Stephen Legg
Centre for Ergonomics, Occupational Safety and Health,
School of Management,
Massey University,
Palmerston North, New Zealand
s.j.legg@massey.ac.nz
(P18, Thursday 27, Civic Room 3, 10.30)
OFFICE ERGONOMICS: WHAT, HOW & WHY. An Essential Reading For Office Workers.Abdul Shukor
This document provides an overview of office ergonomics presented by Associate Professor Abdul Shukor. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing national regulations on occupational safety and health hazards, office ergonomics, and practical countermeasures. It then discusses physical and environmental factors that can cause health issues and stress at the office, including sedentary lifestyles. Specific issues addressed include awkward postures, slippery floors, lighting, and improper chairs. The document emphasizes the risks of prolonged sitting and identifies back pain as a major risk. It provides tips for correct posture and suggests countermeasures like forming safety committees, identifying hazards, selecting solutions, and implementing workplace exercise programs.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an industrial setting. It defines ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities in order to reduce MSDs caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. It outlines general signs and symptoms of MSDs, common MSD types, and risk factors that can lead to MSDs like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. The document recommends identifying and controlling MSD hazards through engineering controls, work practice changes, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment as part of an ergonomics management program.
This presentation covers the University of Alaska Fairbanks ergonomics program. The objectives are to familiarize attendees with ergonomic principles, risks like repetition and awkward postures, and how to properly arrange workstations and equipment to reduce strain. The goals of the UAF ergonomics program are training, workstation evaluations, and implementing corrective actions. Employees are instructed to make adjustments to their own workstations where possible and to request evaluations for equipment purchases or other fixes.
Ergonomics is the discipline of arranging the work environment to fit the person. When properly applied in the work environment, ergonomics can reduce visual and musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue. Repetitive motion injuries are caused by excessive and repeated physical stress on parts of the body and can result in conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive strain injury. To help prevent such injuries, it is important to take regular breaks, adjust one's workstation properly, and avoid excessive tension in the body.
The document discusses the history and evolution of industrial safety. It begins by defining industrial safety as measures implemented to reduce risk of injury in manufacturing facilities. It then discusses how industrial safety has evolved from a focus on compensation to prevention and addressing long term hazards. Key aspects covered include categories of workplace hazards, legislation like OSHA, and the modern view of safety measures as an investment. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the development and current approach to industrial safety.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. The document discusses the history and definition of ergonomics, provides examples of ergonomic standards and applications, and concludes with questions about ergonomics in the workplace and daily life. Standards aim to ensure safety and comfort, and are applied in areas like offices, vehicles, medicine, and manufacturing. Examples demonstrate ergonomic considerations for preventing injuries from repetitive tasks like those involved in using computers.
Ergonomics is the study of fitting jobs and workplaces to human capabilities. It aims to maximize productivity while minimizing risks of musculoskeletal disorders. There are three types of ergonomics - physical, cognitive, and organizational. As a facilities planner, one should apply ergonomic principles to provide a safe work environment and workstations. Proper ergonomics can prevent injuries by reducing risk factors like repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and static loading.
The Top Skills That Can Get You Hired in 2017LinkedIn
We analyzed all the recruiting activity on LinkedIn this year and identified the Top Skills employers seek. Starting Oct 24, learn these skills and much more for free during the Week of Learning.
#AlwaysBeLearning https://learning.linkedin.com/week-of-learning
OFFICE ERGONOMICS: WHAT, HOW & WHY. An Essential Reading For Office Workers.Abdul Shukor
This document provides an overview of office ergonomics presented by Associate Professor Abdul Shukor. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing national regulations on occupational safety and health hazards, office ergonomics, and practical countermeasures. It then discusses physical and environmental factors that can cause health issues and stress at the office, including sedentary lifestyles. Specific issues addressed include awkward postures, slippery floors, lighting, and improper chairs. The document emphasizes the risks of prolonged sitting and identifies back pain as a major risk. It provides tips for correct posture and suggests countermeasures like forming safety committees, identifying hazards, selecting solutions, and implementing workplace exercise programs.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an industrial setting. It defines ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities in order to reduce MSDs caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. It outlines general signs and symptoms of MSDs, common MSD types, and risk factors that can lead to MSDs like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. The document recommends identifying and controlling MSD hazards through engineering controls, work practice changes, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment as part of an ergonomics management program.
This presentation covers the University of Alaska Fairbanks ergonomics program. The objectives are to familiarize attendees with ergonomic principles, risks like repetition and awkward postures, and how to properly arrange workstations and equipment to reduce strain. The goals of the UAF ergonomics program are training, workstation evaluations, and implementing corrective actions. Employees are instructed to make adjustments to their own workstations where possible and to request evaluations for equipment purchases or other fixes.
Ergonomics is the discipline of arranging the work environment to fit the person. When properly applied in the work environment, ergonomics can reduce visual and musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue. Repetitive motion injuries are caused by excessive and repeated physical stress on parts of the body and can result in conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive strain injury. To help prevent such injuries, it is important to take regular breaks, adjust one's workstation properly, and avoid excessive tension in the body.
The document discusses the history and evolution of industrial safety. It begins by defining industrial safety as measures implemented to reduce risk of injury in manufacturing facilities. It then discusses how industrial safety has evolved from a focus on compensation to prevention and addressing long term hazards. Key aspects covered include categories of workplace hazards, legislation like OSHA, and the modern view of safety measures as an investment. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the development and current approach to industrial safety.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. The document discusses the history and definition of ergonomics, provides examples of ergonomic standards and applications, and concludes with questions about ergonomics in the workplace and daily life. Standards aim to ensure safety and comfort, and are applied in areas like offices, vehicles, medicine, and manufacturing. Examples demonstrate ergonomic considerations for preventing injuries from repetitive tasks like those involved in using computers.
Ergonomics is the study of fitting jobs and workplaces to human capabilities. It aims to maximize productivity while minimizing risks of musculoskeletal disorders. There are three types of ergonomics - physical, cognitive, and organizational. As a facilities planner, one should apply ergonomic principles to provide a safe work environment and workstations. Proper ergonomics can prevent injuries by reducing risk factors like repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and static loading.
The Top Skills That Can Get You Hired in 2017LinkedIn
We analyzed all the recruiting activity on LinkedIn this year and identified the Top Skills employers seek. Starting Oct 24, learn these skills and much more for free during the Week of Learning.
#AlwaysBeLearning https://learning.linkedin.com/week-of-learning
This document discusses risk assessment and its effectiveness in informing safety-related decisions. It provides definitions of risk from academic literature and standards documents. Risk is defined as the "effect of uncertainty on objectives" which takes into account uncertainty in consequences and likelihood. Risk assessment is then defined according to various standards organizations, though their definitions vary. The document outlines the risk management process from ISO 31000 and compares various risk management frameworks. It then discusses what makes an effective risk assessment, including planning, communication, and continuous monitoring and review. Lastly, it summarizes the results of a survey on risk assessment processes and techniques used.
The document discusses Safety in Design (SiD) for industries in New Zealand. It outlines what SiD is, which is a collaborative lifecycle approach to identify hazards and risks and implement control measures at the design stage. The presentation notes that an estimated 40% of fatalities could have been prevented through SiD. It also discusses the changing legislative environment in New Zealand that is pushing for more formal and regulated SiD processes. The summary concludes that implementing SiD can help reduce potential injuries and harm, lower whole of life costs, and ensure compliance with new health and safety legislation.
Presented by: Hans Key, WorkSafe NZ
Moni Hogg, Health and Safety Consultant
and Natia Tucker, Pasifika Injury Prevention Aukilana
at OHSIG 2014, Wednesday 10/9/14, NZI Room 4, 11.45am
Video URLs:
Say Yeah, Nah community education: www.youtube.com/watch?v=shte582z3fo
Puataunofo: www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXQqmOfoR6o
This document outlines a research project investigating the effectiveness of a tailored workplace exercise program for preventing work-related upper limb disorders. The project will develop and implement a 12-week program of resistance, eccentric, and stretching exercises for employees at risk of such injuries. Outcome measures will assess subjective reports, physical measures, task data, and injury rates before, during, and after the program to determine if exercises can help reduce upper limb conditions when targeted to individual jobs and abilities. A literature review found prior programs have benefits but need duration of at least 10-12 weeks to be effective.
This document discusses SDS requirements in New Zealand, both currently and potential future changes. It outlines that SDSs are an important part of ensuring workplace health and safety by providing hazardous substance information. Requirements include having a compliant SDS available within 10 minutes for any hazardous chemicals on site. The document also reviews SDS content requirements, common issues with non-NZ SDSs, and potential increased enforcement of SDS compliance regulations in the future.
This document summarizes an assessment of musculoskeletal disorders on large fishing vessels in New Zealand. It finds that the risk of injury is highest on vessels over 24 meters due to more time spent at sea, more crew members, and more physically demanding tasks. The assessment identified manual handling and slips/trips/falls as the most common causes of injury. It observed many physically demanding tasks performed in difficult conditions and proposed that interventions focusing on ergonomic improvements, training, fitness and hydration could help reduce injuries in the fishing industry.
This document discusses occupational health risk assessment, legal compliance, and uncertainties. It covers New Zealand's Health and Safety Reform Bill requiring employers to eliminate or minimize risks. It also discusses risk management standards and the risk assessment process of identification, analysis, and evaluation. The document outlines uncertainties that can arise in risk identification, analysis, criteria, and evaluation for airborne exposures. It emphasizes that a lack of knowledge and imperfect information can introduce uncertainty, and risk assessors must consider how uncertainties affect the overall risk evaluation and what can be done to manage uncertainties.
This document provides information about machinery guarding standards and regulations. It discusses findings from WorkSafe inspections that found older machinery often lacked guarding while newer machinery was generally guarded. Standards like AS 4024 provide specifications for machine guarding and safety distances to prevent access to hazard zones. The document outlines various standards regarding risk assessment, guards, safety distances, and safety control systems that are relevant for achieving safe machinery guarding.
This document discusses effective health and safety strategies for an aging workforce in New Zealand. It notes that over 1 million New Zealanders are aged 55+ and nearly half of them work. As the population continues to age, employers will need to prepare for an older workforce. The document recommends that employers understand the specific needs of older workers, develop age-based risk assessments to account for common health issues, and provide tailored training, support programs and flexible work arrangements. The key messages are to identify the needs of the aging workforce, develop a risk strategy based on those needs, and provide relevant health and safety information.
The document discusses creating a healthy lifestyle through work-life balance. It emphasizes finding meaningful work that provides physical activity, social connection, and financial security. It recommends developing a career plan to ensure work remains fulfilling and aligns with one's goals. Additionally, it suggests maintaining health through regular checkups, exercise, nutrition, financial planning, and avoiding stressors like smoking or overwork. The overall message is that prioritizing well-being, balance, and fulfillment across work, health, and personal life leads to positive outcomes.
This document discusses health loss and its causes in New Zealand. It uses the measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate health loss. Mental disorders, injury, and chronic diseases are among the leading causes of health loss across different age groups. Projections estimate a 13% increase in DALYs from 2006 to 2016, with cancer, heart disease, and anxiety/depressive disorders as the top causes. Risk factors like tobacco use, high BMI, and injury risks are preventable contributors to health loss. The document advocates for occupational health programs to identify workplace hazards, monitor employee health, and manage risks to keep employees fit for work.
This document discusses risk assessment and its effectiveness in informing safety-related decisions. It provides definitions of risk from academic literature and standards documents. Risk is defined as the "effect of uncertainty on objectives" which takes into account uncertainty in consequences and likelihood. Risk assessment is then defined according to various standards organizations, though their definitions vary. The document outlines the risk management process from ISO 31000 and compares various risk management frameworks. It then discusses what makes an effective risk assessment, including planning, communication, and continuous monitoring and review. Lastly, it summarizes the results of a survey on risk assessment processes and techniques used.
The document discusses Safety in Design (SiD) for industries in New Zealand. It outlines what SiD is, which is a collaborative lifecycle approach to identify hazards and risks and implement control measures at the design stage. The presentation notes that an estimated 40% of fatalities could have been prevented through SiD. It also discusses the changing legislative environment in New Zealand that is pushing for more formal and regulated SiD processes. The summary concludes that implementing SiD can help reduce potential injuries and harm, lower whole of life costs, and ensure compliance with new health and safety legislation.
Presented by: Hans Key, WorkSafe NZ
Moni Hogg, Health and Safety Consultant
and Natia Tucker, Pasifika Injury Prevention Aukilana
at OHSIG 2014, Wednesday 10/9/14, NZI Room 4, 11.45am
Video URLs:
Say Yeah, Nah community education: www.youtube.com/watch?v=shte582z3fo
Puataunofo: www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXQqmOfoR6o
This document outlines a research project investigating the effectiveness of a tailored workplace exercise program for preventing work-related upper limb disorders. The project will develop and implement a 12-week program of resistance, eccentric, and stretching exercises for employees at risk of such injuries. Outcome measures will assess subjective reports, physical measures, task data, and injury rates before, during, and after the program to determine if exercises can help reduce upper limb conditions when targeted to individual jobs and abilities. A literature review found prior programs have benefits but need duration of at least 10-12 weeks to be effective.
This document discusses SDS requirements in New Zealand, both currently and potential future changes. It outlines that SDSs are an important part of ensuring workplace health and safety by providing hazardous substance information. Requirements include having a compliant SDS available within 10 minutes for any hazardous chemicals on site. The document also reviews SDS content requirements, common issues with non-NZ SDSs, and potential increased enforcement of SDS compliance regulations in the future.
This document summarizes an assessment of musculoskeletal disorders on large fishing vessels in New Zealand. It finds that the risk of injury is highest on vessels over 24 meters due to more time spent at sea, more crew members, and more physically demanding tasks. The assessment identified manual handling and slips/trips/falls as the most common causes of injury. It observed many physically demanding tasks performed in difficult conditions and proposed that interventions focusing on ergonomic improvements, training, fitness and hydration could help reduce injuries in the fishing industry.
This document discusses occupational health risk assessment, legal compliance, and uncertainties. It covers New Zealand's Health and Safety Reform Bill requiring employers to eliminate or minimize risks. It also discusses risk management standards and the risk assessment process of identification, analysis, and evaluation. The document outlines uncertainties that can arise in risk identification, analysis, criteria, and evaluation for airborne exposures. It emphasizes that a lack of knowledge and imperfect information can introduce uncertainty, and risk assessors must consider how uncertainties affect the overall risk evaluation and what can be done to manage uncertainties.
This document provides information about machinery guarding standards and regulations. It discusses findings from WorkSafe inspections that found older machinery often lacked guarding while newer machinery was generally guarded. Standards like AS 4024 provide specifications for machine guarding and safety distances to prevent access to hazard zones. The document outlines various standards regarding risk assessment, guards, safety distances, and safety control systems that are relevant for achieving safe machinery guarding.
This document discusses effective health and safety strategies for an aging workforce in New Zealand. It notes that over 1 million New Zealanders are aged 55+ and nearly half of them work. As the population continues to age, employers will need to prepare for an older workforce. The document recommends that employers understand the specific needs of older workers, develop age-based risk assessments to account for common health issues, and provide tailored training, support programs and flexible work arrangements. The key messages are to identify the needs of the aging workforce, develop a risk strategy based on those needs, and provide relevant health and safety information.
The document discusses creating a healthy lifestyle through work-life balance. It emphasizes finding meaningful work that provides physical activity, social connection, and financial security. It recommends developing a career plan to ensure work remains fulfilling and aligns with one's goals. Additionally, it suggests maintaining health through regular checkups, exercise, nutrition, financial planning, and avoiding stressors like smoking or overwork. The overall message is that prioritizing well-being, balance, and fulfillment across work, health, and personal life leads to positive outcomes.
This document discusses health loss and its causes in New Zealand. It uses the measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate health loss. Mental disorders, injury, and chronic diseases are among the leading causes of health loss across different age groups. Projections estimate a 13% increase in DALYs from 2006 to 2016, with cancer, heart disease, and anxiety/depressive disorders as the top causes. Risk factors like tobacco use, high BMI, and injury risks are preventable contributors to health loss. The document advocates for occupational health programs to identify workplace hazards, monitor employee health, and manage risks to keep employees fit for work.
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4. 1Centre for Ergonomics, Occupational Safety and Health
2School of Sport and Exercise Science
3School of Psychology
4 School of Aviation
OHSIG Conference presentation
27 Oct 2011
*Massey University Research Fund Summer Studentship 2010 and 2011
Study also supported by the NZDF Defence Technology Agency
6. Symptoms of hypoxia are dependent on the level of hypoxia
(i.e. the altitude), are deceptively insidious, initially very
subtle and progressive:
◦ Visual: reduced colour perception, peripheral vision, acuity, and dimming
◦ General: euphoria, task fixation, personality changes, fuzziness, amnesia,
mental confusion, loss of self criticism, poor judgement and decision
making
◦ Neuromuscular: clumsiness, fine tremor, slurring of speech, slowing of
movements, „hypoxic flap‟
◦ Times of useful consciousness
Altitude Time of useful consciousness
18,000 ft 10-15 min
25,000 ft 2-3 min
40,000 ft About 30 seconds
7. Evidence for the effects of mild hypoxia is mixed
◦ Reduced complex reaction times, but well learned tasks
unaffected at 5000 and 8000 ft (Denison et al 1966)
◦ Impaired novel task learning under mild hypoxia (Crow and
Kelman, 1969, Farmer et al 1992)
◦ Simple tasks - logical reasoning and a vigilance -
unaffected at 8000 ft (Morgan and Green 1972, Fiorica et al 1971)
◦ Slower judgement time at 7000 ft but accuracy unaffected
(McCarthy et al 1995)
◦ No effects on visual function at 7000 ft (Corban et al 1995)
◦ Impaired sleep quality at about 8000 ft (Muhn et al 2009)
8. Our concern
Mild hypoxia associated with exposure to aircraft cabin
altitudes of 8000 ft may be an unrecognised factor
contributing to impaired decision-making performance of
aircrew in uncertain, novel, or emergency situations, and
may be a factor that could have contributed, and may
contribute in the future, to aircraft accidents
Hypothesis
Mild hypoxia (equivalent to cabin altitudes of about
8000 ft) impairs complex cognitive (decision-
making) task performance (especially when there
are additional multiple stressors and task
demands)
9. Study design
Familiarisation session
15 students
Hypoxicator delivers normoxic or hypoxic air equivalent to 8000 ft
First exposure Second exposure
(Hypoxia or Normoxia) (Hypoxia or Normoxia)
Counterbalanced presentation
Physiological measurements Cognitive Tasks
Psychomotor task
• SaO2
• HR Complex decision • Reasoning task
making tasks • Memory task
10. Normoxia Normoxia or mild hypoxia
0 30 60 90 120 150
Time
(min) Rest period Rest period
Cognitive tasks Cognitive tasks Cognitive tasks
• SaO2
• HR
13. Simple joystick „steering‟ task
◦ Keep white disc inside yellow target with joystick
Braking task
◦ Press foot pedal when lights come on. Duration ~10
minutes: 15 brake trials, 35-50 seconds apart
Measurements
◦ Time outside target
◦ Braking reaction time
Prediction based on previous research
◦ No significant effect of mild hypoxia
Results
◦ No significant effects
14. Belief bias
People find logic tasks (syllogisms) difficult when believability of
conclusion conflicts with logical validity of argument
Syllogism
All mammals can walk
Whales are mammals
Whales can walk
Unbelievable conclusions incline people to think syllogisms are invalid
Believable conclusions incline people to think syllogisms are valid
Belief Bias makes judging the validity of Conflict (unbelievable)
syllogisms hard and Nonconflict (believable) syllogisms easy
Dual process
Reasoning while doing another mental task (i.e. the logic task)
causes poorer performance on Conflict syllogisms but not
Nonconflict syllogisms ..... because Conflict syllogisms require much
more concentration and deliberation to judge correctly
15. Reasoning Task – Belief bias/Dual process task
Method
◦ 12 logical syllogisms for each block Example of a valid conflict syllogism
6 conflict syllogisms,
6 non-conflict syllogisms
Half valid, half invalid
◦ Random presentation
Measurements
◦ Accuracy
◦ Response Time
Prediction
◦ Mild hypoxia will reduce performance on Conflict and Invalid (i.e.
difficult) syllogisms but not Non-conflict and Valid (i.e. easy)
syllogisms
Results
◦ No change in Accuracy
◦ Conflict syllogisms judged more slowly in mild hypoxia at 30 & 90 min
◦ Invalid syllogisms judged more slowly in mild hypoxia at 30 min
16. 1. Reading Span measure of Working Memory (WM)
◦ Processing Component
Judge the semantic and/or syntactic sense of sentence
He was a fanatical yellow of football, rugby, and cricket.
◦ Memory Component
Recall last word of each of a set of 2-6 sentences
Cricket in the previous sentence
2. Event-based Prospective Memory (PM)
◦ PM = Remember to do something when a specific event occurs
◦ PM task = press F whenever you see the letter string “ean” in a sentence
Everyone knew his distinctive purple beanie and shoes.
17. Method
◦ 60 sentences, divided up into 15 blocks
◦ 10 blocks contained a PM trial (a word with „ean‟ in it)
◦ At the end of each block, subject prompted to recall the last
word of each of the sentences in the block
Measurements
◦ Working Memory span – number of last words recalled correctly
◦ Sentence sense error rate
◦ Prospective Memory score – number of times an „ean‟ word was
correctly spotted
Prediction
◦ Working Memory span, Sentence sense error rate and
Prospective Memory score will all be reduced by hypoxia
Results
◦ Reduced WM span at 90 min
◦ No effect on Sentence Sense Error rate
◦ No effect on Prospective memory
◦
18. Psychomotor task
◦ As predicted, no effect of mild hypoxia on psychomotor task
Complex cognition tasks
◦ Reasoning
Reasoning accuracy not noticeably affected by hypoxia
Time to reason affected by hypoxia, particularly for „harder‟
logical operations (i.e. conflict syllogisms and invalid
syllogisms) that require concentration and deliberation
◦ Working Memory
Working memory span reduced by hypoxia after 90 min
Hypoxia had no effect on Sentence Sense Error Rate and
Prospective memory
19. Conclusions
Tentative evidence that mild hypoxia (equivalent to
cabin altitudes of about 8000 ft) can affect aspects
of complex cognitive decision-making in novel and
stressful situations
20. Limitations of this study
Small sample size (n =15). We will be collecting data for at least 10
more subjects to increase statistical power
Students are not pilots
Limited face validity of the complex cognitive reasoning and memory
tests for aviation
Future study plans
The effects of varying durations and levels of mild hypoxia in
an increased sample size of pilots with more refined tests of
complex cognitive performance (with higher face validity) and
of risk judgement in a flight simulator
The effects of combined exposure to mild hypoxia,
dehydration, circadian dysrhythmia (jet-lag) and sleep
deprivation (loss of and disturbed sleep)