Pipe racks are structures designed to support pipes, cables, and equipment in industrial facilities. The document discusses various design loads that should be considered when designing pipe racks, including dead loads, live loads, thermal loads, earthquake loads, wind loads, and load combinations. It provides guidance from codes like the IBC and standards like ASCE 7, and also discusses recommendations from industry sources like the PIP for determining and applying the different types of loads to the structural design of pipe racks.
This document provides guidelines for designing pipe racks and rack piping. It discusses pipe rack design criteria such as shapes, future space allowance, width, and clearances. It also covers pipe rack loading considerations. For rack piping, it outlines guidelines for positioning lines, spacing, routing larger lines and expansion loops. The document is intended to ensure pipe racks and piping arrangements are designed properly to support process units in a chemical plant.
Design of column base plates anchor boltKhaled Eid
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It covers base plate materials and design for different load cases including axial, moment, and shear loads. It also discusses anchor rod types, materials, and design for tension and shear loading based on calculations of the steel and concrete breakout strengths according to building codes.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
AISC - Steel Construction Manual-American Institute of Steel Construction (20...AlejandraGalvis18
This part provides dimensional and mechanical properties for various structural steel shapes including W-shapes, channels, angles, tees, hollow structural sections, pipe, double angles, double channels, plates, and other products. Standard mill practices for hot-rolled shapes, hollow sections, pipe and plates are also summarized. Tables with design dimensions, detailing dimensions, and axial and flexural properties are included for common structural shapes.
Pipe stress analysis is carried out to ensure the structural integrity of piping systems and predict stresses from various loads like pressure, temperature, weight, and seismic forces. It is important to analyze thermal loads at different operating conditions, sustained loads from pressure and weight, seismic loads, wind loads, pressure relief valve reaction forces, and slug forces. All types of load cases must be considered for accurate stress analysis to prevent piping system failure.
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
The document discusses the use of computer programs like STAAD Pro for structural design and analysis. It explains how earlier structural designs were done manually using slide rules and calculators but computers now allow for more accurate analysis of frames, beams and modeling of entire buildings in 3D. STAAD Pro is highlighted as a powerful program that can be used for 3D modeling and analysis of multi-storied buildings, offering various analysis types and design capabilities for steel, concrete and other materials according to different codes.
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete deep beams. It defines deep beams as having a span/depth ratio less than 2 or a continuous beam ratio less than 2.5. Deep beams behave differently than elementary beam theory due to non-linear stress distributions. Their behavior depends on loading type and cracking typically occurs between one-third to one-half of the ultimate load. Design considerations include checking for minimum thickness, flexural design, shear design, and anchorage of tension reinforcement.
This document provides guidelines for designing pipe racks and rack piping. It discusses pipe rack design criteria such as shapes, future space allowance, width, and clearances. It also covers pipe rack loading considerations. For rack piping, it outlines guidelines for positioning lines, spacing, routing larger lines and expansion loops. The document is intended to ensure pipe racks and piping arrangements are designed properly to support process units in a chemical plant.
Design of column base plates anchor boltKhaled Eid
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It covers base plate materials and design for different load cases including axial, moment, and shear loads. It also discusses anchor rod types, materials, and design for tension and shear loading based on calculations of the steel and concrete breakout strengths according to building codes.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
AISC - Steel Construction Manual-American Institute of Steel Construction (20...AlejandraGalvis18
This part provides dimensional and mechanical properties for various structural steel shapes including W-shapes, channels, angles, tees, hollow structural sections, pipe, double angles, double channels, plates, and other products. Standard mill practices for hot-rolled shapes, hollow sections, pipe and plates are also summarized. Tables with design dimensions, detailing dimensions, and axial and flexural properties are included for common structural shapes.
Pipe stress analysis is carried out to ensure the structural integrity of piping systems and predict stresses from various loads like pressure, temperature, weight, and seismic forces. It is important to analyze thermal loads at different operating conditions, sustained loads from pressure and weight, seismic loads, wind loads, pressure relief valve reaction forces, and slug forces. All types of load cases must be considered for accurate stress analysis to prevent piping system failure.
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
The document discusses the use of computer programs like STAAD Pro for structural design and analysis. It explains how earlier structural designs were done manually using slide rules and calculators but computers now allow for more accurate analysis of frames, beams and modeling of entire buildings in 3D. STAAD Pro is highlighted as a powerful program that can be used for 3D modeling and analysis of multi-storied buildings, offering various analysis types and design capabilities for steel, concrete and other materials according to different codes.
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete deep beams. It defines deep beams as having a span/depth ratio less than 2 or a continuous beam ratio less than 2.5. Deep beams behave differently than elementary beam theory due to non-linear stress distributions. Their behavior depends on loading type and cracking typically occurs between one-third to one-half of the ultimate load. Design considerations include checking for minimum thickness, flexural design, shear design, and anchorage of tension reinforcement.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
This document summarizes a student project to design a high temperature and pressure naphtha piping system. It includes the project members, objectives to understand piping design concepts and flexibility, and perform stress analysis manually and using CAESER II software. The problem statement is to design a 6" diameter pipe connecting a centrifugal pump and pressure vessel operating at 300°C and 21.4kg/cm2. The document outlines the design methodology, calculations, material selection, and references used.
This document provides an overview of cold-formed steel sections. It discusses that cold-formed steel sections are manufactured from steel sheets without applying heat through a process like roll forming. The document compares the properties of cold-formed and hot-rolled steel sections, outlines common shapes and applications of cold-formed sections, and describes their behavior under compression and factors like local buckling. It also defines terms related to cold-formed steel and discusses provisions in codes governing their design and use in construction.
Welded connections can join metal pieces through a metallurgical bond. Common welded joints include butt joints, fillet welds, slot welds, and plug welds. Fillet welds join surfaces at right angles and have a triangular cross-section. Specifications cover weld sizes, lengths, and stresses. Advantages of welding include increased strength and reduced weight, while disadvantages include potential cracking and distortion during cooling. Design of welded joints involves calculating weld sizes and lengths to transmit required loads based on permissible stresses.
This document discusses types of bolt connections based on arrangement of bolts and plates, mode of load transmission, and nature and location of load. There are two main types of joints subjected to axial loads: lap joints and butt joints. Butt joints are preferable to lap joints because the load is split between members, eliminating eccentricity and bending. Bolt connections can fail due to shear, bearing, or tension failures of bolts or plates. The design strength of bolts is governed by their strength in shear, bearing, or tension with safety factors applied.
Cold-Formed-Steel Design And Construction ( Steel Structure )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the history and development of cold-formed steel structural shapes. It begins by describing how Henry Cort introduced sheet rolling mills in 1784, leading to the first use of corrugated steel sheets for building materials. Continuous hot-rolling mills developed by John Tytus in 1923 enabled the modern steel fabricating industry using coiled strip steel. The document then discusses how cold-formed steel shapes are made through bending sheet or strip steel using roll-forming machines, press brakes, or bending brakes. It provides examples of common cold-formed steel products like door and window frames. The key principles in designing with cold-formed steel include preventing local buckling in thin, wide elements and accounting for shear lag and
This document provides standards for piping design, layout, and stress analysis. It covers topics such as design and layout considerations including numbering systems, safety, clearance, pipe routing, valves, equipment piping, and stress analysis criteria. The standards are intended to replace individual company specifications and be used in existing and future offshore oil and gas developments. It references other NORSOK and international standards and does not cover all instrument control piping, risers, sanitary piping, or GRP piping.
Piping components, materials, codes and standards part 1- pipeAlireza Niakani
The course is focused on four areas: piping components, pipe materials and manufacture, sizes, codes and standards. Applicable piping codes for oil and gas facilities (ISO, B31.3, B31.4, B31.8, etc.), pipe sizing calculations, pipe installation, and materials selection are an integral part of the course. The emphasis is on proper material selection and specification of piping systems.
Pressure vessels are designed to safely operate at specific pressures and temperatures. They consist of a cylindrical shell and elliptical or hemispherical heads and are used in applications like reactors, heat exchangers, and storage tanks. Pressure vessels are categorized based on whether they are fired or unfired. Unfired pressure vessels include tanks for storing gases and liquids and are designed according to codes like IS 2825-1969, which specifies design procedures and allows for different material stresses and corrosion allowances depending on the vessel's class. Key considerations in pressure vessel design include operating conditions, materials, dimensions, openings, and supports.
This document discusses pipeline stress analysis using CAESAR II. It summarizes that pipeline and piping stress analysis differ in modeling approaches due to underground versus aboveground conditions. Key aspects of pipeline modeling covered include buried element modeling, use of anchor blocks at transitions from underground to aboveground, and consideration of load case combinations for stress analysis. Example results from a CAESAR II stress report are presented.
CAESAR-II is a piping stress analysis software that is used to perform static and dynamic stress analysis of piping systems. It allows users to create new input files, configure analysis settings, generate input data by entering component details, resolve any errors in the input file, select applicable load cases for analysis, and generate a variety of output reports including displacement, restraint, stress, and sorted stress reports. The software also enables users to view the 3D model and stress results in graphics mode for visual verification.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
This document is a project report on piping stress analysis submitted by three students - Adwait A. Joshi, Robin T. Cherian, and Girish R. Rao - to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree requirements. It was completed under the guidance of their internal project guide Prof. Ms. R. R. Easow at Sardar Patel College of Engineering, with external guidance from Prof. A. S. Moharir of IIT Bombay's Piping Engineering Cell. The report introduces piping stress analysis, outlines the objectives and scope of analyzing stresses in piping systems, and describes how loads are classified and their effects on piping stresses
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
This presentation summarizes different types of bolted connections. It discusses bearing bolts, which can be unfinished or finished. Unfinished bolts have rough shanks while finished bolts have circular shanks from turning. It also defines terminology used in bolted connections like pitch, gauge distance, and edge distance. Finally, it discusses grade classifications for bolts based on their strength and specifies requirements for bolted connections according to Indian codes and standards, distinguishing between lap joints and butt joints.
This presentation discusses structural design. Structural design applies math and science concepts to design structures for stability and sustainability. The structural design process involves several steps: 1) The architect designs the building layout. 2) The structural engineer designs the structure to fit the architecture and chooses structural systems. 3) A general layout is developed considering loads, material selection, and cost. 4) Loads are calculated and stress analysis is performed. 5) Structural elements are selected. 6) Drawings and specifications are created. 7) Approvals are obtained before proceeding to construction. Structural drawings use different scales and show dimensions, lines, and projections to convey design details.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Expansion joints are assemblies designed to absorb vibrations and dimensional changes in pipelines, ducts, and vessels caused by thermal expansion or contraction. They contain bellows that flex to accommodate thermal movements. There are various types of expansion joints that differ in their ability to absorb axial, lateral, and angular movements and withstand pressure thrust forces. Tied and hinged expansion joints contain pressure thrust with tie rods or hinges, while untied joints require external anchoring. Selection of the proper expansion joint depends on the application's movement and pressure requirements.
American Society of Civil Engineers
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
2010
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
This document outlines the scope of work for a plant design piping and equipment team. The team is responsible for creating piping layouts, equipment layouts, spacing considerations, equipment lists, pipe supports, isometrics, and general arrangement drawings. This is done using input documents such as plot plans, P&ID diagrams, piping specifications, and equipment data sheets. The document then provides details on specific types of piping (pump, exchanger, drum, etc.), equipment (pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, towers, compressors), and other design considerations (supports, input documents).
Energy Efficiency tip of the day (Improving pumping systems piping configuration)
Summary
Pumping System piping should be configured with an awareness of the energy costs associated with poor flow profiles. Although piping layouts are usually dictated by space constraints, there are often opportunities to minimize unnecessary pressure drops by avoiding sharp bends, expansions, and contractions and by keeping piping as straight as possible. For example, orienting valves and system equipment so that they are in line with the pipe run is one useful rule of thumb.
In the below diagram you will find:
1. The three main steps to optimize the configuration of a pumping system.
a. finding the proper pipe size
b. designing a piping layout that minimizes pressure drops
c. selecting low-loss components
2. The three common pipe configuration problems that results in poor performance.
a. An improper flow profile
b. vapor collection
c. vortex formation
Www.360proactiveengineer.com
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
This document summarizes a student project to design a high temperature and pressure naphtha piping system. It includes the project members, objectives to understand piping design concepts and flexibility, and perform stress analysis manually and using CAESER II software. The problem statement is to design a 6" diameter pipe connecting a centrifugal pump and pressure vessel operating at 300°C and 21.4kg/cm2. The document outlines the design methodology, calculations, material selection, and references used.
This document provides an overview of cold-formed steel sections. It discusses that cold-formed steel sections are manufactured from steel sheets without applying heat through a process like roll forming. The document compares the properties of cold-formed and hot-rolled steel sections, outlines common shapes and applications of cold-formed sections, and describes their behavior under compression and factors like local buckling. It also defines terms related to cold-formed steel and discusses provisions in codes governing their design and use in construction.
Welded connections can join metal pieces through a metallurgical bond. Common welded joints include butt joints, fillet welds, slot welds, and plug welds. Fillet welds join surfaces at right angles and have a triangular cross-section. Specifications cover weld sizes, lengths, and stresses. Advantages of welding include increased strength and reduced weight, while disadvantages include potential cracking and distortion during cooling. Design of welded joints involves calculating weld sizes and lengths to transmit required loads based on permissible stresses.
This document discusses types of bolt connections based on arrangement of bolts and plates, mode of load transmission, and nature and location of load. There are two main types of joints subjected to axial loads: lap joints and butt joints. Butt joints are preferable to lap joints because the load is split between members, eliminating eccentricity and bending. Bolt connections can fail due to shear, bearing, or tension failures of bolts or plates. The design strength of bolts is governed by their strength in shear, bearing, or tension with safety factors applied.
Cold-Formed-Steel Design And Construction ( Steel Structure )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the history and development of cold-formed steel structural shapes. It begins by describing how Henry Cort introduced sheet rolling mills in 1784, leading to the first use of corrugated steel sheets for building materials. Continuous hot-rolling mills developed by John Tytus in 1923 enabled the modern steel fabricating industry using coiled strip steel. The document then discusses how cold-formed steel shapes are made through bending sheet or strip steel using roll-forming machines, press brakes, or bending brakes. It provides examples of common cold-formed steel products like door and window frames. The key principles in designing with cold-formed steel include preventing local buckling in thin, wide elements and accounting for shear lag and
This document provides standards for piping design, layout, and stress analysis. It covers topics such as design and layout considerations including numbering systems, safety, clearance, pipe routing, valves, equipment piping, and stress analysis criteria. The standards are intended to replace individual company specifications and be used in existing and future offshore oil and gas developments. It references other NORSOK and international standards and does not cover all instrument control piping, risers, sanitary piping, or GRP piping.
Piping components, materials, codes and standards part 1- pipeAlireza Niakani
The course is focused on four areas: piping components, pipe materials and manufacture, sizes, codes and standards. Applicable piping codes for oil and gas facilities (ISO, B31.3, B31.4, B31.8, etc.), pipe sizing calculations, pipe installation, and materials selection are an integral part of the course. The emphasis is on proper material selection and specification of piping systems.
Pressure vessels are designed to safely operate at specific pressures and temperatures. They consist of a cylindrical shell and elliptical or hemispherical heads and are used in applications like reactors, heat exchangers, and storage tanks. Pressure vessels are categorized based on whether they are fired or unfired. Unfired pressure vessels include tanks for storing gases and liquids and are designed according to codes like IS 2825-1969, which specifies design procedures and allows for different material stresses and corrosion allowances depending on the vessel's class. Key considerations in pressure vessel design include operating conditions, materials, dimensions, openings, and supports.
This document discusses pipeline stress analysis using CAESAR II. It summarizes that pipeline and piping stress analysis differ in modeling approaches due to underground versus aboveground conditions. Key aspects of pipeline modeling covered include buried element modeling, use of anchor blocks at transitions from underground to aboveground, and consideration of load case combinations for stress analysis. Example results from a CAESAR II stress report are presented.
CAESAR-II is a piping stress analysis software that is used to perform static and dynamic stress analysis of piping systems. It allows users to create new input files, configure analysis settings, generate input data by entering component details, resolve any errors in the input file, select applicable load cases for analysis, and generate a variety of output reports including displacement, restraint, stress, and sorted stress reports. The software also enables users to view the 3D model and stress results in graphics mode for visual verification.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
This document is a project report on piping stress analysis submitted by three students - Adwait A. Joshi, Robin T. Cherian, and Girish R. Rao - to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree requirements. It was completed under the guidance of their internal project guide Prof. Ms. R. R. Easow at Sardar Patel College of Engineering, with external guidance from Prof. A. S. Moharir of IIT Bombay's Piping Engineering Cell. The report introduces piping stress analysis, outlines the objectives and scope of analyzing stresses in piping systems, and describes how loads are classified and their effects on piping stresses
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
This presentation summarizes different types of bolted connections. It discusses bearing bolts, which can be unfinished or finished. Unfinished bolts have rough shanks while finished bolts have circular shanks from turning. It also defines terminology used in bolted connections like pitch, gauge distance, and edge distance. Finally, it discusses grade classifications for bolts based on their strength and specifies requirements for bolted connections according to Indian codes and standards, distinguishing between lap joints and butt joints.
This presentation discusses structural design. Structural design applies math and science concepts to design structures for stability and sustainability. The structural design process involves several steps: 1) The architect designs the building layout. 2) The structural engineer designs the structure to fit the architecture and chooses structural systems. 3) A general layout is developed considering loads, material selection, and cost. 4) Loads are calculated and stress analysis is performed. 5) Structural elements are selected. 6) Drawings and specifications are created. 7) Approvals are obtained before proceeding to construction. Structural drawings use different scales and show dimensions, lines, and projections to convey design details.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Expansion joints are assemblies designed to absorb vibrations and dimensional changes in pipelines, ducts, and vessels caused by thermal expansion or contraction. They contain bellows that flex to accommodate thermal movements. There are various types of expansion joints that differ in their ability to absorb axial, lateral, and angular movements and withstand pressure thrust forces. Tied and hinged expansion joints contain pressure thrust with tie rods or hinges, while untied joints require external anchoring. Selection of the proper expansion joint depends on the application's movement and pressure requirements.
American Society of Civil Engineers
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
2010
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
This document outlines the scope of work for a plant design piping and equipment team. The team is responsible for creating piping layouts, equipment layouts, spacing considerations, equipment lists, pipe supports, isometrics, and general arrangement drawings. This is done using input documents such as plot plans, P&ID diagrams, piping specifications, and equipment data sheets. The document then provides details on specific types of piping (pump, exchanger, drum, etc.), equipment (pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, towers, compressors), and other design considerations (supports, input documents).
Energy Efficiency tip of the day (Improving pumping systems piping configuration)
Summary
Pumping System piping should be configured with an awareness of the energy costs associated with poor flow profiles. Although piping layouts are usually dictated by space constraints, there are often opportunities to minimize unnecessary pressure drops by avoiding sharp bends, expansions, and contractions and by keeping piping as straight as possible. For example, orienting valves and system equipment so that they are in line with the pipe run is one useful rule of thumb.
In the below diagram you will find:
1. The three main steps to optimize the configuration of a pumping system.
a. finding the proper pipe size
b. designing a piping layout that minimizes pressure drops
c. selecting low-loss components
2. The three common pipe configuration problems that results in poor performance.
a. An improper flow profile
b. vapor collection
c. vortex formation
Www.360proactiveengineer.com
This document does not provide any clear information that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less. The document contains only blank lines without any words, sentences, or meaningful content that could be abstracted and summarized.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a piping engineer. It outlines that a piping engineer is responsible for the accurate design of piping systems according to specifications while achieving an economic design. A piping engineer must have knowledge of various engineering disciplines and codes/standards. The inputs and outputs of piping design are listed, including things like piping layouts, support designs, and isometric drawings. Common piping symbols and components are also defined.
Floods in Malaysia are caused by heavy rainfall, climate events like La Nina, low-lying topography, poor drainage systems, debris blocking rivers, lack of dams to regulate water flow, coastal areas below high tide, river obstructions, loss of retention areas, and sedimentation. Floods impact societies in flood-prone areas through loss of life, property damage, and significant annual costs to the government for relief and rehabilitation. Solutions include structural measures like river improvements, embankments, barriers, gates, drainage systems, and dams as well as non-structural measures such as legislation, planning, forest protection, forecasting, warning systems, education, relocation, development control, and environmental assessment.
This document summarizes the verification of the ETABS software for analyzing a three-story plane frame subjected to various code-specified lateral loads. The frame geometry, material properties, and load cases are described. Code parameters for UBC 1997 seismic, ASCE 7-02 seismic, and UBC 1997 wind loads are provided. ETABS calculates story shears that are then compared to theoretical hand calculations, showing an exact match in results. This verifies that ETABS is accurately analyzing this structure under the specified lateral loading conditions.
This document discusses facility electrical protection solutions from ERICO. It begins by outlining the risks facilities face from lightning strikes, which cause billions in damages annually. It then discusses ERICO's comprehensive approach to facility protection, considering lightning protection, grounding, bonding, and surge protection together. The document provides information on ERICO's products and services for lightning protection air terminals and downconductors, grounding and bonding solutions, surge protection, and design services. It presents ERICO's Six Point Plan for total facility protection and discusses applications for key industries like power generation, telecommunications, aviation, oil and gas, mining, and rail.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang isu-isu lingkungan di Malaysia, termasuk pencemaran air, udara, dan pantai. Faktor utama yang menyebabkan masalah lingkungan adalah aktivitas pembangunan yang tidak terkendali dan sikap manusia yang kurang bertanggungjawab. Dokumen ini juga menyentuh solusi untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah tersebut seperti pengelolaan limbah yang lebih baik dan perlindungan kawasan tutupan.
This document provides an overview and contents of an online course about ASME Section I and Section VIII fundamentals. It includes:
- An introduction to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code which contains 12 sections covering various topics like power boilers, materials, pressure vessels, welding qualifications, and piping codes.
- Summaries of the scopes and requirements of key sections like Section I (power boilers), Section VIII (pressure vessels), and the B31 piping codes.
- Information on ASME certification and inspection procedures for pressure equipment.
- A note on converting between imperial and metric units in the ASME codes.
- An introduction to the fundamentals and design requirements
Plumbing presentation by Jose Anacleto SoberanoEsOj Soberano
Vitrified clay pipe is one of the oldest sewer line materials, made from clay cast into lengths and heated to over 1370°C. It is durable underground but brittle, requiring careful installation. Lead pipe was also historically used but is toxic. Galvanized steel pipe coats steel with zinc to prevent rust but is susceptible to corrosion from water chemicals over time. It is heavier than PVC but cheaper than copper. Galvanized wrought iron pipe is higher quality than steel for plumbing due to greater acid resistance.
This document discusses performance monitoring for gas turbines. It begins by explaining that performance monitoring is important for maximizing efficiency and minimizing costs, though it is less common than mechanical condition monitoring. It then discusses:
- How a performance monitoring system works and the types of information it can provide
- The business case for monitoring performance based on potential fuel cost savings
- Examples of how customers are obtaining value from performance monitoring systems
It describes the various performance monitoring solutions available from GE Energy. It also explains key concepts regarding gas turbine thermodynamics and the factors that can affect performance. These include ambient conditions, load, fuel properties, and degradation. It emphasizes the importance of differentiating between "natural" causes of performance changes
Seismic Design of Buried Structures in PH and NZLawrence Galvez
This document discusses seismic design of buried rectangular structures according to Philippines and New Zealand design codes. It notes that buried structures generally perform better in earthquakes than above-ground structures due to less dynamic amplification effects. While the Mononobe-Okabe method is commonly used internationally for seismic design, the document argues this method has limitations and conservatisms. It reviews Philippines and New Zealand code requirements, which generally do not consider dynamic earth pressures for buried structures. The document proposes simplified seismic design approaches are needed to minimize conservatism for buried structures.
Design Procedure of Tabletop Foundations for Vibrating MachinesKee H. Lee, P.Eng.
The document provides an overview of the design procedure and requirements for analyzing the dynamic response of a tabletop foundation that supports large rotating equipment. It outlines the steps, which include: 1) preliminary sizing and geometry of the foundation, 2) determining design loads from the equipment, 3) dynamic analysis to calculate natural frequencies and mode shapes, 4) response spectrum or time history analysis to evaluate vibration performance, and 5) structural sizing to satisfy strength requirements. Key considerations discussed include avoiding resonant vibrations, applying dynamic loads as harmonic functions, and limiting vibration velocities and foundation settlements.
1. Four types of transportation systems used in buildings are lifts, escalators, paternosters, and travelators.
2. Lifts make vertical circulation quicker and easier, allowing buildings to rise above 4-5 floors. Escalators can handle large passenger volumes but only raise people over a limited height.
3. Transportation systems impact building design by requiring space, stronger structures, and influencing size and height. They also increase costs but enhance value.
Fundamental of Pipes for Oil & Gas EngineerVarun Patel
You will learn about fundamental of pipes that used in process piping of oil and gas industries. You will learn different types of pipe and common material and ASTM grades. You will also learn about NPS & Schedule number that used to define pipe size and thickness. You will also learn about double random & single random pipe length, and what is the difference between small bore and large bore pipe.
This document provides information about earthing systems including their purposes, specifications, types, and maintenance. The key points are:
1) Earthing systems are used to protect lives and equipment from electrical shock by providing a safe path for currents to travel and ensuring conductive parts do not reach dangerous potentials.
2) Recommended earth resistance values vary based on the equipment, with substations requiring lower values like 0.5-2 ohms and individual devices like poles needing 5-10 ohms.
3) Common earthing types include pipe, plate, strip, and rod systems, with factors like soil conditions determining which type is best. Pipe earthing using galvanized iron pipes 10 feet long is very
Ukur aras digunakan untuk menentukan ketinggian titik-titik di atas permukaan bumi berbanding dengan titik rujukan. Ia penting untuk pemetaan kontur, memplot keratan muka bumi, membentuk titik ketinggian dalam projek, dan menetapkan kedalaman dan ketinggian untuk pembinaan. Alat utama ialah setaf aras dan alat aras, manakala kaedah pengiraan menggunakan kaedah naik-turun atau kenaikan-turunan
Seis razones para utilizar tuberías de cobreDincorsa
Las tuberías de cobre son ideales para cualquier tipo de instalación que se requiera efectuar. El cobre es un material que cuenta con innumerables propiedades que hace a las tuberías herramientas muy útiles y versátiles.
- Vibration is the complex motion of machine parts that can be characterized by parameters like displacement, velocity, and acceleration. These parameters relate to each other based on frequency.
- Forces like stiffness, damping, and inertia cause and influence vibration. Stiffness resists deflection while damping dissipates energy. Inertia causes resistance to changes in motion.
- Vibration is measured using transducers that convert mechanical vibrations to electrical signals. Common transducers include displacement probes, velocity sensors, and accelerometers suited to different frequency ranges.
- Proper selection of measurement parameters and transducers is important for vibration analysis of machinery to identify issues like resonances, imbalance, and component wear
This document provides an introduction to machine foundation design, which involves structural dynamics, structural engineering, and geotechnical engineering. It discusses the differences between static and dynamic analysis, and covers fundamental concepts in vibration theory like natural frequency, damping, and resonance that are important for machine foundation design. Harmonic motion is described as the simplest form of vibration induced by machines. Different types of vibrating machines are discussed, including reciprocating machines, rotary machines, and impact machines. Machine foundations must be designed to withstand the vibratory loads from machine operation while preventing excessive vibration that could damage the machine or foundation.
This document provides an overview and introduction to ASME Section VIII Division 1, which establishes rules for the construction of pressure vessels. It discusses the historical context that led to the development of pressure vessel codes, an overview of ASME's codes and standards, key definitions, and the design requirements and considerations specified in Section VIII Division 1. The document covers topics such as material selection, corrosion allowances, minimum thickness requirements, design pressure, and loadings that must be considered in pressure vessel design.
This document provides guidelines for the design of steel stacks. It covers terminology, loading considerations, materials, structural design, construction, inspection, maintenance and painting. Key points include:
1. Stack design is complex due to susceptibility to wind and seismic vibrations, as well as corrosion. EPA regulations also emphasize mechanical design.
2. Stacks can be free standing, multi-flue, base supported and braced, or base supported and guyed. Vertical and lateral supports are considered.
3. Stacks may be laterally supported by other structures like towers. Structural interaction must be considered in analysis. Braced stacks require smaller foundations.
This document outlines standards for the design of galvanized steel poles used in overhead transmission lines. It covers various types of loads on poles from wind, temperature changes, broken wires, and maintenance activities. It specifies materials and strengths for poles, bolts, nuts and other components. It also provides directions for calculating loads from sagging wires, wind pressure, and transverse, vertical and longitudinal loads. Permissible stresses are defined for different types of stresses on poles, bolts and welds.
This document reviews various building code provisions for designing liquid storage tanks to withstand seismic forces. It finds that depending on the type of tank, design seismic forces can be 3 to 7 times higher than for buildings. International Building Code 2000 specifies lower response modification factors for tanks, resulting in higher base shear coefficients. For tanks, the minimum base shear coefficient is over 3 times that for ductile buildings. Provisions in other codes like ACI, AWWA, API, Eurocode 8 and New Zealand are also reviewed and similarities, discrepancies and limitations are identified. The Indian code is briefly described along with suggestions for improvements.
This document outlines standards and guidelines for constructing overhead distribution lines in Saudi Arabia. It defines various pole types and spans, and provides specifications for materials, clearances, foundations, conductor installation and other aspects of overhead line design and construction. The standards are intended to promote standardization and ensure reliable and economical distribution lines are built.
In this you will find some of the basic thing regarding the elevated water tank and this is our one of the team project work in college. Hope you will enjoy it....
This document provides the design calculations for upgrading the cathodic protection system for existing gas pipelines and new LPG pipelines. It determines that a single impressed current system located at Dinh Co would provide adequate protection. The system requires 30 titanium tubular anodes installed in a groundbed with a resistance of 0.5844 ohms. A 45 volt transformer rectifier output would be needed to supply the required 54.32 amp current output to protect over 32,000 square meters of pipeline surface area according to international cathodic protection standards.
This document provides specifications for replacing existing escalators within the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Metro Rail System. It includes requirements for the removal of old escalators and installation of new heavy-duty escalators designed for transit system use. The specifications cover general project scope, related documents, demolition/removal work, new escalator installation requirements, definitions, escalator descriptions, design/performance standards, quality assurance processes, and contractor experience qualifications.
This document provides guidelines for installing and observing cross arms to measure internal vertical movement in earth dams. It describes the components of the mechanical cross arm installation including the base extension, cross arm units, spacer sections, and top section. It provides details on installing each component as the dam is constructed in rock-free or rocky soils. Observation involves using a measuring torpedo attached to a steel tape or cable to take settlement readings from the installed cross arm system.
This document provides guidance on the design of cableway systems for stream gauging. It discusses key components of bank-side cableway systems including support columns, main cables, traversing cables, meter suspension cables, and hydrometric winches. It provides details on selecting sinker weights, cables, and support column heights, and calculating cable tensions and structural loadings. Examples are given of typical component sizes and designs for cableway spans up to 200 meters.
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of short concrete columns reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and subjected to eccentric axial loads. Ten concrete columns with identical dimensions were tested. Some columns had steel reinforcement, some had CFRP bars, and one was unreinforced. The behavior of the columns was analyzed based on load-deflection response and failure mechanisms. The results showed that columns with CFRP bars had slightly lower load capacity than steel-reinforced columns under concentric loading but higher capacity under high eccentricity. Finite element analysis correlated reasonably well with experimental test data. In conclusion, CFRP reinforcement can effectively increase load capacity of eccentrically loaded columns.
The document discusses cathodic protection for above ground storage tanks (AGSTs). It introduces Elsyca and Audubon Companies, who provide software and services related to corrosion engineering. It then reviews the technical aspects of AGST cathodic protection, including the goals, complexities, and assumptions of current designs. Case studies are presented that measure and model the performance of different CP system designs. Recommendations are provided for improving new and existing AGST CP designs and construction to better achieve 30-year tank lifespan.
Piping Stress Analysis of a Hypothetical Oil Refinery Plant Having Separate S...IJSRD
In this study, a hypothetical simulation model is analyzed under varying uncertainty conditions; the key features of overlapping and functional interaction affect the performance measures of development time and effort. Findings indicate that, first and foremost, whether or not overlapping occurs, increasing functional interaction eventually leads to a sound system. A selective overview of group & individual process behaviors of a combined suction & discharge cycles of a hypothetical oil refinery plant is suggested. The pipe material is Carbon fiber reinforced plastic which is chosen because of its excellent length to weight ratio & it serves as an integral part the system which involves tank piping. This model uses psychologically legitimate & theoretically grounded models for time & decision rules. The results of preliminary simulation experiments suggest that the model is sensitive to structural & pay- off density & precisely replicates ideal free distributions. Pipe network models allow the modeling of storage tanks in which the working fluid (here, Naphtha) surface is inconsistent with inflow & outflow. Stress analysis of CFRP material shows that the maximum stresses are within allowable material strength. From the trials, it can be accomplished that, with proper design parameters, CFRP can take the design load similar to that of steel & other alloys
This document provides a design example for a three-span prestressed concrete girder bridge with a 50 ft wide roadway. It includes summaries of the superstructure design process, which involves deck design using the standard NMDOT detail, girder analysis and design using CONSPAN software, and bearing pad design. The substructure design process involves preliminary pier and abutment designs, including pier column and drilled shaft designs, and consideration of seismic design requirements. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methods are used throughout the design example.
IRJET- Analytical Behaviour of Stiffened and Unstiffened CFDST Short ColumnIRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the analytical behavior of concrete filled double-skinned steel tubular (CFDST) short columns with and without stiffeners through finite element modeling. The study considers CFDST columns with varying cross-sectional shapes and dimensions under different loading conditions. Results show that CFDST columns with circular-square cross-sections and additional plain stiffeners attached to the outer steel tube exhibited the highest load carrying capacity. Attaching stiffeners, especially plain or angle stiffeners, to the inner or outer steel tubes was found to increase the load carrying capacity of CFDST columns under both axial and lateral loading.
offshore structural design description, starts from codes and standards, data requirements, plate form data, extreme storm parameters, operational parameters and installation parameters
Stress Analysis Method , special points to be checked and understood by Piping engineers, Civil and Structural Engineers and especially by Stress Analysis Engineers.
In-Place Pipe Support Load Testing and Hanger Surveys_Part of a Best in Class...Britt Bettell
- A best-in-class piping fitness-for-service program involves regular visual inspections of pipe supports and hangers, as well as in-situ load testing of suspect supports to determine actual load values.
- In-situ load testing uses hydraulic tools to unload pipe hangers without disconnecting them from piping, allowing testing of critical online systems. It measures the actual load a hanger is supporting.
- Proper pipe support maintenance and load testing is important for the safe and reliable operation of piping systems, as required by various codes and standards, especially for high-risk creep-exposed lines. Load test data improves the accuracy of creep stress analyses.
The document discusses various types of structural loads that act on steel buildings, including dead loads, live loads, and roof live loads. It provides examples of how to calculate the tributary area for different structural elements like beams, columns, and slabs. It also explains how to calculate dead loads from structural components and how live loads may be reduced based on the tributary area supported using reduction factors from the ASCE standards. Roof live loads can also be reduced using two reduction factors based on the slope and tributary area. Three examples are provided to demonstrate calculating loads on different structural elements.
2. Pipe racks are structures in petrochemical, chemical and
power plants that are designed to support pipes, power
cables and instrument cable tray. They may also be used to
support mechanical equipment, vessels and valve access
platform. Pipe racks are non-building structures and the
design requirements found in the building codes are not
clear on how they are to be applied to pipe racks. In most of
the United States, the governing code is International
Building Code(IBC), which applies to buildings and also pipe
racks. IBC prescribe structural design criteria in chapters 16
through 23, and adopts by references many industry
standards and specifications that have been created in
accordance with American National Standard Institute
(ANSI) procedures.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. The other codes and standards for designing pipe rack are as
below:
ASCE 7 for design load
AISC 360 for structural steel material
AISC 341 & 358 for structural steel seismic requirement
PIP STC01015 design criteria provided by Process Industry
Practices (http://www.pip.org)
ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of
Petrochemical Facilities
8. DESIGNING LOAD:
Dead Loads (D)
Dead loads are defined in the IBC as “the weight of
materials of construction … including, but not limited to …
structural items, and the weight of fixed service equipment,
such as cranes, plumbing stacks and risers, electrical
feeders …” Dead loads are prescribed in the IBC Section
1606, with no reference to ASCE 7 or any industry standard
or specification.
The PIP Structural Design Criteria prescribes specific dead
loads for pipe racks. Pipe racks and their foundations should
be designed to support these loads applied on all available
rack space, unless other criteria is provided by the client.
9. Operating dead load (Do):
The operating dead load is the weight of piping, piping
insulation, cable tray, process equipment and vessels plus
their contents (fluid load). The piping and cable tray loads may
be based on actual loads or approximated by using uniform
loads. The PIP Structural Design Criteria recommends a
uniformly distributed load of 40 psf for pipe, which is
equivalent to 8-in.-diameter schedule 40 pipes filled with
water at 15-in. Spacing. Other uniform loads may be used
based on client requirements and engineering judgment. For
cable tray levels, a uniform distributed load of 20 psf for a
single level of cable trays and 40 psf for a double level of cable
trays may be used unless actual loading is greater.
10. Empty dead load (De):
The empty weight of piping, piping insulation, cable tray,
process equipment and vessels. When using approximate
uniform loads, 60% of the operating dead load for piping
levels is typically used. Engineering judgment should be used
for cable tray levels.
Test dead load (Dt):
The empty weight of the pipes plus the weight of the test
medium.
The use of large approximate uniform loads may be
conservative for the sizing of members and connections.
However, conservatively large uniform loads can become
unconservative for uplift, overturning and period
determination.
11. Live Loads (L)
Live loads are defined in the IBC as “Those loads produced by
the use and occupancy of the … structure, and do not include
construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow
load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load.” Live
loads are prescribed in IBC Section 1607, with no reference to
ASCE 7 or any industry standard or specification.
The minimum live loads applied to platforms and stairs that
are part of the pipe rack structure shall meet the minimum
loads per IBC Table 1607.1:
Stairs:
Per item 35, “stairs and exits—all others” shall be designed for
a 100-psf uniform load or a 300-lb point load over an area of 4
in.2, whichever produces the greater load effects.
12. Platforms:
Per item 39, “Walkways and elevated platforms” shall be
designed for 60-psf uniform load.
The PIP Structural Design Criteria also prescribes specific live
loads which may be applicable to platforms and stairs that are
part of the pipe racks. These loads are higher than required by
the IBC Building Code:
Stairs: Design for separate 100-psf uniform load and 1,000-lb
concentrated load.
Platforms: Design for separate 75-psf uniform load and 1,000-
lb concentrated load assumed to be uniformly distributed over
an area 22 ft by 22 ft.
13. Either of the preceding design criteria is acceptable and may
be reduced by the reduction in live loads provisions of IBC.
Often, the live load design criteria are specified by the client
and may be larger to accommodate additional loads for
maintenance.
Thermal Loads (T ) :
Thermal loads are defined in the IBC as “Self-straining forces
arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change.” Thermal loads may be caused by
changes in ambient temperature or may be caused by the
design (operating) temperature of the pipe.
The PIP Structural Design Criteria prescribes specific thermal
loads for pipe racks:
14. Thermal forces (T ):
The self-straining thermal forces caused by the restrained
expansion of the pipe rack structural members.
Pipe anchor and guide forces (Af):
Pipe anchors and guides restrain the pipe from moving in one
or more directions and cause expansion movement to occur at
desired locations in a piping system. Anchor and guide loads
are determined from a stress analysis of an individual pipe.
Beams, struts, columns, braced anchor frames and
foundations must be designed to resist actual pipe anchor and
guide loads.
15. Pipe friction forces (Ff):
These are friction forces on the pipe rack structural members
caused by the sliding of pipes in response to thermal
expansion due to the design (operating) temperature of the
pipe. For friction loads on individual structural members, use
the larger of 10% of the total piping weight or 40% of the
weight of the largest pipe undergoing thermal movement:
10% of the total piping weight assumes that the thermal
movements on the individual pipes do not occur
simultaneously; 40% of the largest pipe weight assumes steel-
on-steel friction.
16. Earthquake Loads (E)
Earthquake loads are prescribed in IBC Section 1613. This
section references ASCE 7 for the determination of earthquake
loads and motions. Seismic detailing of materials prescribed in
ASCE 7 Chapter 14 is specifically excluded from this reference.
Seismic detailing of structural steel materials are prescribed in
IBC Chapter 22.
The PIP Structural Design Criteria prescribes that earthquake
loads for pipe racks are determined in accordance with ASCE 7
and the following:
Evaluate drift limits in accordance with ASCE 7, Chapter 12.
Consider pipe racks to be non-building structures in accordance with
ASCE 7, Chapter 15.
17. Consider the recommendations of Guidelines for Seismic
Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities (ASCE,
1997a).
Use occupancy category III and an importance factor (I ) of
1.25, unless specified otherwise by client criteria.
Consider an operating earthquake load (Eo). This is the load
considering the operating dead load (Do) as part of the
seismic effective weight.
Consider an empty earthquake load (Ee). This is the load
considering the empty dead load (De) as part of the seismic
effective weight.
The ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of
Petrochemical Facilities is based on the 1994 Uniform Building
Code (UBC) (ICBO, 1994), and references to various seismic
load parameters are based on obsolete allowable stress design
equations not used in the IBC. Nevertheless, this document is
a useful resource for consideration of earthquake effects.
18. Wind Loads (W)
Wind loads are prescribed in IBC Section 1609. This section
references ASCE 7 as an acceptable alternative to the IBC
requirements. Most design practitioners use the ASCE 7
wind load requirements.
The PIP Structural Design Criteria prescribes that wind loads
for pipe racks are determined in accordance with ASCE 7
and the following:
Wind drift with the full wind load should not exceed the pipe
rack height divided by 100.
Consider partial wind load (Wp). This is the wind load
determined in accordance with ASCE 7 based on a wind
speed of 68 mph. This wind load should be used in load
combination with structure dead loads (Ds) and test dead
loads (Dt).
19. The ASCE Wind Guideline (ASCE, 1997b) recommends that
wind loads for pipe racks are determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 and the following:
Calculate wind on the pipe rack structure, neglecting any
shielding. Use a force coefficient of Cf = 1.8 on structural
members, or alternatively use Cf = 2.0 below the first level
and Cf = 1.6 above the first level.
Calculate transverse wind on each pipe level. The tributary
height for each pipe level should be taken as the Pipe
diameter (including insulation) plus 10% of the pipe rack
transverse width. The tributary area is the tributary height
times the tributary length of the pipes. Use a minimum
force coefficient of Cf = 0.7 on pipes.
20. Calculate transverse wind on each cable tray level. The
tributary height for each pipe level should be taken as the
largest tray height plus 10% of the pipe rack transverse
width. The tributary area is the tributary height times the
tributary length of the cable tray. Use a minimum force
coefficient of Cf = 2.0 on cable trays.
o Rain Loads (R)
Rain loads are prescribed in IBC Section 1611. The IBC
requirements are intended for roofs that can accumulate rain
water. Pipe rack structural members, piping and cable trays do
not accumulate rain water. Unless the pipe rack supports
equipment that can accumulate rain water, rain loads need not
be considered.
21. Snow Loads (S)
Snow loads are prescribed in IBC Section 1608. This section
references ASCE 7 for the determination of snow loads. The
IBC provisions are intended for determining snow loads on
roofs. Typically, pipe racks are much different than building
roofs, and the flat areas of a pipe rack where snow can
accumulate vary. Thus, engineering judgment must be used
when applying snow loads.
The flat-roof snow load could be used for determining the
snow load on a pipe rack. The area to apply the snow load
depends on what is in the pipe rack and how close the items
are to each other. For example, if the pipe rack contains cable
trays with covers, the area could be based on the solidity in
the plan view. If the pipe rack only contains pipe with large
spacing, the area would be small because only small amounts
of snow will accumulate on pipe.
22. By using this approach, combinations with snow load usually
do not govern the design except in areas of heavy snow
loading. In areas of heavy snow loading, the client may
provide snow load requirements based on their experience.
Ice Loads (Di)
Atmospheric ice loading is not a requirement of the IBC code.
However, atmospheric ice load provisions are provided in ASCE
7, Chapter 10. It is recommended that ice loading be
investigated to determine if it may influence the design of the
pipe rack.
23. LOAD COMBINATION
Load Combinations
Load combinations are defined in IBC Section 1605, with no
reference to ASCE 7 or any industry standard or
specification. The IBC strength load combinations that are
listed below consider only the load types typically applicable
to pipe racks (D, L, T, W and E ). Loads usually not
applicable to pipe racks are roof live (Lr), snow (S ), rain
(R ), ice (Di) and lateral earth pressure (H ).
24.
25.
26. REFERENCES
IBC (Internal Building Code)
ASCE 7-Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures (American Society of Civil engineering)
PIP STC01015 design criteria
Design of Structural Steel Pipe Racks part 1 & 2 by Richard
M. Drake and Robot J. Walter