth, and 3D printing to establish self-sufficient settlements.
The document discusses several topics related to Earth science, including:
1) The layers of Earth's interior including the crust, mantle, and core. The mantle is partially melted lower down and rigid upper mantle.
2) Plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates at a rate of 3 cm per year explains continental drift and mountain range formation.
3) The atmosphere is divided into four layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - based on temperature, composition, and density.
4) The ozone layer is an atmospheric filter that protects from UV rays, and holes in the ozone are caused by interactions with pollutant gases.
Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only known place in the universe to support life. It has liquid water, exists within the sun's habitable zone, and its atmosphere contains oxygen and protects it from radiation. Key factors that make Earth habitable include its distance from the sun, system of plate tectonics, size and protective moon. The four interacting spheres that comprise Earth's system are the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere.
Presentation is about the "Origin of Life". Many theories being proposed to clearly explains how does Life actually came into existence on our planet Earth.
Professor’s Questions Set 5Provide comprehensive answers to th.docxwkyra78
Professor’s Questions Set 5
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
Chapter 7 and 8 Readings
1. Why is Jupiter so much richer in hydrogen and helium than Earth?
2. Why do astronomers conclude that none of the Jovian planets’ rings can be left over from the formation of the planets?
3. How can Jupiter have a liquid interior and not have a definite liquid surface?
4. Why are Uranus and Neptune respectively green-blue and blue?
5. What evidence indicates that catastrophic impacts have occurred in the solar system’s past?
6. Why do astronomers refer to carbonaceous chondrites as unmodified or “primitive” materials?
7. What evidence indicates that the asteroids are mostly fragments of larger bodies?
8. What is the difference between condensation and accretion?
9. Why does the solar nebula theory predict that planetary systems are common?
10. Why is the evidence of “hot Jupiters” puzzling? What is the current hypothesis of how they formed?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, su ...
Could a modern Kitchen stovetop better explain global warmingChris Yukna
Solar irradiance is not the only way to heat planetary bodies. Our Earth is more than 30 degrees warmer than it should be. Particle and Induction heat could fill some gaps in our understanding of the real Scientific and Engineering principles of The Gaia Hypothesis.
Introducing particle and induction heating of planetary bodies
Particle and induction heating were not well understood when carbon dioxide gas was theorized as to why Venus was so hot in the 1960s. Is it time to reexamine the role of CO2 in Climate change?
Originally published in March 2020, this revised version speaks about the obvious connection between the metal iron and Covid-19. It is very important to acknowledge the link between the severity of the corona virus and the patient's iron load.
This document discusses several topics including:
1) Leonardo da Vinci's early painting depicting Gabriel telling Mary about Jesus' birth.
2) An advertising campaign in India that is blamed for destroying sales of a cheap car.
3) Black olives that are actually green olives cured in lye and treated with iron to turn black.
4) Black coral that mysteriously grows towards light even without a visible light source and exists near hydrothermal vents.
5) Parasitic wasps that carry viruses to protect their eggs from host immune defenses, demonstrating viral domestication similar to symbiotic bacteria.
6) Tardigrades' ability to live without water, withstand wide temperature ranges,
Why does the coronavirus target old people, diabetics, patients with heart disease or high blood pressure? All viruses require high body iron levels to be successful pathogens. Both Chloroquine and Azithromycin reduce iron levels coincidence?
Speculation of the nature of Covid-19 and excess iron. Are the preferences, origin, spread, severity, nature of the coronavirus covid-19 all linked to Iron?
The document presents a series of images each with a brief description and mystery to solve. The first image describes an 18th century device used to resuscitate drowning victims via tobacco smoke enemas. The second image shows the logo of the organization that developed this technique. The third image depicts auroras that can form above Mars. The fourth says the faces are AI-generated. The fifth discusses Schrodinger's thought experiment involving a cat in a box. The sixth describes Saturn's unique hexagonal storm. The last discusses bacteria that can "eat" electricity from rocks and metals.
La Foudre vient de l'espace
Les Prouves
Les orages produisent des rayons gamma!
La foudre peut perturber l'ionosphère
Les orages créent de l'antimatière
La foudre peut fusionner un électron et un proton en neutron
Les Farfadets (sprites, en anglais), également dénommés sylphes rouges, apparaissent par groupes
Les Elfes ( Emission of Light and Very low-frequency perturbations from Electromagnetic pulse Sources, ELVES), ou halos, prennent la forme de disques faiblement lumineux
Jets Bleus: ils se projettent à partir du sommet d'un cumulonimbus, au-dessus d'un orage, généralement sous la forme d'un cône étroit, d'angle voisin de 15°, en direction des niveaux inférieurs de l'ionosphère. Ils apparaissent associés avec la grêle
Les tempêtes de foudre suppriment les ions des ceintures de van allen après une tempête solaire
Éclairs déclenchés par la magnétosphère
Les vents solaires à haute vitesse augmentent les éclairs sur la Terre
This a quick little game for teacher's to use as an ice breaker. Students are shown just the eyes of some famous "super heroes" and they have to guess the name or movie that the actor or actress played in. It is hard because the eyes are upside-down. Other questions might be what is the person feeling.
RankBrain allows Google to understand subtle differences in search queries, beyond just keyword matching. It can distinguish queries like "iron cancer" versus "iron and cancer", returning slightly different results. This shows that Google's algorithms are learning from patterns and gaining a deeper understanding of language and context through advances in artificial intelligence. While SEO may become more challenging as Google's abilities improve, it remains to be seen if this leads to search results that are both better and less manipulable over time.
The document discusses the Christmas carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas" and speculates that it may have secretly encoded religious meanings for Catholics persecuted in England. It then provides the full lyrics of the carol and encourages attempting to sing it by alternating lines between women and men. Finally, it lists the order of gifts in the song.
Google has launched Google Education or Classroom. Using a google jockey or google voice enhances teaching. Webquest powered by google let many topics get treated at the same time. Learn how.
This document summarizes the biological and historical properties of the cedars of Lebanon. It describes the cedar as a symbol of Lebanon that can be found growing over 1000 meters above sea level in the Middle East. The document outlines the cedar's uses by ancient civilizations like the Phoenicians and Egyptians, as well as its appearances in religious texts. Nowadays, there are only 12 remaining forests of cedar in Lebanon, covering less than 800 hectares.
Google.fr has dominated the search results in France, perhaps rightly so it has redirected English queries to French pages. However this is not good news for English teachers
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
1. Plasma Water Theory
Or why the Earth is wet and Mars isn't
By Christopher Yukna
Science General
Ecole des Mines
Saint Etienne
yukna(at)emse.fr
2. Premise: Water is found where electromagnetic effects deposit Oxygen
and Hydrogen ions or alpha particles slam into Nitrogen atoms.
• Thus, our planet is wet because it has an oxygen and nitrogen
atmosphere and an active magnetosphere
• The solar wind provides protons and alpha particles to sustain
homeostasis.
• Without these aspects the Earth would be as dry as Mars and Venus.
• This is far simpler than existing explanations as to why the Earth is wet
and explains other areas where water exists in our solar system
• There are precedents with ions “electroplating” atmospheres in
explaining Jupiter's dark spot.
• As with any new theory there will be lots of holes and errors so any
help or suggestions are appreciated
Let’s look at how water has been thought of in the past
3. All the water that will ever be is, right now
National Geographic, October 1993
This is a static view in a universe which is dynamic and constantly in flux
4. True or False?
Far underground within the Earth at 20 kilometers deep or
more millions or even billions of tons of water are being
destroyed every day.
5. True
Serpentine and serpentinization:
A link between planet formation
and life
Hydrogen released during
serpentinization is of vital
importance for the emergence of
life because it acts as an energy
source for metabolism
What is even more
surprising is that there
exist a vast reservoir
of hydrogen under our
feet!
Hydrogen found in
Earth's crust is
'limitless fuel supply'
–
as much as 1,000 litres
of hydrogen may be
trapped in each cubic
metre of rock.
6. The Goldilocks Theory
(or why Earth has oceans)
Not too hot
Not too cold
But just right for liquid
water
But should fairy tales be
taken SERIOUSLY?
7. Okay, Goldilocks is why we can have water, but where did it come from?
"The origin of the oceans goes back to the time of the earth's formation 4. 6
billion years ago, when our planet was forming through the accumulation of
smaller objects, called planetesimals. There are basically three possible sources for
the water. It could have (1) separated out from the rocks that make up the bulk of
the earth; (2) arrived as part of a late-accreting veneer of water- rich meteorites,
similar to the carbonaceous chondrites that we see today; or (3) arrived as part of
a late-accreting veneer of icy planetesimals, that is, comets.
Scientific American
8. Turning an idea on its head
Or what’s life got to do with it?
9. Astrobiology
Can be thought of as the search for life giving
water in outer space, because H2O is
considered as the necessary precursor for any
carbon based life
Without liquid water, life as we know it
cannot exist.
10. "That the only solvent (water) with the refinement needed for nature's most intimate
machinations happens to be the one that covers two thirds of our planet is surely
something to take away and marvel at.".
From Life's Matrix by Philip Ball
Wouldn't it be neat if instead of looking for life where you
find water you should look for water where you find life?
11. Hydrogen and oxygen are the most and third most
common elements in the universe respectively, and
lots of water has been found in interstellar space
so what's the problem?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
The amount!
12. If the Earth was a perfect sphere and there were no
oceanic troughs or continents and mountains how
deep would the ocean be?
sretemolik rouf tuobA
13. But this is not the case for the other
terrestrial planets
Mercury
Almost non existent
Venus
(maybe a meter)
Mars
(perhaps 3 meters)
Yet they were made in the same manner as the Earth shouldn’t they have ta similar
amount of water?
14. In the past, Mars and Venus were not considered within the habitable zone
(remember Goldilocks), today they are often pictured there. So what is so
special about Earth?
See: Kepler Has Found the First Earth-Sized Exoplanet in a Habitable Zone!
15. Let's back up, we saw little water on the other terestrial planets
What about Jupiter?
Galileo probe
measurements, while
subject to scientific
debate, suggest a
(water) level near that
of the Sun. Scientists
are left to wonder,
Where is the oxygen?
Where is the water?
Hmm... Oxygen?
16. Where did the water go?
• Mars, Venus, and Mercury lost water due to photo-disassociation.
• In addition once their magnetic fields were effectively dissipated,
the solar wind would have played havoc with any chemical bonds,
or Radiolysis
• BTW Venus, Mars, and the Earth are still losing water to these
processes today as well as atmosphere.
• There is some debate on Earth's protective magnetic field's effect.
• Farther out in the solar system, there is less light and temperatures
are colder so water is less likely to disassociate.
• The lack of photo-disassociation “enlightens” why some sunless
craters on the Moon and perhaps Mercury contain water
• See more on Venus magnetic surprise or Solar Wind at Mars
17. Venus is losing it
• Did you know that Venus has a comet's tail of plasma that
extends past the orbit of our planet?
• Or that there is a faint Venusian ozone layer?
• Plus, Hydrogen loss was detected from the atmosphere on
Venus' day side,
• or the side facing the sun.
• A great deal of atmosphere
and water is lost daily.
18. Mars may have had more water than the Arctic Ocean!
• However Mars lost 87 % of it to space
• Three slight Martian ozone layers
• The solar wind strikes the surface of the planet
19. The Earth is losing water?
• Some studies suggest a fourth of our planet's supply
of water has been lost
• The Earth is losing a ton of atmosphere to the solar
wind every hour.
20. Is it possible that the Earth
replenishes its water from
space?
• Before satellites, we believed that Earth's magnetosphere was
supplied only with particles from the solar wind.
• Today we are starting to understand just how many interactions can
take place between the solar wind and the atmosphere.
• Over the poles all sorts of nuclei are accelerated into space .
• It maybe that much of our magnetosphere’s ions come our from
our atmosphere
• So, what is does the solar wind supply?
• How much plasma strikes the Earth?
21. Plasma Theory of Water as it applies to life on Earth
« Protons and alpha particles strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms, respectively and are
converted to water mostly over the poles. »
Christopher YUKNA
Since the nitrogen and oxygen gases in our atmosphere are biological in origin, the
water too is, at least maintained or created, thanks to life itself. These processes
seem to be a corollary to the Gaia principle.
A proton is a hydrogen atom. Therefore it is relatively easy to see that combining
protons with either molecules of oxygen, atomic oxygen, and ozone, the end result is
H2O or water.
What is trickier is to see any relation of water formation to alpha particles or helium,
an inert gas, and nitrogen not one of the most reactive of gases.
For that we will have to leave chemistry and enter the world of nuclear alchemy.
22. Ernest Rutherford the world’s first successful Alchemist!
In 1919, Rutherford was able to accomplish
transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen, using
alpha particles directed at nitrogen 14N + α →
17O + p.
Thus, helium, when stripped of its elections or
in a plasma state and accelerated towards an
atom of Nitrogen will produce an atom of
oxygen and one of hydrogen. These are the
components for one of the ions of water OH.
Remember, there will be plenty of water’s other
ion H. Even more so if that 17O loses a neutron in
the highly energetic environment of the upper
atmosphere for a neutron quickly decays into a
hydrogen atom.
Let’s backtrack a bit and look at ozone in the atmosphere to see if there is any
evidence for ozone being turned into water.
23. Let's look at Oxygen and Ozone in our atmosphere
and how these may produce water
24. Ozone Production
• Ultraviolet radiation from the sun continuously strikes the upper
atmosphere and splits O2 and N2 into separate atoms O & N
• The resulting atoms react quickly to with oxygen gas to form
ozone.
• X-rays can also produce atmospheric ozone.
• Ozone too can lose a oxygen atom in this process
• Since there is so much O2 around the ozone reforms rapidly.
• Of course this process and the resulting ozone layer protects life
on Earth from the harmful effects of this highly energetic light.
•
25. Ozone Destruction
• So ozone can lose a atom to high energy light but reforms
unless there is something other than oxygen to react with.
• Protons (hydrogen) bombard the atmosphere during solar
storms .
• These particles can knock off a oxygen atom too. (Radiolysis)
• Since hydrogen forms OH easily with atomic oxygen this
readily this stops the reformation of ozone.
• OH produced? Thus, all over the planet water is being
produced.
• See: a violent sun can effect the Earth's overall ozone
26. So tiny amounts of water can
come from space
• Big deal ...so what?
• How much water is typically created and is it enough to offset daily losses?
• What percentage of hydrogen is extraterrestrial?
• If you look only at the Birkeland currents flowing along geomagnetic field
lines that connect the Earth's magnetosphere to the upper reaches of the
ionosphere over the poles, then this looks a lot like a Bussard ramjet.
Nota Bene: Cosmic Rays are something like 80%
protons and would also be captured hydrogen in
an oxygen atmosphere. Free Hydrogen has a half
life of ______ in an atmosphere rich in oxygen.
27. Bussard Ramjet
•Invented by Dr. Robert W.
Bussard
•Works by magnetically scooping
interstellar hydrogen into the
spacecraft for use as propellant
The Earth’s magnetic field is more complicated than these images or a ramjet but the
principle is still the same hydrogen would be acquired. Thus, how to quantify the
amount of water produced?
28. Space Weather is fascinating
Coronal mass ejection
Aurores form when
plasma strikes the
atmosphere
The Solar wind is a stream of charged particles
released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. This
plasma consists of mostly electrons, protons and alpha
particles.
When the ejection is directed towards Earth (ICME),
the shock wave of the traveling mass of solar
energetic particles causes a geomagnetic storm that
may disrupt Earth's magnetosphere.
29. Solar Wind, Solar Flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections
• The solar wind has an average density of 7.1 atoms/cm3 “not too many. »
• Solar Flares can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind,
known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's
magnetosphere. So better.
Coronal Mass Ejections are massive events, an
average CME has about the mass of Mount
Everest and stays more of less intact as it
moves through the solar system. “When the
ejection is directed towards Earth and reaches
it as an interplanetary CME (ICME), the shock
wave of the traveling mass of solar energetic
particles causes a geomagnetic storm …When
the magnetosphere reconnects on the
nightside, it releases power on the order of
terawatt scale, which is directed back toward
Earth's upper atmosphere”. Wikipedia
An Everest’s mass in hydrogen!
30. Proton Aurora
On June 28, 2000, IMAGE watched
a complicated and shifting ballet
between electron and proton
currents as they entered the
atmosphere from space above the
Arctic Region of Earth.
Proton auroras remain relatively unknown in
comparison with the better known electron
one. Their light is in the UV or higher and
thus were only discovered when the right
type of camera was used.
31. Note: the light is generated by collusions between atoms in the upper atmosphere
and the protons. There is no possibility of chemical reactions at such high
energies.. However, there is no reason to suppose that those protons stop at high
altitudes but would in fact continue to follow the magnetic lines of force down to
the planet’s surface losing energy as they do. At some point in time those particles
will be able to interact chemically with the Oxygen, Ozone, or Nitrogen.
This is not the case for alpha particles (helium nuclei) and nitrogen which could
produce OH molecules at any time via transmutation as long as the ions have
enough speed.
For example other than water Nitric acid would be easy to fabricate in this high
energy environment as its composition is NHO3. If hydrogen sulfide ejected into
the stratosphere by volcanoes or via the solar wind then its conversion to
sulphuric acid H₂SO₄ with two OHs & two Os and a sulphur atom in the center
seems facile as well.
32. If protons and alpha particles are concentrated over the poles then
shouldn't there be some evidence of water forming too?
There are mysterious Polar Mesospheric Clouds & Noctilucent clouds high
up over the poles.
The mystery is how did the water get up to an altitude of 85 or so kilometers?
However, long- term behaviour of polar mesospheric cloud frequency has been found
to vary inversely with solar activity nor is there any evidence of a dependence on
auroral activity (Thomas and Olivero, 1989). Probably at that height protons and
other ions are going too fast and have too much energy to form chemical bonds.
33. But this would not be the case for atomic transmution. Alpha particles striking
nitrogen should produce water at that altitude. Perhaps some of the water for
those clouds comes from helium nitrogen transmutation.
The question then is why only in summer and when solar activity is at its lowest?
Could it be that increased levels of Radiolysis would break up most ice molecules
during solar storms?
Anyway, as the protons and ions follow the magnetic lines of force towards the
Earth's surface like colliding billard balls they would lose energy and at some point
chemical bonds could form which brings us to:
Polar stratospheric clouds or PSCs, also known as nacreous clouds
(/ˈneɪkriː.əs/, from nacre, or mother of pearl, due to its iridescence), are
clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 meters
and contain water, nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid .
34. Polar stratospheric clouds
Here is a good case for the creation of
these clouds from the ionic polar
conditions . Their composition, H2O,
HNO3 , & H2SO4 almost begs for a
solarwind source. Especially interesting
since these clouds, PSCs, have been
implicated in the destruction of ozone
and of increasing the severity of the
Ozone Hole. Might it be the protons
and/or ions converting ozone into water
and other compounds. Sure the hole
could still be completely the fault of
(CFCs) but it becomes unlikelier.
Annual Antarctic ozone hole larger and formed later in 2015
Which was the fourth largest in history, this after the banning of ozone-depleting
chemicals in 20th century has yet to produce detectable improvements in the Antarctic
ozone hole. Perhaps, Chlorofluorocarbons are not the whole problem.
35. Above in 2015 the largest ozone in years & Solar Flares and Sun
Storms of 2015 Is there a link ?
In Nature: “60% of ozone destruction at the poles seems to be due to
an unknown mechanism” Markus Rex at AWI
36. Enough with the ozone controversy already!
Water’s weird properties & deuterium are key to
ascertaining this concept.
One of the great problems facing most theories of the origin of Earth’s oceans is the
characteristic ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in our water. Water on Earth is low in
deuterium. Venus and Mars are a lot higher.
Magnetically, there are two things you need to know about the ions of water:
• H and OH are incredibly mobile in magnetic fields. They move much more rapidly
than anticipated. (Would Hydrogen Sulfide’s ions H and HS move accordingly?)
•Deuterium and DH are not very effected when exposed to magnetic fields in other
words they move slowly or t least a lot slower than the more common isotope
hydrogen. They resist photodisassociation better too. Ergo:
In a plasma magnetically created oceans, the acquistion of hydrogen would be
favored over deuterium.
BTW The abundance of deuterium in the atmosphere of Jupiter measured by the
Galileo space probe as 26 atoms per million hydrogen atoms. ISO-SWS observations
find 22 atoms per million hydrogen atoms in Jupiter.[12] This is about 17% of the
terrestrial deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio of 156 deuterium atoms per million
hydrogen atoms. This is evidence again that Earth is losing water in a dynamic
system.
37. Earth’s Water Is Older Than the Sun
As the article cited and this artist’s conception seem to suggest: a certain
percentage of the Earth’s water already came from outer space. However, if you
read this article then notice that interstellar ice has a higher ratio of deuterium to
hydrogen than found on Earth.
38. Craters on our Moon and Mercury contain water
Video of areas on the Moon that
never recieve sunlight
How is this possible? Originally lunar water
was thought to be from the bombardment of
comets and left in the bottom of craters never
exposed to sunlight. Now we know that water
continuously produced on the surface by
hydrogen ions (protons) of the solar wind
impacting oxygen-bearing minerals.[15] The
same is true for Mercury.
If you just use occam's razor and realize that if plasma bombardment of
protons produces water on our nearest neighbor the Moon from oxides
then it stands to reason that you do not need another theory to explain
water on Earth with its ample supply of oxygen.
Just keep it simple.
39. Gaea’s Plasma Water’s Implications for Mars and Terraforming in general.
If photosynthesis could be established on Mars.:
• There would be an increase in Oxygen which would be transformed initially to
Ozone thus providing more protection against UV light.
• The atmosphere would be « stickier » and water would begin to accumulate and
less would be destroyed.
• This is not as farfetched as it sounds. Lichen can survive outside the space
station so Mars could be an even less hostile spot.
• There is the possibility that other ions like nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, etc could
also be acquired as levels of UV light and Radiolysis drop.
•There is some evidence that protons especially over the poles recapture oxygen
atoms separated from water by UV light.
40. That wraps it up for Earth’s semi-biological origin of water.
If an oxygen atmosphere and magnetic field are necessary for water formation
then when leaving Earth there should be other evidence for this idea besides
Mercury and the Moon. So we will explore more closely the water in rest of the
solar system. The next section again deals with the idea of ion bombardment
of surfaces. Could water and other componds be plasma coated onto
surfaces? Obviously, water is more stable the farther you are from the Sun,
but some features seem to require more of an explanation.
Some Questions to resolve:
• Why after billions of years is there still water on Venus?
• Okay Earth & Lunar water have intrinsic oxygen sources are there ways
to concentrate and paste oxygen and hydrogen onto a surface?
• Why are the rings of Saturn white?
• Why does Europa have such a smooth surface?
• Why is Io so sulphur rich?
• Why does the surface of Enceladus seem to be recent?
41. Venus has very little water. However,
It has an induced magnetosphere
as well as a very faint ozone layer.
Without an intrinsic magnetic field, the
atmosphere is bombarded with ions
and electrons from the solar wind.
Most of the atmosphere is composed
of carbon dioxide and about 3.5
nitrogen. Therefore, like on Earth
water should be produced when
protons have lost enough energy to
chemically connect with Oxygen or Ozone and again when alpha particles collide
with nitrogen atoms as long as they are traveling fast enough. Could this explain
why Venus still has water to lose? (The loss of significant amounts of hydrogen
is proved by a very high D/H ratio measured in the Venusian atmosphere
compared to the solar norm.) And these losses are on going. Sulphur ions could
also capture and trap hydrogen or atomic oxygen. H2S and Sulphric acid are
trace elements in the Venusian atmosphere. Including the effects of ion
bombardment might go along way in explaining the mystery of sulphur dioxide
layer in the upper atmosphere.
42. Some Examples of Water and Oxygen in our solar system
Hubble finds evidence of
oygen atmosphere on Jupiter’s
moon Europa
Tenuous Oxygen atmosphere
on Ganymede
Martian Ice Caps have
ozone layers
Oxygen found in Saturn’s E ring
Ganymede extremely thin
atmosphere composed of carbon
dioxide and probably molecular
oxygen with an ozone layer
atmosphere of Enceladus is
composed of 91% water vapor,
4% nitrogen, 3.2% carbon dioxide,
and 1.7% methane
Water ice seems to be ubiquitous
on the surface of Callisto. The
atmosphere is mostly CO2 with
perhaps some molecular oxygen
43. A brief look at abiotic processes for the formation of water in the Outer
solar system.
Remember:The basic premise is that some ions needed to form water are brought together to create or
deposit water on a surface. Plasma enhanced vapor deposition in vacuum is quite a common industrial
process so it seems reasonable that in space similar processes would work . See ion bombardment of
surfaces as well.
Water ice can be found in many places and the farther from the Sun the
better. The following are good candidates for plasma created or
maintained water: (just remember water ions abnormal property in magnetic fields)
• Europa (Induced magnetic field)
• Io (Induced magnetic field)
• Ganymede (magnetosphere) Ozone layer Aurorae
• Callisto (Induced magnetic field)
• Rings of Saturn
• Mars
• Enceladus Electrical Circuit Between Saturn and Enceladus
Titan Saturn’s largest moon is the odd man out, strangely water is absent and
while not having a magnetic field it is often magnetized by Saturn this maybe
a bit like Venus.
.
44. Why is Europia smooth ?
This moon has an oxygen atmosphere
and an induced magnetic field;
More importantly, Europa’s orbit is within the
magnetosphere of Jupiter. It is constantly
bombarded with radiation and charged
particles. Faint ultraviolet light from an aurora
were detected recently at the Europa’s South
Pole. Its surface is strangely smooth, could
this be because the surface is constanly being
bombarded and consequently coated by ions
and protons?
Would this deposit layer after layer of
compounds like water or hydrogen
sullfide over « geologic » time?
Jupiter’s magnetic field is 20,000 times
the strength of the Earth’s. It has all of
the features of earth’s magnetosphere
so perhaps a look at the composition of
our planet’s magnetic field.
Jupiter’s
variable
radiation
belts
45. Plasmaspheres, Van Allen Belts, & Ring Currents or Plasma Clouds
The plasmasphere,, is a region of the Earth's magnetosphere
consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the
ionosphere.. Traditionally, the plasmasphere has been regarded
as a well behaved cold plasma with particle motion dominated
entirely by the geomagnetic field and hence corotating with the
Earth.
Van Allen Belts
Encircling the our planet and extending to latitudes nearly as far
as the Arctic Circle, the Van Allen belts form two, nested donuts of
particles. The inner belt contains 10 million-volt, high-energy
protons, oxygen nuclei, and alpha particles with the outer belt
containing mostly electrons. If it were cold enoughwould an object
traveling in this inner zone be coated with ice?
The Ring Current
The third component of near-Earth space is the ring current which
overlaps both the Van Allen belts and the plasmasphere from
8,000 to 30,000 kilometers from Earth. Ring current particles carry
energies of several thousand volts, but unlike Saturn's rings, they
do not flow in a complete ring around Earth. It is more prominent
on the night time side of Earth, and it is at its strongest, carrying
the most particles, during severe solar storm events which shake
Earth's magnetosphere
46. Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere
envelops its ring system and the orbits of
all four Galilean satellites. The energetic
particles break water (radiolysis ) into
oxygen and hydrogen, maintaining the thin
oxygen atmospheres of three of these icy
moons.
Europa creates a torus (Io does too)
of these ions in Jupiter’s magnetosphere
of mostly protons and water ions. Io’s
torus contains sulphur. Also, Io creates a
glowing auroral footprint near Jupiter’s
north and south poles.
Plasma tori created by Io and Europa
If we turn this idea on its head, could Jupiter’s
magnetosphere capture from the solar wind then
replenish these tori of charged particles and be
responsible for the coating of these four moons?
If you remember, the Earth’s Van Allen Belts were
organized roughly according to mass, with the lighter
electrons comprising the outer ring and the heavier
nuclei the inner ring.
47. Since an atom of Sulfur is more massive than
Oxygen wouldn’t its distribution in the magnetic
field tend to be towards the interior or nearer to
Jupiter? To say it in a different way. The more
massive the nuclei the more likely that its “orbit”
would be affected by gravity and the closer it
would be to the planet. In many ways this is
concept is similar to paper chromography?
This might explain why most of Io's surface is composed of
extensive plains coated with sulfur and sulfur dioxide frost. This
would clarify why there is very little water on Io compared to the
other three moons. Note: Io is a geologically active world with
the most active volcanoes in the solar system. Sulphur on
Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto has been attributed to Io’s
vocanic emissions so ions get around.
48. Europa, Ganymede, Io, and even Callisto leave glowing
auroral footprints on Jupiter near the pole.
It would seem that there is evidence for "electroplating" of water and sulfur compounds
in the Jovian system.
49. Why are Saturn’s rings white or ice covered?
This does not seem to be an intriguing question till you look at the other rings
50. The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust, having four main
components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a
relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint
outer "gossamer rings“. The rings of Neptune are made of extremely dark
material, likely organic compounds processed by radiation, similar to that
found in the rings of Uranus. The exception? A minor planet and centaur
Chariklo, with a diameter of about 250 kilometres, is the smallest object with
rings and the fifth ringed object ever discovered in the Solar System Its
bright ring system consists of two narrow and dense bands.
51. Fun Saturn Facts
• Its rings are close in, near or within the Roche limit
• The magnetic poles and rotational poles are aligned, in other words its north pole
and magnetic north pole are identical.
• Saturn has the third largest Magentosphere in the solar system
• There is a hexagon at the pole.
• Saturn has an electrical circuit with one of its moons Enceladus, but not with an
even closer moon Mimas.
Could ion bombardment coat dust particles in Saturn’s rings with water ice?
This appears to be pretty likely since unlike dark rings of Uranus and Neptune,
Saturn’s rings are in close to the planet and are inside its Van Allen Belts. There is
a dynamic rotating ring current around Saturn.The main particle populations in
Saturn's magnetosphere that contribute to the density and pressures in this ring
are the warm (few tens to few hundreds eV) and hot (few keV to few hundred
keV) water ions and protons. Or perhaps Enceladus is implicated.
52. Enceladus
There is an atmosphere composed of 91% water
vapor, 4% nitrogen, 3.2% carbon dioxide, and 1.7%
methane. Plus there are auroras, and an electrical
circuit from the moon to the magnetic poles of Saturn.
Is it just electrons or are protons and other heavier
ions being conveyed to the satellite’s surface as well?
expels around 250 kg of water vapour every second,
through a collection of jets from the south polar region
known as the Tiger Stripes .
Like the rings Enceladus is within or enters
the Van Allen Belts and Ring Current of its
parent planet’ magnetosphere. This satellite
also creates a water torus around its planet
and even rains water down on Saturn’s
atmosphere. Does this water also coat
Saturn’s rings?
53. Enceladus ‘ water torus. Water ions from this moon appear to dominate
all of Saturn’s Magnetosphere.
54. When you simplify a scientific problem a lot of
other mysteries are resolved as well.
Occam’s Razor does not prove theories but
sometimes it shows us where to dig
This seems to be the case with the plasma water theory. If
nothing else the hypotheses associated with this concept are
intriguing.
55. Some pertinent sites
Earlier Work:
Why is Mars Dry?
The Original Water Cycle
Follow the links in this presentation.
Even most of the images have
hyperlinks associated with them.
About the author:
Chris Yukna was born
in the antediluvian 50s,
had a paper route at 9,
sold Christmas cards door
to door at 11, and washed
dishes at 14. All these
enriching work experiences convinced him early on that he
was totally unsuited to working and therefore should
become a space cadet, mad scientist, or teacher.
He has three websites that he tries to update periodically:
Science General (fun with science)
Business Emporium (Esl business lessons & quizzes)
Totally Unorthodox (where he puts everything else)
56. Pertinent Vocabulary
• Protons = hydrogen atoms stripped of their electrons
• Protium = most common isotope of hydrogen
• Deuterium = heavier isotope of hydrogen with a neutron in the
nucleus, and less reactive in magnetic fields.
• Alpha Particle = a particle identical to a helium nucleus (wikipedia)
• Solar wind = mostly composed electrons, protons, and alpha particles
• Homeostasis is the property of a system in which variables are
regulated so that conditions remain stable and relatively constant.
• Radiolysis the breaking of chemical bonds by radiation.
• Photo-disassociation
This phrase still has a powerful influence on our thoughts see at Greenpeace
If only we could just add water
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/if-only-we-could-just-add-water/blog/35025/
Let's stay local and look at why the Earth is wet.
Water is of paramount importance to space exploration and astrobiology.Here is one side of the coin.but what about inverse symmetry?
If the earth were flat and all its oceans were one then it would be covered with almost four kilometers or two miles of water
http://www.planetfacts.net/Earth-Facts.htmlr
In the past Mars and Venus were not considered within the habitable zone, today they are often pictured there
From http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html
The latest analyses of data from the Voyager spacecraft that flew by Jupiter in 1979 have suggested a water abundance for the planet of twice the solar level (based on the Sun's oxygen content). Observations of the propagation of atmospheric waves across Jupiter's cloud tops from the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts implied that Jupiter might have a water content of ten times the solar level. Actual probe measurements, while subject to scientific debate, suggest a level near that of the Sun. Scientists are left to wonder, "where is the oxygen?," "where is the water?," and to reconsider their interpretation of the S-L 9 impacts.
References:
Jackman, C. H.; McPeters, R. D.; Labow, G. J.; Fleming, E. L.; Praderas, C. J.; Russell, J. M., Northern Hemisphere atmospheric effects due to the July 2000 solar proton event, Geophysical Research Letters, August 1, 2001 (Vol. 28, No. 15, p. 2883)
http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/solar-tricktionary/en/
Play a game
This may seem strange to start out with a list of vocabulary but as you may notice the significance of these definitions will be come evident.