This document provides information about plant tissues and organs. It describes the four main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, protective tissues, fundamental tissues, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth. Protective tissues include epidermis and cork. Fundamental tissues comprise the mesophyll and provide structure and storage. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients. Roots, stems, and leaves are the main vegetative plant organs, while flowers, fruits, and seeds are the reproductive organs.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs in plant and animal systems.
2. In plants, cells are organized into tissues including ground tissue, vascular tissue, and dermal tissue. Meristematic tissues allow growth and differentiation of primary tissues.
3. In animals, the main tissue types are epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissues. Organs consist of multiple tissue types organized to perform functions, and organ systems interact to maintain homeostasis.
Insects live in a variety of places including trees, bushes, soil, wood, and water. They often choose habitats near their food source, such as monarch butterflies laying eggs on milkweed leaves or acorn weevils inside acorns. Some insects are parasites that live on or inside other animals, feeding off of them as hosts and examples include parasitic wasps on caterpillars. Eggs are also laid in other locations like mantis eggs on branches and mosquito eggs on plants near stagnant water.
Technology for special needs (Assistive Technology)Ishtar Intino
Assistive technology can help individuals with disabilities access education, jobs, and fully participate in their communities. Devices such as wheelchairs, ramps, and computer software can provide independence with mobility, work, and learning. Assistive technology enables people with disabilities to enhance their quality of life and lead more independent lives in areas like education, employment, transportation, recreation, and daily living activities.
This document provides guidance for getting started contributing to open source projects. It recommends starting small by modifying documentation or fixing bugs, then progressing to more complex tasks like refactoring code or adding new features. The overall message is that anyone can contribute to open source software regardless of experience level, and doing so allows one to become an open source contributor who helps shape the future of software development.
This document discusses the impact of technology on school libraries. It notes that the greatest impact came from personal computers, which automated tasks like circulation and cataloging and allowed access to digital resources on the internet. The document advocates that school librarians should embrace new technologies, be comfortable troubleshooting problems, and get sufficient training to stay on the leading edge of technology adoption in order to meet students' needs and expectations.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs in plant and animal systems.
2. In plants, cells are organized into tissues including ground tissue, vascular tissue, and dermal tissue. Meristematic tissues allow growth and differentiation of primary tissues.
3. In animals, the main tissue types are epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissues. Organs consist of multiple tissue types organized to perform functions, and organ systems interact to maintain homeostasis.
Insects live in a variety of places including trees, bushes, soil, wood, and water. They often choose habitats near their food source, such as monarch butterflies laying eggs on milkweed leaves or acorn weevils inside acorns. Some insects are parasites that live on or inside other animals, feeding off of them as hosts and examples include parasitic wasps on caterpillars. Eggs are also laid in other locations like mantis eggs on branches and mosquito eggs on plants near stagnant water.
Technology for special needs (Assistive Technology)Ishtar Intino
Assistive technology can help individuals with disabilities access education, jobs, and fully participate in their communities. Devices such as wheelchairs, ramps, and computer software can provide independence with mobility, work, and learning. Assistive technology enables people with disabilities to enhance their quality of life and lead more independent lives in areas like education, employment, transportation, recreation, and daily living activities.
This document provides guidance for getting started contributing to open source projects. It recommends starting small by modifying documentation or fixing bugs, then progressing to more complex tasks like refactoring code or adding new features. The overall message is that anyone can contribute to open source software regardless of experience level, and doing so allows one to become an open source contributor who helps shape the future of software development.
This document discusses the impact of technology on school libraries. It notes that the greatest impact came from personal computers, which automated tasks like circulation and cataloging and allowed access to digital resources on the internet. The document advocates that school librarians should embrace new technologies, be comfortable troubleshooting problems, and get sufficient training to stay on the leading edge of technology adoption in order to meet students' needs and expectations.
Sis 645 report for the government of ukraine final hrnjakUna Hrnjak
This document provides a summary and analysis of media laws and freedom in Ukraine. It notes that while Ukraine aims to adopt democratic principles including media freedom, attacks on journalists have increased in recent years. This has caused the EU to doubt Ukraine's commitment to democracy as it seeks EU membership. The document evaluates Ukraine's media laws and protection of press freedom, finding weaknesses. It recommends steps for Ukraine to strengthen media freedom in order to comply with EU standards and better protect journalists.
David Snook is a bi-lingual marketing management professional with over 25 years of experience in consumer electronics and consumer goods. He has a proven track record of leading teams, developing marketing plans, and growing revenue. He has extensive experience in product management, marketing, forecasting, and optimizing supply and demand. Recommendations praise his leadership, communication skills, passion for delivering quality products, and ability to manage business across borders.
This document provides a lesson about the skin and its role as the sense organ of touch. It discusses how the skin covers and protects the entire body, and allows us to feel pain, warmth, cold, textures whether things are rough, smooth or slippery. It notes that some parts of the body are more sensitive than others. The skin also helps regulate body temperature through sweating. Proper care of the skin includes washing hands, bathing, and eating a diet rich in vitamin C.
This document provides demographic information about a group of people including their age range of 20-40 years old, that they are both male and female, and that their nationality and heritage are unspecified. Their interests and occupation are also not stated.
This document provides advice for those considering a JD/MBA dual degree program. It cautions that applying to both programs simultaneously can negatively impact chances of admission, as the admissions offices will consult each other and a rejection from one program may influence the other's decision. It recommends focusing the application on the single degree that best matches one's strengths and then applying to the second program after gaining admission. Applying this way reduces risks to chances while still making it possible to ultimately earn both degrees.
The document summarizes and critiques Harvard Business School's (HBS) new "post-interview assignment" which requires applicants to send a 400-word email after their interview. It makes three key points:
1) Telling anxious MBA applicants to "relax" about the high-stakes assignment is unrealistic and won't stop them from stressing.
2) Comparing the assignment to the "real world" is a weak justification, as the primary function of applications is not realism.
3) Attempting to block admissions consultants from helping is misguided, as applicants will understandably prepare and brainstorm for such an important task. The assignment risks becoming a
This document provides information and examples about using the past continuous and used to tenses in English. The past continuous, formed with was/were + present participle, describes actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific time in the past. It can be used to talk about interrupted actions, parallel actions, atmosphere, and habits that happened repeatedly in the past but no longer occur. The key differences between the past continuous and simple past, and when to use used to versus simple past are also explained.
Yoga has many health benefits for both the body and mind. It can help reduce stress and anxiety through breathing exercises and poses that improve flexibility and strength. Regular yoga practice may lower the risk of health conditions like heart disease and diabetes by reducing stress levels, lowering blood pressure, and improving overall fitness and well-being.
This document provides instructions for using an airbag reset tool. It begins with an introduction to the tool's features and design. It then describes the tool's body and various adapters needed to connect to different vehicle controllers. The main section provides step-by-step instructions for operating the tool to reset airbags for Volkswagen, GM, and other vehicles using either a CPU or 8-pin IC controller. It also describes how to reset airbags that are not currently listed using a process of reading and writing data from a good controller. The document concludes with sections on updating the tool's software and appendices with detailed connection diagrams for specific vehicle models.
The document discusses the parts and purposes of flowers and seeds. It explains that daisies growing in a hay field would be considered weeds by farmers because they take nutrients and space from crops. Weeds also reproduce quickly and spread seeds. The main parts of a seed are the embryo, which is the young plant, stored food to nourish the embryo, and a protective seed coat. Seeds are designed by God to produce new plants of the same kind.
Everything you need to know about successfully shipping your products interna...enterprisenation
This document provides an overview of how to successfully ship products internationally. It covers selecting the right carrier based on criteria like cost, speed, and flexibility. Terms of trade like EXW, FCA, and DDP are explained which establish responsibilities for costs and risks. The importance of considering customs is highlighted for collecting duties and taxes. Accurate product descriptions that include details like material composition and HS codes are emphasized to avoid delays and ensure the correct duties are applied. Destination duties and taxes are an important consideration, and taking carrier advice can help avoid risks. Online and printed resources are available to help new exporters and importers with international shipping.
Seeds have developed various methods of traveling away from the parent plant to grow into new plants. Some seeds are light and travel by wind, such as orchid and poppy capsules, while others have wings or tufts to help them float. Other seeds travel by water when washed away by rain, like coconuts and willows. Animals and people also transport seeds mechanically to new locations where they can take root and grow.
Este documento presenta información sobre la Maestría de Gerencia Empresarial de la Universidad Fermín Toro. Fue elaborado por Lady Nathaly Arias Vargas para la asignatura Introducción a la Gestión Administrativa del profesor Carlos Rojas. Incluye una bibliografía de cuatro enlaces web sobre temas de gerencia pública y privada.
Module 5 integrating technology into the curriculumcbgill38
The document discusses how technology can be used to support instruction in schools. It notes that technology provides unique applications that can motivate both students and teachers, while allowing for fresh new approaches to teaching. It also enables teachers to be more productive and provides interactivity through various venues. Some advantages of educational technology include enhanced critical thinking skills, flexibility in scheduling, and preparing students for careers, while disadvantages include costs and compatibility issues. The document provides examples of how different types of software and activities can be used at elementary and secondary school levels.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform the same function and originate from the same source. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, as the cells continuously divide and later specialize. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical meristem at shoot and root tips, intercalary meristem between permanent tissues, and lateral meristem under bark.
Permanent tissue develops from meristematic tissue. There are two types - simple tissues with uniform cell type, and complex tissues with multiple cell types. The three simple tissues are parenchyma, collen
Cells in plants gradually differentiate from meristems into permanent tissues with specialized functions. Permanent tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex. Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage and transport. Collenchyma provides support and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclereids, provide structure and protection through thick lignified cell walls. These mature tissues perform crucial roles in plant structure and function.
Sclerenchyma cells provide mechanical support to plant organs through their lignified secondary cell walls. They include sclereids and fibers. Sclereids are typically short cells that are strongly lignified with pits, while fibers are long, spindle-shaped cells that occur in strands or bundles. Fibers include xylary fibers in xylem and extraxylary fibers like phloem, cortical and perivascular fibers. Fibers are categorized as soft, flexible bast fibers or hard, stiff fibers. Sclerenchyma cells originate from procambium, vascular cambium or ground meristem and develop through intrusive or belated secondary thickening of cell walls.
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
Sis 645 report for the government of ukraine final hrnjakUna Hrnjak
This document provides a summary and analysis of media laws and freedom in Ukraine. It notes that while Ukraine aims to adopt democratic principles including media freedom, attacks on journalists have increased in recent years. This has caused the EU to doubt Ukraine's commitment to democracy as it seeks EU membership. The document evaluates Ukraine's media laws and protection of press freedom, finding weaknesses. It recommends steps for Ukraine to strengthen media freedom in order to comply with EU standards and better protect journalists.
David Snook is a bi-lingual marketing management professional with over 25 years of experience in consumer electronics and consumer goods. He has a proven track record of leading teams, developing marketing plans, and growing revenue. He has extensive experience in product management, marketing, forecasting, and optimizing supply and demand. Recommendations praise his leadership, communication skills, passion for delivering quality products, and ability to manage business across borders.
This document provides a lesson about the skin and its role as the sense organ of touch. It discusses how the skin covers and protects the entire body, and allows us to feel pain, warmth, cold, textures whether things are rough, smooth or slippery. It notes that some parts of the body are more sensitive than others. The skin also helps regulate body temperature through sweating. Proper care of the skin includes washing hands, bathing, and eating a diet rich in vitamin C.
This document provides demographic information about a group of people including their age range of 20-40 years old, that they are both male and female, and that their nationality and heritage are unspecified. Their interests and occupation are also not stated.
This document provides advice for those considering a JD/MBA dual degree program. It cautions that applying to both programs simultaneously can negatively impact chances of admission, as the admissions offices will consult each other and a rejection from one program may influence the other's decision. It recommends focusing the application on the single degree that best matches one's strengths and then applying to the second program after gaining admission. Applying this way reduces risks to chances while still making it possible to ultimately earn both degrees.
The document summarizes and critiques Harvard Business School's (HBS) new "post-interview assignment" which requires applicants to send a 400-word email after their interview. It makes three key points:
1) Telling anxious MBA applicants to "relax" about the high-stakes assignment is unrealistic and won't stop them from stressing.
2) Comparing the assignment to the "real world" is a weak justification, as the primary function of applications is not realism.
3) Attempting to block admissions consultants from helping is misguided, as applicants will understandably prepare and brainstorm for such an important task. The assignment risks becoming a
This document provides information and examples about using the past continuous and used to tenses in English. The past continuous, formed with was/were + present participle, describes actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific time in the past. It can be used to talk about interrupted actions, parallel actions, atmosphere, and habits that happened repeatedly in the past but no longer occur. The key differences between the past continuous and simple past, and when to use used to versus simple past are also explained.
Yoga has many health benefits for both the body and mind. It can help reduce stress and anxiety through breathing exercises and poses that improve flexibility and strength. Regular yoga practice may lower the risk of health conditions like heart disease and diabetes by reducing stress levels, lowering blood pressure, and improving overall fitness and well-being.
This document provides instructions for using an airbag reset tool. It begins with an introduction to the tool's features and design. It then describes the tool's body and various adapters needed to connect to different vehicle controllers. The main section provides step-by-step instructions for operating the tool to reset airbags for Volkswagen, GM, and other vehicles using either a CPU or 8-pin IC controller. It also describes how to reset airbags that are not currently listed using a process of reading and writing data from a good controller. The document concludes with sections on updating the tool's software and appendices with detailed connection diagrams for specific vehicle models.
The document discusses the parts and purposes of flowers and seeds. It explains that daisies growing in a hay field would be considered weeds by farmers because they take nutrients and space from crops. Weeds also reproduce quickly and spread seeds. The main parts of a seed are the embryo, which is the young plant, stored food to nourish the embryo, and a protective seed coat. Seeds are designed by God to produce new plants of the same kind.
Everything you need to know about successfully shipping your products interna...enterprisenation
This document provides an overview of how to successfully ship products internationally. It covers selecting the right carrier based on criteria like cost, speed, and flexibility. Terms of trade like EXW, FCA, and DDP are explained which establish responsibilities for costs and risks. The importance of considering customs is highlighted for collecting duties and taxes. Accurate product descriptions that include details like material composition and HS codes are emphasized to avoid delays and ensure the correct duties are applied. Destination duties and taxes are an important consideration, and taking carrier advice can help avoid risks. Online and printed resources are available to help new exporters and importers with international shipping.
Seeds have developed various methods of traveling away from the parent plant to grow into new plants. Some seeds are light and travel by wind, such as orchid and poppy capsules, while others have wings or tufts to help them float. Other seeds travel by water when washed away by rain, like coconuts and willows. Animals and people also transport seeds mechanically to new locations where they can take root and grow.
Este documento presenta información sobre la Maestría de Gerencia Empresarial de la Universidad Fermín Toro. Fue elaborado por Lady Nathaly Arias Vargas para la asignatura Introducción a la Gestión Administrativa del profesor Carlos Rojas. Incluye una bibliografía de cuatro enlaces web sobre temas de gerencia pública y privada.
Module 5 integrating technology into the curriculumcbgill38
The document discusses how technology can be used to support instruction in schools. It notes that technology provides unique applications that can motivate both students and teachers, while allowing for fresh new approaches to teaching. It also enables teachers to be more productive and provides interactivity through various venues. Some advantages of educational technology include enhanced critical thinking skills, flexibility in scheduling, and preparing students for careers, while disadvantages include costs and compatibility issues. The document provides examples of how different types of software and activities can be used at elementary and secondary school levels.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform the same function and originate from the same source. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, as the cells continuously divide and later specialize. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical meristem at shoot and root tips, intercalary meristem between permanent tissues, and lateral meristem under bark.
Permanent tissue develops from meristematic tissue. There are two types - simple tissues with uniform cell type, and complex tissues with multiple cell types. The three simple tissues are parenchyma, collen
Cells in plants gradually differentiate from meristems into permanent tissues with specialized functions. Permanent tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex. Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage and transport. Collenchyma provides support and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclereids, provide structure and protection through thick lignified cell walls. These mature tissues perform crucial roles in plant structure and function.
Sclerenchyma cells provide mechanical support to plant organs through their lignified secondary cell walls. They include sclereids and fibers. Sclereids are typically short cells that are strongly lignified with pits, while fibers are long, spindle-shaped cells that occur in strands or bundles. Fibers include xylary fibers in xylem and extraxylary fibers like phloem, cortical and perivascular fibers. Fibers are categorized as soft, flexible bast fibers or hard, stiff fibers. Sclerenchyma cells originate from procambium, vascular cambium or ground meristem and develop through intrusive or belated secondary thickening of cell walls.
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
Tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues in animals - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers external and internal surfaces. Connective tissue connects, supports or binds other tissues. Muscular tissue allows for body movement via contraction. Nervous tissue conducts electrical signals throughout the body to coordinate responses.
This document describes the four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that divide rapidly to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the plant's outer covering. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant and strengthens its structure. Each tissue type performs distinct but interconnected functions that allow plants to grow, obtain nutrients, and transport materials throughout their bodies.
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are found at the ends of roots and stems and include the apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues include three types - fundamental tissues that make up the interior of plants like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma; lining tissues like the epidermis and periderm that provide protection; and vascular tissues responsible for transporting water and food.
This PPT contains a birds' eye view of the basic internal organization of the plant body comprising of tissue networks along with tissue systems to perform diverse functions for plants survival even in stress condition.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the two main types of plant tissues - meristems and permanent tissues. Meristems are tissues with cell division abilities and include apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also describes the functions and characteristics of epidermis, cork, and other specific plant tissue types. Various activities provide examples and questions to test understanding of plant tissue organization and functions.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
Plant tissues can be divided into two main types - meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing and responsible for growth. They are found in apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues have stopped dividing and perform specific functions. These include dermal tissues like epidermis and periderm, ground tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues for transport, like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and nutrients upward and is composed of tracheids and vessel elements. Phloem transports organic nutrients in all directions and contains sieve tube elements.
Meristematic tissue is a plant tissue that is undifferentiated and can divide to form other tissues. It is found in three main regions: the apical meristem at the tips of stems and roots, the intercalary meristem at the bases of leaves and stems, and the lateral meristem or cambium responsible for increasing the girth of stems and roots. Permanent tissues are differentiated tissues that do not divide, such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers in animals, such as the skin and lining of organs, while connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
Secondary growth occurs in woody stems and roots through the activity of lateral meristems like the vascular cambium and cork cambium. This results in an increase in the stem or root diameter. The vascular cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. In dicots, the vascular cambium forms a complete ring. As the stem grows in diameter, tissues inside like pith and medullary rays are compressed. The epidermis may rupture and be replaced by a protective periderm tissue like cork. Lenticels allow gas exchange through the impermeable cork layers. Secondary meristems also function in wound healing through wound cambium and cork formation.
Complex tissue types and it's elements .
Xylem and phloem primary and secondary growth and it's differences.
Xylem and phloem elements function and it's structure
The document discusses plant anatomy and the different types of tissues that make up plant structures. It describes three main tissue systems - dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal tissue provides protection, ground tissue includes parenchyma cells, and vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem conducting elements. Tissues are further divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and lateral meristems that allow for growth, while permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem have specialized functions.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
This document discusses plant tissues and their classification. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in regions of growth called meristems, including apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues have stopped dividing and take on specialized functions, including simple tissues like epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex vascular tissues like xylem and phloem which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
The document summarizes plant tissues and organs. It describes that plants have organs composed of tissues which are made of cells with specific functions. The three main plant organs are roots, stems, and leaves. These organs are divided into the root system and shoot system. The document then discusses the different types of tissues that make up these organs, including dermal tissue (epidermis, roots hairs, trichomes), ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissues (xylem, phloem). It provides details on the structure and function of each type of tissue.
1. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
EXERCISE VII
PLANT TISSUES
A. MERISTIMATIC TISSUES / MERISTEMS
composed of mitotically dividing cells
responsible for elongation & widening the diameter of plant organs
1. Apical Meristem
found at the tips of stems (shoot apical meristem) & roots (root apical meristem); produce
primary tissues
account for primary growth → elongation of roots & shoots
Root Apical Meristem Shoot Apical Meristem
(RAM) (SAM)
2. Intercalary Meristem
occur between mature tissues
most common in grasses → occur at the bases of the nodes
help regenerate parts removed by grazing herbivores
for rapid elongation of the internodes in monocots
3. Lateral Meristem
cylindrical meristems that form the subapical regions of the roots & shoots of woody plants
produce secondary growth → increases the girth of the plant
secondary growth makes the plant sturdier enabling it to grow taller & intercept light
it includes the vascular cambium & cork cambium (also, phellogen)
vascular cambium → forms the wood (secondary xylem) & secondary phloem
cork cambium (phellogen → forms the periderm which in turn forms a layer of dead,
phellogen)
phellogen
suberized cells that protects the inner tissues of the secondary plant body
-1-
2. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
Intercalary Meristem Lateral Meristem
(found only in monocots) (Vascular cambium & Cork Cambium)
B. PROTECTIVE TISSUES / DERMAL TISSUES
comprise the outermost layer of the plants
1. Epidermis
dermal tissue that covers the primary body of the plant, protecting the underlying tissues
regulates the movement of gases between the plant and the atmosphere
sheet of cutinized cells covering the plants to protect it against rapid water loss &
mechanical injury
modified epidermal cells:
Guard Cells
kidney-shaped in dicots
dumbbell-shaped in monocots
Trichomes
single-celled or multicellular outgrowths of epidermal cells
found in leaves, stems, flowers, & fruits
e.g.: cotton fibers → from the epidermis of cotton seeds
2. Cork
the outermost part of the periderm
secondary tissue produced by the cork cambium
Epidermis with Guard Cells & Trichomes Cork
Stomata
Stomata
-2-
3. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
C. FUNDAMENTAL/ GROUND TISSUES
more variable in function & type
it constitute the mesophyll in leaves & the cortex & pith in stems & roots
1. Parenchyma
isodiametric or polyhedral cells with prominent protoplast & thin walls
common examples are:
Chlorenchyma – contains chloroplasts
Aerenchyma – cells with prominent intercellular spaces
2. Collenchyma
consists of cells with unevenly thickened cell walls
functions for support
3. Sclerenchyma
consists of cells which are devoid of protoplast upon maturity but has thick lignified walls
two types of cells:
Sclerids – short & polygonal
e.g.: stone cells in pears gives it a gritty texture (rough)
Fibers – long and with tapering ends
e.g.: hemp fibers for making ropes
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Distinguishing made up of made up of collenchyma made up of fibers (long
Features parenchyma cells → cells → elongated in slender cells typically
usually many sided shape occurring in strands) &
sclerids (variable shape,
shorter than fibers)
Cell Wall primary or secondary; unevenly thickened primary & thick secondary;
may be lignified, primary cell wall only; usually lignified
suberized, or cutinized not lignified
alive at maturity alive at maturity maybe alive or dead at
maturity
Location on Throughout the plant beneath the epidermis in Fibers: usually associated
the Plant Body body young elongating stems with xylem & phloem; in
often seen as a cylinder leaves in monocots;
of tissue or only in sometimes in cortex of
patches in ribs along stems
veins in some leaves Sclerids: throughout the
plant
Function for metabolic processes support in primary plant Fibers → for support
such as respiration & body Sclerids → for protection &
photosynthesis; storage mechanical support
& conduction; wound
healing & regeneration
-3-
4. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
Parenchyma Cells Chollenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma Cells
Sclerenchyma (Fiber Cells) Sclerenchyma (Stone Cells)
D. Vascular / Conducting Tissues
Vascular tissues are complex → i.e. composed of four types of cells
1. Xylem
for transport of water & dissolved minerals absorbed by the roots from the soil
composed of fibers, parenchyma cells, vessels (large), & tracheids (small, devoid of
protoplast)
Vessels & Tracheids
main water-conducting elements
exhibit secondary wall thickenings which can be annular, spiral, scalariform,
reticulate, or pitted
Xylem showing vessel elements & tracheids
-4-
5. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
in longitudinal (left) and transverse (right) sections.
2. Phloem
for transport of food materials from the leaves to all plant parts
in woody stems, phloem tissues constitute the greater bulk of the bark
consists of fibers, parenchyma cells, & sieve tube cells (devoid of protoplast)
Sieve Tube Cells
main food-conducting elements
thick-walled & provided at both ends with perforated sieve plates
companion cells → associated with sieve tube cells
Phloem showing sieve tube members & companion cells
in longitudinal (left) & transverse (right) sections.
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6. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
PLANT ORGANS
Vegetative Plant Organs:
1. Roots
2. Stems
3. Leaves
Reproductive Plant Organs:
1. Flowers
2. Fruits
3. Seeds
A. ROOTS
Root System
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7. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
Monocot Root
Young Eudicot Root
1. Epidermis – uncutinized cells with root hairs (to facilitate absorption)
2. Cortex – multi-layered parenchyma cells:
Endodermis = inner most layer (endodermal cells)
Casparian strip = suberized
Passage cells = for water transport
3. Stele – innermost cylinder
Pericycle – made up of parenchyma cells; gives rise to the vascular cambium &
secondary/lateral roots
Xylem – 3-4 radial rows of thick walled cells alternating with thin phloem cells
Vascular cambium – meristimatic zone between phloem & xylem
Phloem – thin-walled; food conducting cells alternating with xylem rays
Pith – if present, composed of parenchyma cells
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8. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
B. Stems
Morphology
Monocot stem (cross section)
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9. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
C. Leaf
Morphology Venation
Monocot Eudicot
(Parallel) (Netted/Reticulated)
Monocot Eudicot
Simple Leaf
Pinnately Compound Leaf Palmately Compound Leaf
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10. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
Leaf Arrangement
Whorled
Alternate Opposite
Monocot:
Eudicot:
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11. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
D. Flower
Morphology
Complete Flower – has all 4 parts (sepals, petals, pistil, stamen)
Incomplete – lacks one or more of the 4 parts
Perfect Flower (bisexual) – has both stamens & carpels/ovary
Imperfect Flower (unisexual)– has stamen or carpel but not both
Imperfect flower = Incomplete Flower
Monoecious – male & female reproductive parts in separate flowers (e.g.: corn)
Dioecious – male & female reproductive parts in separate plants (e.g.: papaya)
Inflorescence
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12. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
E. Fruit
matured / ripened ovary
holds & protects seeds
Simple Fruit – developed from a single ovary
Aggregate – several ovaries of a flower (sugar apple)
Multiple – several ovaries of several flowers (pineapple)
TERMS:
Pericarp - the fruit wall (derived from the ovary of the pistil) which is composed of the exocarp,
mesocarp and endocarp (the three layers are not always recognizable, ex. dry fruit)
Endocarp - the innermost layer of the pericarp (often hard, stony or papery)
Mesocarp - the middle layer of the pericarp (often fleshy)
Exocarp - the outermost layer of the pericarp (often like a skin or peel). (peach)
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13. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
Types of Fruits
Fleshy
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14. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
Dry Fruits
Dry Dehiscent
Dry Indehiscent
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15. BIO 101 Laboratory
This serves as a supplement in the laboratory.
Don’t use this in your lecture class.
F. Seed
Albuminous (Endospermic) Seed :
(Non-
Exalbuminous (Non-endospermic) Seed
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