This document provides information on nutrition for aircrew. It discusses that aircrew require special attention to their diet as flying is strenuous. The diet should aim to regularly refuel aircrew with nutrients, as an aircraft is refueled. Incorrect feeding can cause errors leading to accidents. It recommends the diet contain proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It provides details on calorie requirements and ideal weights for aircrew. It also discusses food requirements before, during and after flights to maintain performance and prevent issues like hypoglycemia.
Human performance and limitation revisedabu afifah
The document discusses human physiology and performance as it relates to flying, covering topics like the respiratory system, effects of altitude on oxygen levels, symptoms of hypoxia, hyperventilation, and barotrauma. It provides an overview of how the body uses oxygen and the consequences of reduced ambient pressure at altitude, such as impaired judgement and loss of consciousness. The summary aims to provide pilots with knowledge on human factors and limitations for safe flying.
This document provides an overview of a maintenance and engineering training class on the master warning and caution lights on a Boeing 737-800 aircraft. The class will cover locating major components and describing their functions, panel operation and interface, electrical power distribution and control, routine servicing, minimum equipment lists, and troubleshooting. It provides information on the annunciator and dimming module location, its interface with other aircraft systems, recall check procedures, lamp replacement, and asks review questions at the end.
This document outlines 12 common causes of human error in aircraft maintenance, called "The Dirty Dozen". It describes each of the 12 factors, including lack of communication, complacency, lack of knowledge, distraction, lack of teamwork, fatigue, lack of resources, pressure, lack of assertiveness, stress, lack of awareness, and norms. For each factor, examples of accidents are presented and recommendations are provided for how to reduce errors by improving safety nets like checklists, inspections, and communication between maintenance technicians. The goal is to raise awareness of the types of human errors that can occur and how following best practices in maintenance can help prevent accidents.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on conducting an exterior inspection of the Boeing 737 aircraft. The presentation covers inspections of the classic and next generation 737 according to Boeing procedures. It is divided into chapters on general guidelines, conducting the walk-around inspection, cold weather operations, and the top 10 blunders to avoid. The inspection involves checking various components and surfaces for damage, leaks, cleanliness, and security.
1. Soccer performance requires optimal nutrition to fuel the intermittent high-intensity activity and decrease injury risk. Players should aim to consume 8-10g of carbohydrates per kg of body weight daily to replenish glycogen stores and support performance.
2. A soccer match involves high energy expenditure through a combination of walking, jogging, running, and sprinting distances that vary by player position. Midfielders cover the most total distance at 6.8 miles on average.
3. Studies show soccer players often do not meet their nutritional needs, consuming less energy and carbohydrates than expended, especially in the second half of matches when performance deteriorates. Maintaining proper fueling and hydration is
1. High-intensity interval training involves short bursts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods and can be effective for improving endurance performance when properly programmed.
2. There are different HIT formats that vary based on work interval duration, intensity, and recovery duration and intensity which influence time spent at VO2max, anaerobic contribution, and neuromuscular load.
3. Long interval training generally allows for the greatest time spent at VO2max while sprint interval training allows only brief periods at VO2max. Recovery duration and intensity also impact physiological response.
4. Proper programming of HIT considers the athlete's fitness level and training status as well as injury risk to maximize
This document provides information on nutrition for aircrew. It discusses that aircrew require special attention to their diet as flying is strenuous. The diet should aim to regularly refuel aircrew with nutrients, as an aircraft is refueled. Incorrect feeding can cause errors leading to accidents. It recommends the diet contain proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It provides details on calorie requirements and ideal weights for aircrew. It also discusses food requirements before, during and after flights to maintain performance and prevent issues like hypoglycemia.
Human performance and limitation revisedabu afifah
The document discusses human physiology and performance as it relates to flying, covering topics like the respiratory system, effects of altitude on oxygen levels, symptoms of hypoxia, hyperventilation, and barotrauma. It provides an overview of how the body uses oxygen and the consequences of reduced ambient pressure at altitude, such as impaired judgement and loss of consciousness. The summary aims to provide pilots with knowledge on human factors and limitations for safe flying.
This document provides an overview of a maintenance and engineering training class on the master warning and caution lights on a Boeing 737-800 aircraft. The class will cover locating major components and describing their functions, panel operation and interface, electrical power distribution and control, routine servicing, minimum equipment lists, and troubleshooting. It provides information on the annunciator and dimming module location, its interface with other aircraft systems, recall check procedures, lamp replacement, and asks review questions at the end.
This document outlines 12 common causes of human error in aircraft maintenance, called "The Dirty Dozen". It describes each of the 12 factors, including lack of communication, complacency, lack of knowledge, distraction, lack of teamwork, fatigue, lack of resources, pressure, lack of assertiveness, stress, lack of awareness, and norms. For each factor, examples of accidents are presented and recommendations are provided for how to reduce errors by improving safety nets like checklists, inspections, and communication between maintenance technicians. The goal is to raise awareness of the types of human errors that can occur and how following best practices in maintenance can help prevent accidents.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on conducting an exterior inspection of the Boeing 737 aircraft. The presentation covers inspections of the classic and next generation 737 according to Boeing procedures. It is divided into chapters on general guidelines, conducting the walk-around inspection, cold weather operations, and the top 10 blunders to avoid. The inspection involves checking various components and surfaces for damage, leaks, cleanliness, and security.
1. Soccer performance requires optimal nutrition to fuel the intermittent high-intensity activity and decrease injury risk. Players should aim to consume 8-10g of carbohydrates per kg of body weight daily to replenish glycogen stores and support performance.
2. A soccer match involves high energy expenditure through a combination of walking, jogging, running, and sprinting distances that vary by player position. Midfielders cover the most total distance at 6.8 miles on average.
3. Studies show soccer players often do not meet their nutritional needs, consuming less energy and carbohydrates than expended, especially in the second half of matches when performance deteriorates. Maintaining proper fueling and hydration is
1. High-intensity interval training involves short bursts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods and can be effective for improving endurance performance when properly programmed.
2. There are different HIT formats that vary based on work interval duration, intensity, and recovery duration and intensity which influence time spent at VO2max, anaerobic contribution, and neuromuscular load.
3. Long interval training generally allows for the greatest time spent at VO2max while sprint interval training allows only brief periods at VO2max. Recovery duration and intensity also impact physiological response.
4. Proper programming of HIT considers the athlete's fitness level and training status as well as injury risk to maximize
The concept and principles of helicopter maintenanceBai Haqi
This document provides an overview of helicopter maintenance concepts and principles. It defines the three main maintenance processes as hard time, on condition, and condition monitoring. Hard time involves scheduled overhauls at fixed time intervals, on condition involves inspections or tests to standards to determine if components can continue in service, and condition monitoring involves analyzing operational data to detect trends and implement corrective actions. The document also discusses maintenance programs, the Maintenance Review Board process, and benefits of the MSG-3 approach to scheduled maintenance.
Athletes nutrition and optimum performancec3162739
This document discusses nutrition strategies that athletes can use to optimize performance. It explains that athletes need additional energy from foods like carbohydrates to fuel activity as well as fluids to replace sweat loss. The appropriate nutrition plan depends on factors like the sport, training schedule, and gender. The document provides guidance on nutrition before, during, and after exercise including recommendations on food types, hydration, and timing of meals and snacks.
British Midland Flight 92 from Heathrow to Belfast crashed near Kegworth, England in 1989, killing 47 people. A fan blade broke off on the left engine, causing vibration, but the pilot mistakenly shut down the right engine instead. The left engine then failed 20 minutes later, as the pilot had not detected the initial error. The crash resulted from a combination of factors including pilot error, inadequate training, aircraft design issues, and lack of communication between the pilot and cabin crew.
This document discusses high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its benefits compared to endurance training. HIIT involves short bursts of intense exercise alternated with recovery periods. A typical HIIT session involves sprinting for 30 seconds followed by a 1 minute recovery period, repeated 4-6 times. Studies have shown that HIIT can improve aerobic capacity, fat metabolism, and endurance as much as longer endurance training, but with less time commitment - around 15 minutes for HIIT versus hours for endurance training. The intensity of HIIT places more stress on the body than endurance training, leading to more rapid adaptations in factors like mitochondria and fat burning.
Nutrition from A to Z
-nutrients
-calories
-fat
-carbs
-appetite v. hunger
-breakfast
-body image
-eating disorders
-portion control
-diseases
-obesity
-nutrition facts
-serving size
-food guide pyramid
Carbohydrate;low intensity and high intensities physical activitiesSiham Gritly
The document discusses carbohydrate utilization during exercise. It states that carbohydrates should make up 60-70% of an athlete's daily energy intake to fuel exercise and prevent fatigue. Carbohydrates are used aerobically during endurance exercise and anaerobically during high-intensity exercise through glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. Insufficient carbohydrate intake can lead to hypoglycemia during long-duration exercise when glycogen runs low.
This document is a training manual for the V2500-A5 aircraft engine published by Lufthansa Technical Training GmbH in January 2001. It contains diagrams of engine components labeled with numbers, and pages for trainees to identify the components and describe their purpose. The manual is marked as for training purposes only and copyright is held by Lufthansa Technical Training GmbH.
The document provides information on the engines and engine systems of the Boeing 737 NG. It describes the dual CFM56-7 turbofan engines in detail, including the N1 and N2 rotors. It also outlines the electronic engine control (EEC), engine fuel and oil systems, and normal and alternate engine instrument displays. Key details covered include the EEC modes, engine instrumentation, fuel shutoff valves, oil temperature and pressure monitoring, and engine fault indications.
The document provides information about the auxiliary power unit (APU) on the Boeing 737 NG aircraft. It discusses the APU components, operation, controls, limitations and shutdown procedures. The APU supplies bleed air and electrical power when the main engines are not running. It can operate up to the aircraft's maximum certified altitude and has automatic shutdown protections for conditions like overspeed, low oil pressure or high exhaust gas temperatures.
This document discusses several aeromedical factors that can affect pilot performance, including hypoxia, hyperventilation, middle ear problems, and spatial disorientation. It provides information on the physiological effects of changes in altitude and atmospheric pressure, such as the various types of hypoxia and their symptoms. Rapid decompression is also addressed, outlining the physical impacts it can have like effects on the ears, sinuses and gastrointestinal tract. The importance of pilot awareness of their own medical conditions and physiological limitations is emphasized.
The document provides information on warning systems for the Boeing 737 NG, including visual, aural and tactile warnings. It describes conditions that trigger red warning lights for issues that require immediate attention, such as engine fires. Amber caution lights indicate issues needing timely attention. Blue, green and dim/bright blue lights provide non-critical information. The stick shaker and aural warnings alert to impending stalls. Ground proximity warning systems monitor altitude and terrain clearance in different phases of flight.
This document discusses obesity as the disease of the 21st century. It describes regional fat distribution patterns and their health risks, and explores the pathophysiology of obesity, including components of energy expenditure, the roles of brain neurotransmitters and hormones in regulating body weight. Finally, it examines current anti-obesity drugs like Orlistat, Sibutramine, and Phentermine that work by reducing nutrient absorption, inhibiting neurotransmitter reuptake, or stimulating norepinephrine release respectively, and considers future perspectives for obesity treatment.
This document provides an overview of nutrition for high performance athletes from an evidence-based perspective. It discusses macronutrients and micronutrients, evidence-based practice, and the role of nutrition in fueling training and recovery. Specific guidelines are presented for endurance athletes and strength/power athletes. Supplements like protein, creatine, and beta-alanine are discussed. Practical guidance is given on developing individualized macronutrient goals and tracking progress objectively and subjectively.
Este documento proporciona especificaciones técnicas y características de la nueva furgoneta Peugeot BOXER, incluyendo dimensiones, capacidades, motorizaciones, equipamiento estándar y opciones. Presenta detalles sobre cuatro variantes de longitud y altura, con capacidades de carga de 8 a 15 metros cúbicos. Todas son propulsadas por un motor diésel HDi de 2.2 litros y 150 caballos de fuerza, ofreciendo prestaciones de consumo entre 9.3 y 13.3 km/l.
Safety is important for preventing injuries during physical activity. Proper warm up, cool down, hydration, equipment, and paying attention to weather conditions can help avoid injuries. Minor injuries like strains, sprains, and blisters can often be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation. More serious injuries require immediate medical care. It is important to learn how to respond properly to injuries when they occur during physical activity.
Nutritional requirements of exercise (Macronutrients)Ramya Aravind
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of macronutrients for exercise. It states that calorie intake should support energy expenditure and maintain health. Carbohydrate intake should be 50-70% of calories for moderate to high training, with protein at 10-15% and fat at 20-30%. Adequate carbohydrate is especially important before, during, and after exercise to replenish glycogen stores and support performance. Protein requirements are modestly increased for strength and recovery. Fat provides energy for light exercise but high fat diets limit carbohydrate use.
This document contains the text from a Federal Aviation Administration workshop on risk management for flight instructors. It discusses topics like defining risk, hazard, and risk assessment. It provides examples of accidents and the probable causes being related to pilot decision making. It emphasizes the importance of teaching pilots to identify risks, evaluate hazards, and make informed decisions using risk management processes and checklists. The document also contains several scenarios to help stimulate decision making skills in trainees.
Human error is the leading cause of aviation accidents and incidents, contributing to 60-80% of cases. Maintenance errors can have serious consequences, from hydraulic leaks that cause warning lights to engine damage from forgotten tools. Proper training programs in human factors and maintenance resource management can help address underlying causes like fatigue, distraction, and organizational pressures to reduce human errors and improve aviation safety.
The concept and principles of helicopter maintenanceBai Haqi
This document provides an overview of helicopter maintenance concepts and principles. It defines the three main maintenance processes as hard time, on condition, and condition monitoring. Hard time involves scheduled overhauls at fixed time intervals, on condition involves inspections or tests to standards to determine if components can continue in service, and condition monitoring involves analyzing operational data to detect trends and implement corrective actions. The document also discusses maintenance programs, the Maintenance Review Board process, and benefits of the MSG-3 approach to scheduled maintenance.
Athletes nutrition and optimum performancec3162739
This document discusses nutrition strategies that athletes can use to optimize performance. It explains that athletes need additional energy from foods like carbohydrates to fuel activity as well as fluids to replace sweat loss. The appropriate nutrition plan depends on factors like the sport, training schedule, and gender. The document provides guidance on nutrition before, during, and after exercise including recommendations on food types, hydration, and timing of meals and snacks.
British Midland Flight 92 from Heathrow to Belfast crashed near Kegworth, England in 1989, killing 47 people. A fan blade broke off on the left engine, causing vibration, but the pilot mistakenly shut down the right engine instead. The left engine then failed 20 minutes later, as the pilot had not detected the initial error. The crash resulted from a combination of factors including pilot error, inadequate training, aircraft design issues, and lack of communication between the pilot and cabin crew.
This document discusses high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its benefits compared to endurance training. HIIT involves short bursts of intense exercise alternated with recovery periods. A typical HIIT session involves sprinting for 30 seconds followed by a 1 minute recovery period, repeated 4-6 times. Studies have shown that HIIT can improve aerobic capacity, fat metabolism, and endurance as much as longer endurance training, but with less time commitment - around 15 minutes for HIIT versus hours for endurance training. The intensity of HIIT places more stress on the body than endurance training, leading to more rapid adaptations in factors like mitochondria and fat burning.
Nutrition from A to Z
-nutrients
-calories
-fat
-carbs
-appetite v. hunger
-breakfast
-body image
-eating disorders
-portion control
-diseases
-obesity
-nutrition facts
-serving size
-food guide pyramid
Carbohydrate;low intensity and high intensities physical activitiesSiham Gritly
The document discusses carbohydrate utilization during exercise. It states that carbohydrates should make up 60-70% of an athlete's daily energy intake to fuel exercise and prevent fatigue. Carbohydrates are used aerobically during endurance exercise and anaerobically during high-intensity exercise through glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. Insufficient carbohydrate intake can lead to hypoglycemia during long-duration exercise when glycogen runs low.
This document is a training manual for the V2500-A5 aircraft engine published by Lufthansa Technical Training GmbH in January 2001. It contains diagrams of engine components labeled with numbers, and pages for trainees to identify the components and describe their purpose. The manual is marked as for training purposes only and copyright is held by Lufthansa Technical Training GmbH.
The document provides information on the engines and engine systems of the Boeing 737 NG. It describes the dual CFM56-7 turbofan engines in detail, including the N1 and N2 rotors. It also outlines the electronic engine control (EEC), engine fuel and oil systems, and normal and alternate engine instrument displays. Key details covered include the EEC modes, engine instrumentation, fuel shutoff valves, oil temperature and pressure monitoring, and engine fault indications.
The document provides information about the auxiliary power unit (APU) on the Boeing 737 NG aircraft. It discusses the APU components, operation, controls, limitations and shutdown procedures. The APU supplies bleed air and electrical power when the main engines are not running. It can operate up to the aircraft's maximum certified altitude and has automatic shutdown protections for conditions like overspeed, low oil pressure or high exhaust gas temperatures.
This document discusses several aeromedical factors that can affect pilot performance, including hypoxia, hyperventilation, middle ear problems, and spatial disorientation. It provides information on the physiological effects of changes in altitude and atmospheric pressure, such as the various types of hypoxia and their symptoms. Rapid decompression is also addressed, outlining the physical impacts it can have like effects on the ears, sinuses and gastrointestinal tract. The importance of pilot awareness of their own medical conditions and physiological limitations is emphasized.
The document provides information on warning systems for the Boeing 737 NG, including visual, aural and tactile warnings. It describes conditions that trigger red warning lights for issues that require immediate attention, such as engine fires. Amber caution lights indicate issues needing timely attention. Blue, green and dim/bright blue lights provide non-critical information. The stick shaker and aural warnings alert to impending stalls. Ground proximity warning systems monitor altitude and terrain clearance in different phases of flight.
This document discusses obesity as the disease of the 21st century. It describes regional fat distribution patterns and their health risks, and explores the pathophysiology of obesity, including components of energy expenditure, the roles of brain neurotransmitters and hormones in regulating body weight. Finally, it examines current anti-obesity drugs like Orlistat, Sibutramine, and Phentermine that work by reducing nutrient absorption, inhibiting neurotransmitter reuptake, or stimulating norepinephrine release respectively, and considers future perspectives for obesity treatment.
This document provides an overview of nutrition for high performance athletes from an evidence-based perspective. It discusses macronutrients and micronutrients, evidence-based practice, and the role of nutrition in fueling training and recovery. Specific guidelines are presented for endurance athletes and strength/power athletes. Supplements like protein, creatine, and beta-alanine are discussed. Practical guidance is given on developing individualized macronutrient goals and tracking progress objectively and subjectively.
Este documento proporciona especificaciones técnicas y características de la nueva furgoneta Peugeot BOXER, incluyendo dimensiones, capacidades, motorizaciones, equipamiento estándar y opciones. Presenta detalles sobre cuatro variantes de longitud y altura, con capacidades de carga de 8 a 15 metros cúbicos. Todas son propulsadas por un motor diésel HDi de 2.2 litros y 150 caballos de fuerza, ofreciendo prestaciones de consumo entre 9.3 y 13.3 km/l.
Safety is important for preventing injuries during physical activity. Proper warm up, cool down, hydration, equipment, and paying attention to weather conditions can help avoid injuries. Minor injuries like strains, sprains, and blisters can often be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation. More serious injuries require immediate medical care. It is important to learn how to respond properly to injuries when they occur during physical activity.
Nutritional requirements of exercise (Macronutrients)Ramya Aravind
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of macronutrients for exercise. It states that calorie intake should support energy expenditure and maintain health. Carbohydrate intake should be 50-70% of calories for moderate to high training, with protein at 10-15% and fat at 20-30%. Adequate carbohydrate is especially important before, during, and after exercise to replenish glycogen stores and support performance. Protein requirements are modestly increased for strength and recovery. Fat provides energy for light exercise but high fat diets limit carbohydrate use.
This document contains the text from a Federal Aviation Administration workshop on risk management for flight instructors. It discusses topics like defining risk, hazard, and risk assessment. It provides examples of accidents and the probable causes being related to pilot decision making. It emphasizes the importance of teaching pilots to identify risks, evaluate hazards, and make informed decisions using risk management processes and checklists. The document also contains several scenarios to help stimulate decision making skills in trainees.
Human error is the leading cause of aviation accidents and incidents, contributing to 60-80% of cases. Maintenance errors can have serious consequences, from hydraulic leaks that cause warning lights to engine damage from forgotten tools. Proper training programs in human factors and maintenance resource management can help address underlying causes like fatigue, distraction, and organizational pressures to reduce human errors and improve aviation safety.
High altitudes above 9,000 feet can cause physiological effects due to low atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels. The body undergoes adaptations like increased respiration and heart rate, higher red blood cell counts, and fluid shifts. However, too rapid ascent or severe lack of oxygen can lead to pathologies like acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Treatment involves descent, oxygen supplementation, and medications depending on the condition. Proper acclimatization over successive altitude stages helps the body adapt safely.
1) The document discusses physiology changes that occur in the human body at high altitudes due to low air pressure and oxygen levels.
2) It outlines significant drops in atmospheric pressure and oxygen partial pressure that occur at various altitudes above sea level.
3) The physiological effects of high altitude hypoxia include both immediate reflex responses like hyperventilation and tachycardia, as well as longer term adaptations over time spent at altitude like polycythemia and increased lung diffusing capacity.
The document discusses six main climate factors:
1) Latitude - The distance north or south of the equator determines temperature, with polar regions being cooler and tropical regions being warmer.
2) Altitude - Higher elevations experience cooler temperatures as air loses heat as it rises.
3) Land-Water Relationship - Large bodies of water moderate temperatures while land experiences more temperature variation.
4) Mountain Barriers - Mountains block moisture-carrying winds, creating wet and dry sides.
5) Ocean Currents - Ocean currents influence wind temperatures and rainfall along coasts.
6) Prevailing Winds - Global wind patterns are driven by differences in land and sea temperatures.
Nutrition is the study of food and how it nourishes the body. It is important for wellness and preventing disease. The major nutrients that provide energy and building blocks for the body are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrients must be digested, absorbed, and metabolized by the body. Maintaining good nutrition involves eating a balanced diet from the five major food groups according to guidelines like MyPlate.
This document provides an overview of basic nutrition concepts. It defines key terms like nutrition, food, nutrients, digestion, and absorption. It also describes the digestive system and the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Additionally, it covers food groups, dietary guidelines, food guides like the USDA food pyramid, recommended dietary allowances, food exchange lists, nutritional labeling, and concepts like basal metabolism, basal metabolic rate, and factors that affect metabolism. The document serves as an introductory compilation on basic nutrition.
This document discusses safety protocols for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). It notes that fatal perfusion accidents occurred in 1 in 1800 cases in 1981, with serious incidents in 1 in 130 procedures. Standards have improved with better safety features and techniques. It emphasizes organizational aspects like teamwork, cooperation and effective communication. It recommends establishing equipment records, a faults book, agreed perfusion protocols, and procedures for equipment failures. Patient specific safety protocols include identification, machine checks, priming according to protocol, and ensuring identification on equipment and fluids used. Accidents can be due to human error or equipment failures. Reduced oxygenation and arterial line air embolism are discussed as common perfusion incidents. Guidelines for managing gross air e
Human factors refer to how pilot performance is influenced by issues like cockpit design, temperature, and interactions with others. Pilot error is a major cause of accidents, with most occurring during cruise flight or descent/landing. The pilot most at risk of an accident has 50-100 hours or 200 hours of experience. Basic decision making involves gathering information, processing it, making decisions, and taking action. Hypoxia, drugs, fatigue, stress, and medical conditions can negatively impact information processing and decision making abilities. Pilots must be aware of human factors and how to mitigate their risks through discipline, knowledge, safety attitudes, and understanding of physiology.
Awareness on Investigation of Fatigue in aviation along with a case study having title "The Development of the
Integrated Human Fatigue
Investigation Methodology
and its Application" by Danny Cheng and Morris Yang of Transportation Safety Board (TSB) Taiwan
Outline is as following:
1) Fatigue Causes
2) Introduction of the TTSB Fatigue Investigation Guide
3) Integrated Fatigue Risk Factors Diagram
4) Fatigue Issues Related to GE222 CFIT Accident
5) Conclusions
Flying with CPAP can present risks for those with sleep apnea due to lower oxygen levels in aircraft cabins. Proper preparation is important - patients should consult doctors and airlines in advance. While using CPAP during flights can help, factors like battery life, pressure changes, and airline policies can impact usage. Limited evidence suggests CPAP may reduce oxygen desaturation risks compared to not using treatment, but more research is still needed on physiological responses to air travel at altitude for those with sleep apnea. Advance planning is key to addressing issues and having a safe and comfortable flight.
This document discusses identifying hazards and mitigating risk as a pilot. It introduces the PAVE checklist, which examines Pilot, Aircraft, Environment, and External Pressures. The Pilot section discusses ensuring a pilot is fit to fly through the IMSAFE checklist, which evaluates Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotion. Stress management is important as stress can impact decision-making. The Aircraft section suggests evaluating limitations of the aircraft. The Environment section considers factors like weather. External Pressures involve critically evaluating the necessity of flights. Using frameworks like PAVE and IMSAFE helps pilots identify risks and make safe go/no-go decisions.
The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators. They are responsible for preventive medicine, readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultation and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Army Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial exams and comprehensive exams every 5 years for those under 50.
This document discusses various environmental factors such as air, ventilation, light, and noise. It covers the composition of air and factors that impact thermal comfort. Various types and sources of air, light, noise, and radiation pollution are defined. The effects of pollution on health and the environment are explained. Methods for monitoring and controlling different types of pollution are also outlined.
Chapter 43. high altitude, aviation & space physiology Don Alerta
1. This document discusses the physiological challenges of high altitude environments, including how atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels decrease with increasing altitude.
2. It classifies different altitudes and describes the physiological effects of hypoxia at various altitudes, such as changes in mental function and oxygen saturation levels.
3. The document also covers physiological adaptations that occur with acclimatization to high altitudes over time, such as increased respiration and red blood cell production.
The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators. They are responsible for clinical and preventive medicine, unit readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultations and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial examinations and comprehensive examinations every 5 years (or annually after age 50). A flight student's status changes from class 1 to class 2 after completing flight school, taking the physical by the last day of their birth month within 3 months of completing school.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation for patients with severe chronic lung diseases causing airflow obstruction such as COPD and asthma. It provides guidance on appropriate ventilator settings and strategies to minimize issues like auto-PEEP and hyperinflation. These include adjusting respiratory rate, tidal volume, inspiratory time and adding external PEEP. Proper use of bronchodilators via nebulizer or metered dose inhaler is also reviewed. Weaning from ventilation can be challenging in COPD but protocols and non-invasive ventilation can help. Optimizing cardiac function and treating complications like myopathy are also important.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
2. Air Force PilotsAir Force Pilots
Air Force Pilots are commissionedAir Force Pilots are commissioned
officers who take control of a wideofficers who take control of a wide
variety of the most technologicallyvariety of the most technologically
advanced aircraft in the world.advanced aircraft in the world.
These pilots push their minds andThese pilots push their minds and
bodies to the absolute limits in anbodies to the absolute limits in an
environment that has drasticenvironment that has drastic
physiological effects on the humanphysiological effects on the human
body.body.
Because of this demand, these menBecause of this demand, these men
and women are required to be welland women are required to be well
rounded tactical athletes.rounded tactical athletes.
3. Human FactorsHuman Factors
Seventy percent of aviationSeventy percent of aviation
accidents are caused by humanaccidents are caused by human
error.error. 2929
Human factors describes theHuman factors describes the
relationship between the humanrelationship between the human
element, the working environment,element, the working environment,
and equipmentand equipment
(hardware/software).(hardware/software). 2929
The purpose of examining humanThe purpose of examining human
factors is to reduce human error infactors is to reduce human error in
an effort to improve flight safetyan effort to improve flight safety
and human performance.and human performance.
4. Nutrition and Human FactorsNutrition and Human Factors
Unlike sport athletes, tacticalUnlike sport athletes, tactical
athletes are placed in situationsathletes are placed in situations
where human performance couldwhere human performance could
be the difference between life andbe the difference between life and
death.death.
Technology is no longer theTechnology is no longer the
limiting factor in pilotlimiting factor in pilot
performance. Technology nowperformance. Technology now
supersedes what the human body issupersedes what the human body is
capable of withstanding.capable of withstanding.
Proper nutrition may improveProper nutrition may improve
flight readiness and pilotflight readiness and pilot
performance which may reduce theperformance which may reduce the
chance of human error causing anchance of human error causing an
incident.incident.
5. Energy SystemsEnergy Systems
Phosphagen SystemPhosphagen System
Heavily relied upon during anti-G straining maneuvers (3-Heavily relied upon during anti-G straining maneuvers (3-
16 seconds).16 seconds).
F-16 Pilots must endure 9 G for up to 15 seconds.F-16 Pilots must endure 9 G for up to 15 seconds.
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Muscular endurance PT component.Muscular endurance PT component.
Aerobic SystemAerobic System
Hypoxia stresses the cardiovascular system more thanHypoxia stresses the cardiovascular system more than
normoxia.normoxia. 2929
1.5 mile run PFT, PT, and specialty schools.1.5 mile run PFT, PT, and specialty schools.
6. Air Force Physical FitnessAir Force Physical Fitness
StandardsStandards
Minimum RequirementsMinimum Requirements
1.5 Mile Run: 13:361.5 Mile Run: 13:36
Push-ups: 33 in one minutePush-ups: 33 in one minute
Sit-ups: 42 in one minuteSit-ups: 42 in one minute
Max TestMax Test
1.5 Mile Run: 9:12 or under1.5 Mile Run: 9:12 or under
Push-ups: 67 or more in one minutePush-ups: 67 or more in one minute
Sit-ups: 58 or more in one minuteSit-ups: 58 or more in one minute
8. Caloric Expenditure in FlightCaloric Expenditure in Flight
ActivityActivity kcal X minkcal X min-1-1
4-G Turns4-G Turns 2.32.3
LandingLanding 2.52.5
RollsRolls 3.03.0
Aerial Combat ManeuveringAerial Combat Maneuvering 4.84.8
Piloting helicopters during aerobaticsPiloting helicopters during aerobatics 1.61.6
Aerobatics by aircraft pilotsAerobatics by aircraft pilots 1.81.8
Barrel RollsBarrel Rolls 3.63.6
9. Hypoxic HypoxiaHypoxic Hypoxia
Hypoxic HypoxiaHypoxic Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen available to the lungsInsufficient oxygen available to the lungs
or low PAO2.or low PAO2.
Boyle's LawBoyle's Law
The volume of a gas is inverselyThe volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure on the gas asproportional to the pressure on the gas as
long as the temperature remains constant.long as the temperature remains constant.
2929
Dalton's Law: PDalton's Law: PTT= P= P11+ P+ P22...P...Pnn
The percentage of oxygen in theThe percentage of oxygen in the
atmosphere is constant.atmosphere is constant. 2929
The partial pressure of OThe partial pressure of O22 decreasesdecreases
proportionately as atmospheric pressureproportionately as atmospheric pressure
decreases.decreases. 2929
SymptomsSymptoms
Cyanosis, euphoria, increasedCyanosis, euphoria, increased
respiration, mental confusion,respiration, mental confusion,
decreased reaction time, and impaireddecreased reaction time, and impaired
judgment.judgment. 2929
10. Hypoxia Time of UsefulHypoxia Time of Useful
ConsciousnessConsciousness
12. Nutrition Considerations for AirNutrition Considerations for Air
Force PilotsForce Pilots
Pilots should be considered weight class athletes because of the weightPilots should be considered weight class athletes because of the weight
regulations in the military.regulations in the military.
Some consideration should be given to pilots or other military personnel thatSome consideration should be given to pilots or other military personnel that
compete in team sports, endurance events, or strength/power events.compete in team sports, endurance events, or strength/power events.
What pilots consume before and during a flight can have a significant impact on flightWhat pilots consume before and during a flight can have a significant impact on flight
performance.performance. 4, 811,13, 15, 17,18, 21,23,24, 27,4, 811,13, 15, 17,18, 21,23,24, 27, 2929
Pilots should pay special attention to the following areas:Pilots should pay special attention to the following areas:
Hydration StatusHydration Status
Pre-Flight NutritionPre-Flight Nutrition
In-Flight NutritionIn-Flight Nutrition
Body CompositionBody Composition
SupplementsSupplements
13. Effects of Dehydration on PerformanceEffects of Dehydration on Performance
Flight performance andFlight performance and
spatial cognition test scoresspatial cognition test scores
are significantly lower forare significantly lower for
pilots in a dehydrated state.pilots in a dehydrated state. 1818
Dehydration leads to aDehydration leads to a
reduction in G tolerance.reduction in G tolerance. 2727
Dehydration may also lead toDehydration may also lead to
a reduction in peripherala reduction in peripheral
vision.vision. 27,3127,31
14. What Causes Dehydration?What Causes Dehydration?
Ambient EnvironmentAmbient Environment
Pressurized low humidity environment (<5%) in thePressurized low humidity environment (<5%) in the
cockpit can accelerate fluid loss.cockpit can accelerate fluid loss. 25,28,2925,28,29
Increased temperature in the cockpit from radiant heat orIncreased temperature in the cockpit from radiant heat or
kinetic heat.kinetic heat. 2929
AltitudeAltitude
Renal excretion rates of sodium and water increase duringRenal excretion rates of sodium and water increase during
acute hypoxia exposure.acute hypoxia exposure. 4,6,12,22,29,32, 354,6, 12,22, 29,32,35
Increase in ventilation in response to hypoxia acceleratesIncrease in ventilation in response to hypoxia accelerates
fluid loss.fluid loss. 28,29,3528,29,35
Increase in the osmolarity threshold for stimulating theIncrease in the osmolarity threshold for stimulating the
release of ADH.release of ADH. 2222
15. Hydration & SodiumHydration & Sodium
Sodium helps regulate fluidSodium helps regulate fluid
balance outside of cells.balance outside of cells. 44
Sodium is excreted faster atSodium is excreted faster at
altitude.altitude. 4, 6,22,324, 6,22,32
Euhydration is encouragedEuhydration is encouraged
for most flights.for most flights. 2929
Urine color chart may be mostUrine color chart may be most
effective way to monitoreffective way to monitor
hydration status.hydration status. 2929
Micturition relief capabilityMicturition relief capability
differs with each flight.differs with each flight. 2929
16. Hydration ProtocolHydration Protocol
Pilots who have experienced changes in peripheral vision due toPilots who have experienced changes in peripheral vision due to
dehydration notice an immediate improvement in vision afterdehydration notice an immediate improvement in vision after
consuming fluids.consuming fluids. 3131
Pilots should not wait until they are thirsty to consume fluids.Pilots should not wait until they are thirsty to consume fluids. 3232
Because so many factors can influence hydration status on aBecause so many factors can influence hydration status on a
flight, it is important for the pilot to hydrate before the flight.flight, it is important for the pilot to hydrate before the flight. 3232
Pilots should consume 400-600 ml during the four hour periodPilots should consume 400-600 ml during the four hour period
before flights that may involve warm conditions or intensebefore flights that may involve warm conditions or intense
maneuvering.maneuvering.
Hyperhydration is not necessary.Hyperhydration is not necessary. 29,3229,32
An additional 10-20 ml of water/fluids is required during eachAn additional 10-20 ml of water/fluids is required during each
hour of flight.hour of flight. 2828
17. Pre-Flight NutritionPre-Flight Nutrition
Researchers found that consuming a high carbohydrateResearchers found that consuming a high carbohydrate
meal before acute hypoxia exposure improvedmeal before acute hypoxia exposure improved
hemoglobin saturation significantly more than a highhemoglobin saturation significantly more than a high
protein meal.protein meal. 8,10,118,10,11
The high carbohydrate meal improved hemoglobinThe high carbohydrate meal improved hemoglobin
saturation by 4%.saturation by 4%. 8,10,118,10,11
Altitude there is an increased reliance on glucose as aAltitude there is an increased reliance on glucose as a
substrate during acute exposures to altitude.substrate during acute exposures to altitude. 3030
18. In-Flight Nutrition: Air SicknessIn-Flight Nutrition: Air Sickness
Because of the dynamic environmentBecause of the dynamic environment
of flight, it is important to considerof flight, it is important to consider
proper nutritional remedies in caseproper nutritional remedies in case
air sickness occurs.air sickness occurs.
Proper pre-flight meal may helpProper pre-flight meal may help
reduce the chance of air sickness.reduce the chance of air sickness. 17,2917,29
Avoid spicy food and heavilyAvoid spicy food and heavily
carbonated beverages before flight.carbonated beverages before flight. 17,17,
2929
Pilots are encouraged to consumePilots are encouraged to consume
bland food such as soda crackers andbland food such as soda crackers and
sip on a soda to help reduce thesip on a soda to help reduce the
symptoms of air sickness.symptoms of air sickness. 17,2917,29
19. High Altitude AnorexiaHigh Altitude Anorexia
This phenomon describes the loss of appetite fromThis phenomon describes the loss of appetite from
acute exposures to altitude.acute exposures to altitude. 2929
Short-term exposure to hypoxia suppresses plasmaShort-term exposure to hypoxia suppresses plasma
acylated ghrelin concentrations which leads to a loss inacylated ghrelin concentrations which leads to a loss in
appetite.appetite. 2929
This may be accompanied by a loss in body mass.This may be accompanied by a loss in body mass. 29,25, 3129,25, 31
Because altitude exposure increases metabolic rate,Because altitude exposure increases metabolic rate,
pilots will need to increase caloric intake to maintainpilots will need to increase caloric intake to maintain
body mass.body mass.
20. Air Sickness for FemalesAir Sickness for Females
Lindseth et al found that 75%Lindseth et al found that 75%
of the female pilots in theirof the female pilots in their
study experience air sickness.study experience air sickness. 1717
A dietary recall indicated thatA dietary recall indicated that
their diets were low in vitamintheir diets were low in vitamin
A, vitamin C, and iron.A, vitamin C, and iron. 1717
Whether or not this is the causeWhether or not this is the cause
of air sickness is unknown;of air sickness is unknown;
however, it is suggested thathowever, it is suggested that
females increase their intake offemales increase their intake of
these nutrients.these nutrients. 1717
21. Body Composition: Obesity andBody Composition: Obesity and
Decompression SicknessDecompression Sickness
Henry's Law:Henry's Law: At a constantAt a constant
temperature, the amount of gas thattemperature, the amount of gas that
dissolves into a fluid is directlydissolves into a fluid is directly
proportional to the pressure.proportional to the pressure. 2929
Decompression sickness, known asDecompression sickness, known as
"the bends", refers to the"the bends", refers to the
dissolution of nitrogen withindissolution of nitrogen within
body tissues that is caused by abody tissues that is caused by a
reduction in ambient pressure.reduction in ambient pressure. 7,297,29
Because fat tissue retains nitrogenBecause fat tissue retains nitrogen
longer, obese pilots are a greaterlonger, obese pilots are a greater
risk of developing DCS.risk of developing DCS. 7,297, 29
22. Tactical Athlete Diet PlanTactical Athlete Diet Plan
27 year old male: 175lbs and 69 inches tall.27 year old male: 175lbs and 69 inches tall.
Trains 3-4 times per week.Trains 3-4 times per week.
Running/RuckingRunning/Rucking
Circuit Training/CrossfitCircuit Training/Crossfit
~2,800 kcal per day to maintain body weight.~2,800 kcal per day to maintain body weight.
CHO: 5 to 8 g/ Kg per day depending on activity or 55-65% of caloricCHO: 5 to 8 g/ Kg per day depending on activity or 55-65% of caloric
intake.intake.
~390 grams or 1,560 kcal~390 grams or 1,560 kcal
PRO: 1.6-1.8 g/Kg per day or 15-18% of caloric intakePRO: 1.6-1.8 g/Kg per day or 15-18% of caloric intake
~135 grams or 537 kcal~135 grams or 537 kcal
FAT: ~24-27% of caloric intakeFAT: ~24-27% of caloric intake
~80 grams or 723 kcal~80 grams or 723 kcal
Pilots should eat frequently (5-6 times per day) because they can be calledPilots should eat frequently (5-6 times per day) because they can be called
upon to perform duties on a moment's notice.upon to perform duties on a moment's notice. 2929
Reduces the incidence of hypoglycemia in flight.Reduces the incidence of hypoglycemia in flight. 2929
23. 2,800 kcal Sample Diet2,800 kcal Sample Diet
5:00 AM:5:00 AM:
Breakfast: (563.5 kcal: 86g CHO 15.5g FAT 20gBreakfast: (563.5 kcal: 86g CHO 15.5g FAT 20g
PRO)PRO)
½ cup Kashi 7 Whole Grain Cereal Nuggets½ cup Kashi 7 Whole Grain Cereal Nuggets
1 medium banana1 medium banana
1 cup 2% milk1 cup 2% milk
1 tbsp natural peanut butter1 tbsp natural peanut butter
1 cup of coffee+ sweetener1 cup of coffee+ sweetener
8:00 AM:8:00 AM:
Snack: (353.5 kcal: 43g CHO 13.5g FAT 9g PRO)Snack: (353.5 kcal: 43g CHO 13.5g FAT 9g PRO)
7 Kashi Whole Wheat Crackers7 Kashi Whole Wheat Crackers
2 string cheese2 string cheese
1 Fruit Cup1 Fruit Cup
16 fluid oz of water16 fluid oz of water
12:00 PM:12:00 PM:
Lunch: (692 kcal: 92g CHO 20g FAT 36g PRO)Lunch: (692 kcal: 92g CHO 20g FAT 36g PRO)
Foot Long Subway Turkey and Black Forest HamFoot Long Subway Turkey and Black Forest Ham
SandwichSandwich
12 fluid oz of coke zero12 fluid oz of coke zero
3:00 PM:
Snack: (247.5 kcal: 45g CHO 3.5g FAT 9g PRO)
Cliff Bar
16 fluid oz propel zero
6:00 PM:
Dinner: (679.5 kcal: 78g CHO 21.5g FAT 43.5g
PRO)
5 oz lean turkey burger
1 whole wheat bun
2 cups of mixed salad greens
Balsamic Vinaigrette Dressing, low fat
1 whole wheat blueberry muffin
9:00 PM:
Snack: (338 kcal: 45g CHO 12g FAT 10g PRO)
Trail mix with 1 cup granola/cereal, ¼ cup dried fruit, and
1/3 cup nuts
TOTALS: 2,852 kcal: 389g CHO 86g FAT 130.5g
PRO
Ratio: (55% CHO 27% FAT 18% PRO)
24. Supplement ConsiderationsSupplement Considerations
Self-reported surveys indicate thatSelf-reported surveys indicate that
60-85% of males from various60-85% of males from various
military groups use or have usedmilitary groups use or have used
supplements (Arsenault).supplements (Arsenault).
Pilots should consult with their flightPilots should consult with their flight
surgeon before adding an OTCsurgeon before adding an OTC
supplement to their diet.supplement to their diet.
Because of the extreme environmentBecause of the extreme environment
pilots are exposed, certainpilots are exposed, certain
supplements may lead to disastroussupplements may lead to disastrous
side effects that may actually impairside effects that may actually impair
performance.performance.
25. Military Classification ofMilitary Classification of
SupplementsSupplements
Class 1Class 1: Can be taken without permission from a flight surgeon.: Can be taken without permission from a flight surgeon. 11
single daily multivitamin/minerals, vitamin C, E, B6, B12, calcium, folate,single daily multivitamin/minerals, vitamin C, E, B6, B12, calcium, folate,
and protein supplements.and protein supplements.
Class 2Class 2:: Pilots must seek permission from the flight surgeon.Pilots must seek permission from the flight surgeon. 11
A, K, D, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, magnesium, zinc, chromium,A, K, D, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, magnesium, zinc, chromium,
selenium, copper, glucosamine with or without chrondroitin, echinacea,selenium, copper, glucosamine with or without chrondroitin, echinacea,
saw palmetto, creatine, and ginseng.saw palmetto, creatine, and ginseng.
Class 3Class 3:: Any supplement that is not listed is not authorized forAny supplement that is not listed is not authorized for
use.use. 11
26. Supplements to AvoidSupplements to Avoid
Supplementing with niacin andSupplementing with niacin and
Coenzyme Q10 can lead to aCoenzyme Q10 can lead to a
decrease in the blood pressure anddecrease in the blood pressure and
peripheral vascular resistance. Thisperipheral vascular resistance. This
decrease in vascular resistance candecrease in vascular resistance can
reduce G tolerance.reduce G tolerance. 3131
L-arginine supplementationL-arginine supplementation
increases the prevalence ofincreases the prevalence of
headaches during acute exposure toheadaches during acute exposure to
altitude.altitude. 2121
L-arginine is commonly found inL-arginine is commonly found in
pre-workout supplements.pre-workout supplements.
27. Beneficial Supplements/NutrientsBeneficial Supplements/Nutrients
Vitamin A, C, E and L-CarnitineVitamin A, C, E and L-Carnitine
Altitude exposure increases oxidatitive stress and leads to lipidAltitude exposure increases oxidatitive stress and leads to lipid
peroxidation.peroxidation. 2626
Hemolysis resulting from acute altitude exposure may be a result of freeHemolysis resulting from acute altitude exposure may be a result of free
radicals from lipid peroxidation.radicals from lipid peroxidation. 99
Vitamin A, C, Vitamin E, and L carnitine have been shown to reduceVitamin A, C, Vitamin E, and L carnitine have been shown to reduce
oxiditative stress and hemolysis resulting from acute hypoxia.oxiditative stress and hemolysis resulting from acute hypoxia. 1,3,9,131,3,9,13
IronIron
Increased erythropoietic response to altitude exposure may require higherIncreased erythropoietic response to altitude exposure may require higher
intake.intake. 3434
Females may want to consider supplementation.Females may want to consider supplementation.
Creatine MonohydrateCreatine Monohydrate
May reduce rate of fatigue during high-G aerial maneuvers.May reduce rate of fatigue during high-G aerial maneuvers.
Improved thermoregulatory response in hot environments.Improved thermoregulatory response in hot environments. 1414
28. CaffeineCaffeine
Large single doses of caffeineLarge single doses of caffeine
(600 mg) can cause many(600 mg) can cause many
unwanted side effects such asunwanted side effects such as
nervousness, excitation,nervousness, excitation,
happiness, abdominal pain,happiness, abdominal pain,
nausea, and jitteriness.nausea, and jitteriness. 1515
During prolonged sleepDuring prolonged sleep
deprivation, 300 mg of slowdeprivation, 300 mg of slow
releasing caffeine taken every12releasing caffeine taken every12
hours is able to reduce cognitivehours is able to reduce cognitive
and vigilance impairmentand vigilance impairment
without unwanted side effects.without unwanted side effects. 5,5,
1515
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