1. The document discusses the "pizza problem" of dividing a circle into slices using chords and determining if the black and white areas are equal. 2. It introduces the Tiffany Lemma, which shows that the sum of the squares of the lengths of four chords through a point is a constant equal to 4 times the radius squared. 3. By using polar coordinates and the Tiffany Lemma, the solution shows that the integral of the black and white areas over any interval of length π/2 is π/2, proving the areas are equal.