The document describes a pill camera, which is a miniature camera housed in a capsule the size of a vitamin pill. It is used in capsule endoscopy to view the esophagus and small intestine. The capsule captures and transmits images as it passes through the digestive tract, allowing doctors to examine the images later. Key components include an optical dome, lens, LED lights, image sensor, batteries, and antenna. It provides detailed images of the entire digestive tract without needing endoscopy or sedation. While expensive and unable to be controlled, pill cameras have revolutionized diagnosis of small intestine conditions and have bright future applications.

1. ARTIFACT
PILL CAMERA
BY
G.SAI SRI TEJA
MCA(3rd sem)

2. CONTENTS
❖ Introduction
❖ History
❖ Technology
❖ Specifications
❖ Components
❖ Working
❖ Advantages
❖ Disadvantages
❖ Applications
❖ Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 A pill camera is a miniature camera, along with a light,
transmitter and batteries called Capsule cam, is housed in a
capsule, of the size of vitamin pill.
 It is used in a process called capsule endoscopy, which is a
easiest way of viewing the esophagus and small intestine.
 Once swallowed, the capsule is propelled through the small
intestine by peristalsis, and acquires and transmits digital
images.
 The pill camera can defect any abnormalities in the stomach and
also it is biocompatible.

4. HISTORY
In the mid 1990s,Gavriel Iddan launched a pill for the
transformation in the field of gastroenterology by
pioneering the idea of wireless capsule endoscopy.
In 1998,Mr.Iddan became co-founder for Given Imaging
Ltd.. to market his new prototype.
In 2001, His invention was officially released. Since then,
the pill capsule has been establishing wireless capsule
endoscopy as the global standard for small bowel
diagnostics.

5.  Pill camera developed on the basis of NANOTECHNOLOGY.
 Nanotechnology deals with objects measured in the nanometers.
Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter or millionth of a
millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of the human hair.
 Millions of assembler needed to build products. In order to create
enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some Nano machines
called explicators will be developed using self-replication process.
Self-replication is a process in which devices whose diameters are of
atomic scales, on the order of nanometers, create copies of
themselves.
TECHNOLOGY

6. SPECIFICATIONS
• DIAMETER - 10MM
• LENGTH - 25MM
• DISPOSABLE
• CHARGE 8 HOURS

7. COMPONENTS

8. COMPONENTS
1. Optical dome
• This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule inside small
intestine.
• Helps propel the capsule easily.
• Contains the Light Receiving Window.
2. Lens holder
• It is that part which holds the lens.
• The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so it doesn’t get dislocated.

9. COMPONENTS
3. Lens
• The Lens is an essential component of the capsule.
• It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Windows.
4. Illuminating LED’S
• Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED’s(Light emitting
diodes) are present.
• These plural lighting devices are arranged in donut shape.

10. COMPONENTS
5. CMOS Image Sensor
• CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the
most important part of the capsule.
• Highly sensitive and produces very high quality images.
• It has 140 degrees field of view and can detect objects as small as possible.
6. Battery
• Batteries are button shaped and are two in number.
• The batteries are arranged together just behind the CMOS Image sensor.
• Disposable and harmless to the body.

11. COMPONENTS
7. ASIC Transmitter
• Penultimate component in the capsule.
• The ASIC (Application specific Integrated Circuit)Transmitter is
arranged behind the batteries.
• These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.
8. Antenna
• The Antenna is arranged at the end of the capsule.
• It is enclosed in a dome shaped chamber.

12. WORKING
• Pill camera is also called as capsule endoscopy.
• Capsule is swallowed by the patient.
• It travels through the body and takes images as it is propelled
forward by peristalsis.
• A wireless recorder receives the image captured by the pill.
• A computer workstation processes the data and produces a
continuous still images.

13. ADVANTAGES
• A pill camera can be easily swallowed.
• It provides doctors more detailed images and the entire digestive
track not visible by other techniques and records 870,000 images.
• Harmless to the patient and easier than a endoscopy and it include
the avoidance of standard endoscopy.
• The patient can continue their everyday life once he/she has
swallowed the pill cam and no sedation is necessary for Capsule
Endoscopy.
• Doctors can steer the images of the internal body as they wish.
• Doctors can reexamine the images again and again.

14. DISADVANTAGES
• Pill camera is very expensive.
• Sometimes the camera could get stuck in the patients small intestine
but this usually means that there is something wrong in the intestines
and it requires surgery to remove the camera and fix the problem.
• Doctors have no control over its path .It only allow a single fly-by view.
• It cannot be reused because it completes its voyage through the
digestive system.
• Due to its small size, the camera can capture an image of only about
70 percent of the digestive tract.

15. APPLICATIONS
• Crohn's Disease.
• Malabsorption Disorders.
• Tumours of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.
• Ulcerative Colitis.
• Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury.

17. CONCLUSION
• Pill Camera has a Bright future which will help the doctor to diagnose
the stomach related diseases more easily.
• The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-
invasive imaging of the entire small intestine.
• It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extent
and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world.
• But some steps need to be taken to overcome the drawbacks.