This document discusses how utilization factor and number of metal layers affect floor planning in VLSI physical design. It analyzes two phases: phase 1 uses lower metal layers (M1, M2) for power and ground planning, while phase 2 uses higher layers (M5, M6). The results show that a utilization factor of 0.5-0.6 works best for phase 1, while 0.6-0.7 works best for phase 2. Using only 1-2 metal layers results in a non-routable design, so a minimum of 3 layers is needed. Overall, phase 2 performs better with fewer wire length, vias, congestion and DRC violations compared to phase 1.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The effect of mesh size, number of rod, & length of rod towards touch vol...Syamsir Abduh
This document simulates the effects of mesh size, number of rods, and rod length on touch voltage, step voltage, and ground resistance in grounding systems. It compares 3 models: Model 1 uses 4 rods of 3m length in a 20x20m mesh; Model 2 uses 156 rods of 3m length in a 40x15m mesh; Model 3 uses 66 rods of 6m length in the same 40x15m mesh. Simulation results show Model 1 has the lowest touch and step voltages while using the fewest materials. Therefore, the document concludes Model 1 is the most optimal design.
Experimental study on bending behaviour of triangular web profile steel beam ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A triangular web profile (TRIWP) steel section is a section made of two flanges connected to a slender web. The web and the flanges can be produced from different steel grades depending on design requirements. The flanges width and thickness is determined based on the depth of the section. The web is corrugated at regular interval into triangular shape along the length of the beam. This paper describes an experimental study on the bending behavior in major (Ix) and minor (Iy) axes of Triangular Web Profile (TRIWP) compared to flat web (FW) steel sections. Two types of sizing involved which is 200×100×6×3mm and 180×75×5×2mm section. Each of beam section was modeled using several spans such as 3m, 4m and 4.8m. It was observed that the TRIWP section had a higher stiffness about minor axis compared to that of FW steel section but has lower stiffness about major axis. The analyses results show that the flexural stiffness for TRIWP1 is 0.794 times the Ix of the flat web steel section (FW1). Meanwhile, the flexural stiffness for TRIWP1 is 1.429 times the Iy of the flat web steel section (FW1). The findings for section TRIWP2 found to be similar to that of TRIWP1. For the section TRIWP2, it was observed that the value of Ix of TRIWP is 0.780 times the Ix of FW steel section which is less than that of FW. The Iy of TRIWP is 1.393 times the Iy of FW steel section which is more than that of FW steel section. Keywords: Flexural stiffness, Bending, Triangular web profile.
This paper investigates a microfluidic device that integrates a gate valve and variable aperture mesh filter into a single unit. It uses a linear electrostatic induction drive to position the valve and varies the filter aperture size by superimposing a mobile mesh on a fixed mesh, both with the same opening pattern. The device aims to minimize power consumption by including a locking mechanism to maintain the mobile mesh position. Simulations of the device were attempted using COMSOL but the author had difficulties achieving desired results due to unfamiliarity with the software.
Application of electrical resistivity tomography (ert) and arial photographs ...Alexander Decker
1. The document describes a study using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and aerial photographs to identify karst features like sinkholes at three construction sites in Perak, Malaysia.
2. ERT surveys found anomalies indicating saturated clay and possible sinkholes at the first site, several sinkholes and clay zones at the second site, and multiple soil collapse sinkholes and clay zones at the third site.
3. The study aims to locate karst features, estimate bedrock depth, and characterize the features to inform construction planning and mitigate geohazards at the sites.
A design and simulation of optical pressure sensor based on photonic crystal ...prjpublications
This document describes the design and simulation of an optical pressure sensor based on photonic crystals in the sub-micron range. Two designs of the pressure sensor are proposed and modeled. The first uses a two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystal with rods in air and a waveguide carved between two dielectric slabs. The second uses a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice photonic crystal with holes in a dielectric slab and a waveguide. Applied pressure moves the upper slab, changing the waveguide dimension and altering the transmission spectrum in a way that corresponds to the pressure level. The designs were simulated using the Finite Difference Time Domain method with the MEEP software tool.
This document summarizes research on the electrical performance of flexible FinFET CMOS devices. Flexible FinFETs were fabricated using SOI wafers and subjected to bending stresses. Electrical measurements were taken under bending conditions. The results show that compressive stress has a more pronounced effect on device performance than tensile stress. Compressive stress decreases performance for both n-type and p-type FinFETs regardless of bending axis. The findings provide insights into integrating flexible CMOS technology into applications requiring both flexibility and high performance.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The effect of mesh size, number of rod, & length of rod towards touch vol...Syamsir Abduh
This document simulates the effects of mesh size, number of rods, and rod length on touch voltage, step voltage, and ground resistance in grounding systems. It compares 3 models: Model 1 uses 4 rods of 3m length in a 20x20m mesh; Model 2 uses 156 rods of 3m length in a 40x15m mesh; Model 3 uses 66 rods of 6m length in the same 40x15m mesh. Simulation results show Model 1 has the lowest touch and step voltages while using the fewest materials. Therefore, the document concludes Model 1 is the most optimal design.
Experimental study on bending behaviour of triangular web profile steel beam ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A triangular web profile (TRIWP) steel section is a section made of two flanges connected to a slender web. The web and the flanges can be produced from different steel grades depending on design requirements. The flanges width and thickness is determined based on the depth of the section. The web is corrugated at regular interval into triangular shape along the length of the beam. This paper describes an experimental study on the bending behavior in major (Ix) and minor (Iy) axes of Triangular Web Profile (TRIWP) compared to flat web (FW) steel sections. Two types of sizing involved which is 200×100×6×3mm and 180×75×5×2mm section. Each of beam section was modeled using several spans such as 3m, 4m and 4.8m. It was observed that the TRIWP section had a higher stiffness about minor axis compared to that of FW steel section but has lower stiffness about major axis. The analyses results show that the flexural stiffness for TRIWP1 is 0.794 times the Ix of the flat web steel section (FW1). Meanwhile, the flexural stiffness for TRIWP1 is 1.429 times the Iy of the flat web steel section (FW1). The findings for section TRIWP2 found to be similar to that of TRIWP1. For the section TRIWP2, it was observed that the value of Ix of TRIWP is 0.780 times the Ix of FW steel section which is less than that of FW. The Iy of TRIWP is 1.393 times the Iy of FW steel section which is more than that of FW steel section. Keywords: Flexural stiffness, Bending, Triangular web profile.
This paper investigates a microfluidic device that integrates a gate valve and variable aperture mesh filter into a single unit. It uses a linear electrostatic induction drive to position the valve and varies the filter aperture size by superimposing a mobile mesh on a fixed mesh, both with the same opening pattern. The device aims to minimize power consumption by including a locking mechanism to maintain the mobile mesh position. Simulations of the device were attempted using COMSOL but the author had difficulties achieving desired results due to unfamiliarity with the software.
Application of electrical resistivity tomography (ert) and arial photographs ...Alexander Decker
1. The document describes a study using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and aerial photographs to identify karst features like sinkholes at three construction sites in Perak, Malaysia.
2. ERT surveys found anomalies indicating saturated clay and possible sinkholes at the first site, several sinkholes and clay zones at the second site, and multiple soil collapse sinkholes and clay zones at the third site.
3. The study aims to locate karst features, estimate bedrock depth, and characterize the features to inform construction planning and mitigate geohazards at the sites.
A design and simulation of optical pressure sensor based on photonic crystal ...prjpublications
This document describes the design and simulation of an optical pressure sensor based on photonic crystals in the sub-micron range. Two designs of the pressure sensor are proposed and modeled. The first uses a two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystal with rods in air and a waveguide carved between two dielectric slabs. The second uses a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice photonic crystal with holes in a dielectric slab and a waveguide. Applied pressure moves the upper slab, changing the waveguide dimension and altering the transmission spectrum in a way that corresponds to the pressure level. The designs were simulated using the Finite Difference Time Domain method with the MEEP software tool.
This document summarizes research on the electrical performance of flexible FinFET CMOS devices. Flexible FinFETs were fabricated using SOI wafers and subjected to bending stresses. Electrical measurements were taken under bending conditions. The results show that compressive stress has a more pronounced effect on device performance than tensile stress. Compressive stress decreases performance for both n-type and p-type FinFETs regardless of bending axis. The findings provide insights into integrating flexible CMOS technology into applications requiring both flexibility and high performance.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF ISOTRUSS STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT POSITIONS...IJCI JOURNAL
The present paper illustrates a light weight composite IsoTruss structure and its characteristics in buckling
through finite element modelling and simulations. IsoTruss provides excellent opportunities to enhance the
strength to weight ratio of a structural element. The paper presents the comparative study of compressive
buckling load carrying capacity with respect to bay length of IsoTruss under placement of longitudinal
members at different location along the axis of IsoTruss. The study concludes that the IsoTruss exhibits
global as well as local buckling characteristics for progressive bay length of IsoTruss. The IsoTruss with
longitudinal members placed away from axis has better compressive buckling load carrying ability than the
IsoTruss with longitudinal members nearer to the axis of the IsoTruss.
This document discusses fracture mechanics in MEMS. It begins with an introduction to MEMS and their small sizes, then discusses how fracture becomes more likely as sizes decrease. It describes three modes of crack deformation and methods of calculating stress factors. Methods for testing fracture in MEMS are also summarized, including tensile testing, fatigue testing, and torsion testing. Finite element analysis is presented as a method for modeling complex stress in MEMS structures. The document concludes by noting the importance of understanding fracture mechanics for improving MEMS reliability.
The Determination of Effects of Primary and Secondary Geometry of Tubular Lin...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, general information on the construction of tubular generators are given. Also, the numeric analyses were conducted by using 2D and 3D finite elements software. The output power, iron loss and cogging force change were compared by sensing the primary and secondary structural geometry of generator. Instead of the annular magnets, the magnets in the form of block were used mobile (secondary) part of generator. Also, analyses were conducted on the generator for two primary geometries.
Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strandtheijes
A method to calculate damage evolution during the life of a strand was developed in this paper. Based on simple tensile tests, it has the advantage of being time and money saving. The residual energy damage calculation was compared to the unified theory for different loading levels. The correlation between the two methods was found for a loading level of 1.49. The energy calculation method is verified comparing with another paper where the correlation was found for a loading level of 1.68 and the damage stages were the same.
Simulation of the different position on the E-type round diaphragm and the le...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulates the effect of different positions and lengths of a beam resonator attached to an E-type round silicon diaphragm sensor for measuring acceleration. The sensor's sensing components are the diaphragm and attached beam. Finite element modeling is used to calculate the relationship between the beam's natural frequency and measured acceleration based on varying the beam's position on the diaphragm and length. The document provides background on resonant silicon sensors, describes the sensor's structure and sensing mechanism, analyzes stresses on the diaphragm, establishes mathematical models of the beam and diaphragm, and outlines the finite element modeling approach.
This document presents a monolithic bistable mechanism that does not rely on residual stress. It consists of two curved beams clamped at the center.
Analytic and finite element modeling is used to predict and design the bistable behavior. The modeling shows that for a single curved beam to be bistable, its second buckling mode must be constrained. A double curved beam structure satisfies this requirement through mutual cancellation of twisting modes.
Microfabricated double curved beam tests match the analytic predictions well. The design allows tailoring of the bistable behavior without needing residual stress or complex structures.
IRJET- Study on the Effect of the Concentric Brace and Lightweight Shear Stee...IRJET Journal
1) The study examines the seismic behavior of light steel frame structures using two lateral bracing systems: diagonal bracing and lightweight steel shear walls.
2) Finite element models of shear wall panels with different dimensions and material properties are created in SAP2000 software.
3) Pushover analyses are conducted to compare the seismic response parameters like deformability, hardness, ultimate load capacity, and strength gain between the two lateral load resisting systems.
Numerical Investigation of Multilayer Fractal FSSIJMER
Numerical investigations are presented for a multilayer frequency selective surface with Koch
fractal (levels 1 and 2) conducting patch elements. The structure investigated is obtained using two FSS
screens separated by an air gap layer. For the proposed investigation were used three different values an
air gap height. The results obtained using the numerical method were compared with other technique and
using the commercial software Ansoft DesignerTM. A good agreement was observed in terms of the
bandwidth.
2 d electrical resistivity tomography (ert) survey using the multi electrode ...Alexander Decker
1) 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted along six radial profiles at the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana using a modified multi-electrode gradient array.
2) The cable take-outs of the resistivity imaging system were modified from 2m to 5m spacing, allowing investigation of the subsurface to depths of around 75m.
3) The ERT models identified three subsurface formations - low resistivity lake sediments, moderately resistive impact breccias, and highly resistive basement metamorphic rocks.
Upgradation of non ductile reinforced concrete beamcolumn connections using f...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on upgrading non-ductile reinforced concrete beam-column connections using polyester fiber. Specimens of beam-column connections with varying amounts of polyester fiber (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume) were subjected to cyclic loading. Test results showed that the addition of polyester fiber increased the ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the connections compared to the non-ductile control specimen. The polyester fiber improved the ductility of the connections and led to more uniform cracking and higher deformability. Increasing the polyester fiber content resulted in higher strength, stiffness degradation resistance, and energy absorption of the beam-column connections.
Comparison of the lateral deflection at midpoint of long & short side columnIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to compare the lateral deflection of long and short side reinforced concrete columns subjected to blast loading. The analysis used ANSYS to model 8 columns with different transverse and longitudinal reinforcement. It found that the long side columns experienced significantly higher maximum lateral deformations than the short side columns. Ratios of short to long side column deformation ranged from 0.24 to 0.38 depending on the column. The study concluded that column length and orientation affects deformation under blast loading, with long side columns experiencing greater impacts.
Clad metals are composite metal containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Clad metals offer the opportunity to combine desirable properties and/or characteristics of individual metals and alloys into a material "system" that provides improved characteristics over the individual metals. In the event the bond quality is compromised, these materials will not meet their original purpose. Disbond in clad layers is very similar to an internal void in single layer materials such as steel strip material.
This document summarizes research on developing a multi-scale modeling approach to predict the structural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composite pipes used for offshore oil and gas risers. The approach models the pipe behavior at the micro, meso, and macro scales and links the scales together. Experiments were conducted to validate the modeling approach and determine material properties at each scale. Results showed good agreement between predicted and experimental properties and structural response at different loading conditions. The multi-scale modeling approach shows promise for designing composite risers while addressing current limitations in experience, standards, and design methodologies.
Design and economical of roof trusses & purlins (comparison of limit state an...eSAT Publishing House
This document compares the limit state method and working stress method for designing roof trusses and purlins using light gauge steel sections. It analyzes fink type roof trusses and channel section purlins using both methods while keeping other parameters constant. The limit state method results in higher bending strength, load capacity, and less deflection and buckling compared to the working stress method. However, the working stress method proves to be more economical. The study aims to determine the most economical and structurally sound design method.
(1) The document discusses frequency selective surfaces (FSS), which are periodic structures that perform filtering at microwave frequencies. FSS performance depends on factors like element geometry, conductivity, substrate properties, and array period/number.
(2) CST Microwave Studio is used to model and analyze FSS. An annular ring FSS design is proposed for dual-band operation in C-band and X-band. Simulation results show the resonant frequencies can be shifted by varying the ring spacing.
(3) Testing different substrate materials, a linear relationship is observed between the shift in bands, demonstrating the design's ability to achieve dual-band response through proper element and substrate selection.
Structural analysis of the magnetic poles of the 20 MeV Injector Microtron.IOSR Journals
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has developed a 20 MeV Microtron
used as an electron source for the 2.5 GeV INDUS -2 and 550 MeV INDUS -1particle accelerators. Due to the
presence of revolving electrons inside the Microtron cavity, an Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) is required to be
created inside it. This paper presents a structural analysis of the Microtron magnet poles as they are subjected
to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and the magnetic force of the dipole magnets. The aim of the analysis
is to determine whether the deflection produced in the magnetic poles affects the uniformity of the magnetic field
inside the Microtron cavity as a slight deflection in the magnetic field can cause the electrons to change their
paths and thus they will not come out of the Microtron and die out inside the cavity. The maximum deflection
and stress intensity were determined using ANSYS 12.0. The estimated maximum deflection was 0.124 μm which
does not have any significant effect on the uniformity of magnetic field. The estimated maximum stress intensity
was 4.3 MPa which is less than the yield strength of the material used.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Building sub-structure: Composite structural floor system, Leeds, UKFull Scale Dynamics
1. The document describes a composite structural floor system in a office building in Leeds, UK. It has steel beams and columns supporting a composite steel-concrete slab.
2. Modal testing was performed to measure vibration responses and create an experimental modal model. 13 vibration modes were identified between 4.86-9.19Hz.
3. A finite element model was also created and calibrated by adjusting parameters like slab depth and modulus of elasticity to better match the experimental modal results. The updated finite element model provided an acceptable match to the modal test results.
Este documento es una queja presentada por estudiantes y padres de familia sobre la conducta inapropiada de una docente. Se describen varios incidentes en los que la profesora mostró favoritismo, chantajeó a estudiantes con sus notas, se burló de trabajos estudiantiles y usó un lenguaje grosero. Los estudiantes y padres solicitan una solución al rector, como un informe de notas y un segundo evaluador, para evitar represalias contra los estudiantes. Adjuntan evidencias como soporte de sus afirmaciones.
Selezione, formazione e sviluppo del personaleEttore Fareri
L&P Consulenti Srl è una società attiva da anni nell'ambito della consulenza di direzione, soprattutto per organizzazioni strutturate. Nello specifico, si occupa di:
- selezione di figure di alto profilo, con specializzazione in ambito bancario;
- corsi di formazione di tipo manageriale, comportamentale, relazionale e di tipo tecnico. Negli ultimi anni, inoltre, sono state molte le esperienze di corsi su anticorruzione ed antiriciclaggio per P.A. e banche presenti sia a livello locale che nazionale;
- rilevazione delle competenze delle risorse umane, con una grande expertise nella rilevazione antiriciclaggio.
Ogni progetto è costruito su misura per la Committenza, in base alle necessità specifiche.
Le esperienze maturate in Direzioni Generali di Banche e Aziende o all’interno di Società di Consulenza, oltre a garantire a livello metodologico la tenuta concettuale e la qualità degli interventi proposti, ci hanno insegnato l’importanza di essere attenti ad approfondire tecniche e strumenti per rispondere nel miglior modo possibile alle diverse esigenze dei nostri clienti.
L&P punta molto sulla qualità delle risorse umane impiegate e, pertanto, tutti i nostri consulenti sono professionisti qualificati, con la visione e le competenze che servono a garantire risultati di alto livello.
La nostra cultura aziendale si fonda sulla collaborazione e sulla condivisione, elementi fondamentali per riuscire a rispondere alle diverse esigenze aziendali, ottimizzando tempi e costi.
La reunión con los padres de familia tuvo como objetivo presentar el proyecto de innovación del aula 3°3 y motivar su participación. Durante la reunión, los padres experimentaron diferentes materiales pedagógicos y compartieron su apoyo al proyecto. Firmaron autorizaciones para que sus hijos participen en el proyecto y nuevos materiales como mesas hexagonales y un televisor fueron implementados en el aula.
BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF ISOTRUSS STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT POSITIONS...IJCI JOURNAL
The present paper illustrates a light weight composite IsoTruss structure and its characteristics in buckling
through finite element modelling and simulations. IsoTruss provides excellent opportunities to enhance the
strength to weight ratio of a structural element. The paper presents the comparative study of compressive
buckling load carrying capacity with respect to bay length of IsoTruss under placement of longitudinal
members at different location along the axis of IsoTruss. The study concludes that the IsoTruss exhibits
global as well as local buckling characteristics for progressive bay length of IsoTruss. The IsoTruss with
longitudinal members placed away from axis has better compressive buckling load carrying ability than the
IsoTruss with longitudinal members nearer to the axis of the IsoTruss.
This document discusses fracture mechanics in MEMS. It begins with an introduction to MEMS and their small sizes, then discusses how fracture becomes more likely as sizes decrease. It describes three modes of crack deformation and methods of calculating stress factors. Methods for testing fracture in MEMS are also summarized, including tensile testing, fatigue testing, and torsion testing. Finite element analysis is presented as a method for modeling complex stress in MEMS structures. The document concludes by noting the importance of understanding fracture mechanics for improving MEMS reliability.
The Determination of Effects of Primary and Secondary Geometry of Tubular Lin...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, general information on the construction of tubular generators are given. Also, the numeric analyses were conducted by using 2D and 3D finite elements software. The output power, iron loss and cogging force change were compared by sensing the primary and secondary structural geometry of generator. Instead of the annular magnets, the magnets in the form of block were used mobile (secondary) part of generator. Also, analyses were conducted on the generator for two primary geometries.
Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strandtheijes
A method to calculate damage evolution during the life of a strand was developed in this paper. Based on simple tensile tests, it has the advantage of being time and money saving. The residual energy damage calculation was compared to the unified theory for different loading levels. The correlation between the two methods was found for a loading level of 1.49. The energy calculation method is verified comparing with another paper where the correlation was found for a loading level of 1.68 and the damage stages were the same.
Simulation of the different position on the E-type round diaphragm and the le...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulates the effect of different positions and lengths of a beam resonator attached to an E-type round silicon diaphragm sensor for measuring acceleration. The sensor's sensing components are the diaphragm and attached beam. Finite element modeling is used to calculate the relationship between the beam's natural frequency and measured acceleration based on varying the beam's position on the diaphragm and length. The document provides background on resonant silicon sensors, describes the sensor's structure and sensing mechanism, analyzes stresses on the diaphragm, establishes mathematical models of the beam and diaphragm, and outlines the finite element modeling approach.
This document presents a monolithic bistable mechanism that does not rely on residual stress. It consists of two curved beams clamped at the center.
Analytic and finite element modeling is used to predict and design the bistable behavior. The modeling shows that for a single curved beam to be bistable, its second buckling mode must be constrained. A double curved beam structure satisfies this requirement through mutual cancellation of twisting modes.
Microfabricated double curved beam tests match the analytic predictions well. The design allows tailoring of the bistable behavior without needing residual stress or complex structures.
IRJET- Study on the Effect of the Concentric Brace and Lightweight Shear Stee...IRJET Journal
1) The study examines the seismic behavior of light steel frame structures using two lateral bracing systems: diagonal bracing and lightweight steel shear walls.
2) Finite element models of shear wall panels with different dimensions and material properties are created in SAP2000 software.
3) Pushover analyses are conducted to compare the seismic response parameters like deformability, hardness, ultimate load capacity, and strength gain between the two lateral load resisting systems.
Numerical Investigation of Multilayer Fractal FSSIJMER
Numerical investigations are presented for a multilayer frequency selective surface with Koch
fractal (levels 1 and 2) conducting patch elements. The structure investigated is obtained using two FSS
screens separated by an air gap layer. For the proposed investigation were used three different values an
air gap height. The results obtained using the numerical method were compared with other technique and
using the commercial software Ansoft DesignerTM. A good agreement was observed in terms of the
bandwidth.
2 d electrical resistivity tomography (ert) survey using the multi electrode ...Alexander Decker
1) 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted along six radial profiles at the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana using a modified multi-electrode gradient array.
2) The cable take-outs of the resistivity imaging system were modified from 2m to 5m spacing, allowing investigation of the subsurface to depths of around 75m.
3) The ERT models identified three subsurface formations - low resistivity lake sediments, moderately resistive impact breccias, and highly resistive basement metamorphic rocks.
Upgradation of non ductile reinforced concrete beamcolumn connections using f...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on upgrading non-ductile reinforced concrete beam-column connections using polyester fiber. Specimens of beam-column connections with varying amounts of polyester fiber (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume) were subjected to cyclic loading. Test results showed that the addition of polyester fiber increased the ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the connections compared to the non-ductile control specimen. The polyester fiber improved the ductility of the connections and led to more uniform cracking and higher deformability. Increasing the polyester fiber content resulted in higher strength, stiffness degradation resistance, and energy absorption of the beam-column connections.
Comparison of the lateral deflection at midpoint of long & short side columnIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to compare the lateral deflection of long and short side reinforced concrete columns subjected to blast loading. The analysis used ANSYS to model 8 columns with different transverse and longitudinal reinforcement. It found that the long side columns experienced significantly higher maximum lateral deformations than the short side columns. Ratios of short to long side column deformation ranged from 0.24 to 0.38 depending on the column. The study concluded that column length and orientation affects deformation under blast loading, with long side columns experiencing greater impacts.
Clad metals are composite metal containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Clad metals offer the opportunity to combine desirable properties and/or characteristics of individual metals and alloys into a material "system" that provides improved characteristics over the individual metals. In the event the bond quality is compromised, these materials will not meet their original purpose. Disbond in clad layers is very similar to an internal void in single layer materials such as steel strip material.
This document summarizes research on developing a multi-scale modeling approach to predict the structural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composite pipes used for offshore oil and gas risers. The approach models the pipe behavior at the micro, meso, and macro scales and links the scales together. Experiments were conducted to validate the modeling approach and determine material properties at each scale. Results showed good agreement between predicted and experimental properties and structural response at different loading conditions. The multi-scale modeling approach shows promise for designing composite risers while addressing current limitations in experience, standards, and design methodologies.
Design and economical of roof trusses & purlins (comparison of limit state an...eSAT Publishing House
This document compares the limit state method and working stress method for designing roof trusses and purlins using light gauge steel sections. It analyzes fink type roof trusses and channel section purlins using both methods while keeping other parameters constant. The limit state method results in higher bending strength, load capacity, and less deflection and buckling compared to the working stress method. However, the working stress method proves to be more economical. The study aims to determine the most economical and structurally sound design method.
(1) The document discusses frequency selective surfaces (FSS), which are periodic structures that perform filtering at microwave frequencies. FSS performance depends on factors like element geometry, conductivity, substrate properties, and array period/number.
(2) CST Microwave Studio is used to model and analyze FSS. An annular ring FSS design is proposed for dual-band operation in C-band and X-band. Simulation results show the resonant frequencies can be shifted by varying the ring spacing.
(3) Testing different substrate materials, a linear relationship is observed between the shift in bands, demonstrating the design's ability to achieve dual-band response through proper element and substrate selection.
Structural analysis of the magnetic poles of the 20 MeV Injector Microtron.IOSR Journals
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has developed a 20 MeV Microtron
used as an electron source for the 2.5 GeV INDUS -2 and 550 MeV INDUS -1particle accelerators. Due to the
presence of revolving electrons inside the Microtron cavity, an Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) is required to be
created inside it. This paper presents a structural analysis of the Microtron magnet poles as they are subjected
to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and the magnetic force of the dipole magnets. The aim of the analysis
is to determine whether the deflection produced in the magnetic poles affects the uniformity of the magnetic field
inside the Microtron cavity as a slight deflection in the magnetic field can cause the electrons to change their
paths and thus they will not come out of the Microtron and die out inside the cavity. The maximum deflection
and stress intensity were determined using ANSYS 12.0. The estimated maximum deflection was 0.124 μm which
does not have any significant effect on the uniformity of magnetic field. The estimated maximum stress intensity
was 4.3 MPa which is less than the yield strength of the material used.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Building sub-structure: Composite structural floor system, Leeds, UKFull Scale Dynamics
1. The document describes a composite structural floor system in a office building in Leeds, UK. It has steel beams and columns supporting a composite steel-concrete slab.
2. Modal testing was performed to measure vibration responses and create an experimental modal model. 13 vibration modes were identified between 4.86-9.19Hz.
3. A finite element model was also created and calibrated by adjusting parameters like slab depth and modulus of elasticity to better match the experimental modal results. The updated finite element model provided an acceptable match to the modal test results.
Este documento es una queja presentada por estudiantes y padres de familia sobre la conducta inapropiada de una docente. Se describen varios incidentes en los que la profesora mostró favoritismo, chantajeó a estudiantes con sus notas, se burló de trabajos estudiantiles y usó un lenguaje grosero. Los estudiantes y padres solicitan una solución al rector, como un informe de notas y un segundo evaluador, para evitar represalias contra los estudiantes. Adjuntan evidencias como soporte de sus afirmaciones.
Selezione, formazione e sviluppo del personaleEttore Fareri
L&P Consulenti Srl è una società attiva da anni nell'ambito della consulenza di direzione, soprattutto per organizzazioni strutturate. Nello specifico, si occupa di:
- selezione di figure di alto profilo, con specializzazione in ambito bancario;
- corsi di formazione di tipo manageriale, comportamentale, relazionale e di tipo tecnico. Negli ultimi anni, inoltre, sono state molte le esperienze di corsi su anticorruzione ed antiriciclaggio per P.A. e banche presenti sia a livello locale che nazionale;
- rilevazione delle competenze delle risorse umane, con una grande expertise nella rilevazione antiriciclaggio.
Ogni progetto è costruito su misura per la Committenza, in base alle necessità specifiche.
Le esperienze maturate in Direzioni Generali di Banche e Aziende o all’interno di Società di Consulenza, oltre a garantire a livello metodologico la tenuta concettuale e la qualità degli interventi proposti, ci hanno insegnato l’importanza di essere attenti ad approfondire tecniche e strumenti per rispondere nel miglior modo possibile alle diverse esigenze dei nostri clienti.
L&P punta molto sulla qualità delle risorse umane impiegate e, pertanto, tutti i nostri consulenti sono professionisti qualificati, con la visione e le competenze che servono a garantire risultati di alto livello.
La nostra cultura aziendale si fonda sulla collaborazione e sulla condivisione, elementi fondamentali per riuscire a rispondere alle diverse esigenze aziendali, ottimizzando tempi e costi.
La reunión con los padres de familia tuvo como objetivo presentar el proyecto de innovación del aula 3°3 y motivar su participación. Durante la reunión, los padres experimentaron diferentes materiales pedagógicos y compartieron su apoyo al proyecto. Firmaron autorizaciones para que sus hijos participen en el proyecto y nuevos materiales como mesas hexagonales y un televisor fueron implementados en el aula.
Réalisation d'un magazine à destination des Erasmus de Timisoara (Roumanie).
Utilisation de InDesign, dans le cadre d'une année Erasmus en Roumanie à la faculté de communication de l'université de l'Ouest de Timisoara.
This document contains personal and employment details for Busathobela Ncube. It includes his contact information, qualifications including a pending Bachelor's degree in Electronic Engineering from the National University of Science & Technology in Zimbabwe and CCNA certificates. His work experience includes a role as a Trainee Engineer at Delta Beverages Lagers Plant from 2013-2014 where he performed various maintenance, reporting, and safety duties. He also held temporary teaching positions and worked as a merchandiser. The document lists his computer skills and hobbies and provides references from his past manager, engineering colleagues and lecturers.
Este documento describe las cualidades positivas de una persona que el autor conoció por casualidad. El autor destaca la amabilidad, sentido del humor, atención, paciencia, cautela, responsabilidad, claridad de ideas, sensibilidad y jovialidad de esta persona. El autor aprecia especialmente la personalidad y forma de ser de esta persona, más que su apariencia física.
1) The LGBT community began emerging in the 20th century with the formation of early rights groups like the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society. The Stonewall riots in 1969 marked the beginning of widespread gay and lesbian activism.
2) Members of the LGBT community face unique health problems like higher rates of certain cancers, mental health issues, and suicide due to discrimination, stigma, and stress. Elders in particular experience more isolation and difficulties accessing social services.
3) After interacting with members of the local LGBT organization Haven, the author gained a new understanding and acceptance of the community as fellow humans who simply want respect and freedom to live openly without judgment.
Istrategy Conference – Don't Let Your Brand Get Lost in the Social Media ShuffleBSI
The document discusses challenges that corporations face with social media initiatives. It notes that 72% of social media initiatives by corporations are unsuccessful, while startups are often more successful. This is because corporations often lack an understanding of how to properly utilize social media. The document provides several recommendations for corporations to improve their social media strategies, such as understanding customers' social behaviors, learning how to properly start and moderate social media projects, and ensuring initiatives are relevant both online and offline.
Influence of the speed in advance and the laser’s power on the zone affected ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Laser cutting is a very important manufacturing technology. But this method has some
disadvantages, among which we find the emergence of a Thermically Affected Zone ZAT can dramatically alter
the characteristics of the processed material which affects its behaviour during its use. For this, we have tried in
this article to study the effect of the forward speed and the laser power in this area (thickness, hardening). In
this context, tests were made on steel C45 where we relied on the method of experiment plans to create a
mathematical model Significant coefficients are obtained by carrying out a variance analysis ANOVA on the
level of 5% of significance. We find that the speed in advance and the power of the laser have a great effect on
the ZAT.
Keywords: Cutting, Laser CO2, Heat Affected Zone.
Simulation Tool: AWR Microwave Office
•This project is an implementation of an IEEE paper "Design of Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler" by Myun-joo Park and Byungje Lee.
• Designed and simulated Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler for the operating frequency of 1.5Ghz and 3Ghz.
•The cross coupling in the branches introduce more design freedom.
MICROSTRIP COUPLED LINE FILTER DESIGN FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONSjmicro
A compact microstrip parallel coupled line filter for ultra wide band applications by means of combining a network of coupled line and defected ground is proposed. The design equations for three and five interconnected networks are derived and implemented. Simulations for three different configurations for filters are optimized. Then three prototype circuits are constructed, a bandpass filter with center frequency 2.25 GHz and two different bandpass filters (in terms of perturbations) with center frequencies 2.33GHz.
For 2.25 GHz circuit wide fractional bandwidth of about 90% is obtained but undesired high return loss existed. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in sides fractional bandwidth of about 60% is obtained at about 3.4 GHz center frequency. However undesired return loss existed for this circuit whereas good out off or 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in whole sections the center frequency got shifted to about 3.4 GHz and about 50% fractional bandwidth is obtained with very good out off band performance observed.
The document describes the design and simulation of an E-shaped microstrip patch antenna. Key details include:
1) The antenna has a proposed patch length of 29mm and width of 37mm, with cuts of 6mm and 18mm.
2) The antenna was simulated in IE3D from 1-9GHz with a dielectric constant of 4.3, thickness of 1.5mm, and loss tangent of 0.019.
3) The simulation results showed dual-band behavior with best return losses of -27.69dB at 2GHz, -13.71dB at 6GHz, and -20.35dB at 8GHz. VSWR was lowest at 2GHz at 1.
Design and development of triple band ominidirectional slotted rectangular mi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and development of a triple band slotted rectangular microstrip antenna (TSRMA). Key points:
- TSRMA is designed to operate over three frequency bands from 4.75-16 GHz using rectangular slots on the patch and a ground plane.
- Both simulated and experimental results show TSRMA achieves bandwidths of 260 MHz, 3.113 GHz, and 5.27 GHz across the three bands.
- Radiation patterns measured at the second and third bands were omnidirectional, as desired for applications in microwave systems.
- The simple, low-cost antenna design makes it suitable for systems operating over the 4.75-16 GHz range.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze stress concentrations at bolt hole locations in lap joints. A 3D finite element model of a lap joint was developed using Abaqus software. Non-linear analysis considered the stress-strain behavior of materials and interactions between bolt and plate surfaces. Parametric studies varied the end distance and compared results to failure criteria in design codes. Stress patterns were compared to bearing capacity equations to determine the optimum end distance that prevents premature failure.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates defected ground structures and slots cut into the patch and ground planes. Simulation results show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz, meeting the design goals. The antenna was fabricated and measured results matched well with simulations, validating the proposed antenna design for body-centric wireless applications.
Design of Square Shaped Miniaturized Split Ring ResonatorsIJERA Editor
Microwaves are constantly experiencing changes for many years. Microwave circuits use microstrip lines because it allows easy integration of active and passive surface mount components and it is less costly. In addition to a large number of benefits, microstrip lines have some disadvantages such as narrow-band loss, interference and low efficiency. To overcome the disadvantages, metamaterials are introduced. The proposed work shows various concentric U-shaped multi-split ring resonators(SRRs) metamaterial structures with & without broadside coupling. As compared to the conventional split ring resonators , broadside coupled resonators shows decrease in the LC resonance frequency and provide an electrically small and easy-to-fabricate alternative to the present multi-band metamaterial structures. The multi-band magnetic resonator topologies are simulated using CST Microwave Studio (MWS) to compute and compare their electrical sizes. Different types of U-shaped structures with inner and outer rings of SRR are used to realize transmission spectra, resonant frequencies and electrical sizes. This topology has the flexibility of adjusting the resonance frequencies by changing the design parameters such as the gap width, metal width and inter-ring distances. The broadside-coupled multiple U-Shaped magnetic resonator topology is considered to be a useful contribution to multi-band metamaterial research applications.
Antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna system using substrate parallel plate...fanfan he
This document describes an antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) fed by a substrate parallel plate waveguide. It analyzes the propagation characteristics of the parallel plate waveguide, showing it supports a TEM mode. An LTSA element is designed using this feeding structure, fabricated and tested. Both simulated and measured results show the LTSA has very wide bandwidth, from 12 GHz to over 50 GHz. Radiation patterns are also measured at two frequencies, showing narrow beamwidths and gains of 8-9.5 dBi. The substrate parallel plate waveguide is proposed as a good feeding structure for wideband LTSA designs.
Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Antenna Design iosrjce
A dual band electromagnetic band gap structure is designed, simulated and measured. This is
carried out using CST microwave studio software, the design is carried out on FR-4 substrate by Method of
Suspended Transmission Line. The structure posses a dual band gap that effectively suppress surface wave at
the dual frequencies. The result from the simulation gives dual band gaps that resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.0GHz
and the measured result resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.3GHz, this show there is a good agreement between the two
results. The structure is simple and easily incorporated with microwave and wireless devices
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
1. VARUN GUNNALA / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp. 456-462
456 | P a g e
Choosing Appropriate Utilization Factor and Metal Layer Numbers for
an Efficient Floor Plan in VLSI Physical Design
VARUN GUNNALA*
*Department of Electronics and Communications, NIT-Warangal, India.
ABSTRACT
In this paper the effects of choosing a Utilization Factor
on total wire length, top metal layer length, congestion
and DRC violations have been explained. In addition,
how the number of metals used to route between the
standard cells will affect total wire length, number of
vias, congestion and number of DRC (Design Rule
Constraints) violations has been studied. It’s observed
that a Utilization Factor of 0.5 to 0.6 is good when PG
(Power and Ground) planning is done on lower metal
layers and a Utilization factor of 0.6 to 0.7 is good when
PG planning is done on higher metal layers. Also a
minimum of 3 metal layers must be used to make the
design routable.
Keywords – Congestion, Floor Plan, PG planning,
Place and Route, Utilization Factor.
I. INTRODUCTION
In VLSI Physical Design, floor planning is one of first
and most fundamental step. The rest of the physical design,
mainly placement of standard cells, congestion and timing
are as good as our floor plan [1]. An important step in floor
planning is to specify appropriate core area to place macros
and standard cells and also to decide appropriate metal
layers to do Power and Ground planning. In general floor
plan can be specified in terms of (1) Aspect ratio (height x
width) and dimensions of the core (2) Utilization Factor
(UF) (3) In terms of die area.
In this paper, how to decide the best utilization factor for a
design, which metals are generally preferred for Power and
Ground (PG) planning and situations where PG planning is
done on lower metal layers, but still making the design
routable are discussed. Here a timing driven placement of
standard cells is done and a 6 layer metal process is used.
The experiments in this paper are mainly classified into two
phases: Phase 1 - Lower metal layers (M1 and M2) used for
PG planning. Phase 2 – Top metal layers (M5 and M6) used
for PG planning. Here all the simulations are done on
Cadence ® Soc-Encounter RTL-to-GDS II system, Version
9.1.
II. PHASE 1: USING LOWER METAL LAYERS
In this phase we use lower metal layers such as Metal 1
(M1) and Metal 2 (M2) for Power and Ground planning. For
core power rings (VDD and VSS) we use M1 and M2,
where the top and bottom rings are laid on M1 (Horizontal
Layer) and the left and right rings are laid on M2 (Vertical
Layer) with a width of 4.8 microns and a spacing of 1.8
microns each. Vertical power stripes are laid on M2 with a
width of 4.8 microns, spacing of 1.8 microns and a set-to-set
distance of 33 microns. Special route for follow pins i.e. to
connect VDD and VSS pins of all the standard cells is done
on M1. Fig.1 shows the PG planning of phase 1 for a
particular Utilization Factor.
Fig. 1. Chip with PG planning done on M1 and M2 layers
III. PHASE 2: USING HIGHER METAL LAYERS
In this phase we use higher metal layers such as Metal 5
(M5) and Metal 6 (M6) for Power and Ground planning. For
core power rings (VDD and VSS) we use M5 and M6,
where the top and bottom rings are laid on M5 (Horizontal
Layer) and the left and right rings are laid on M6 (Vertical
Layer) with a width of 4.8 microns and a spacing of 1.8
microns each. Vertical power stripes are laid on M6 with a
width of 4.8 microns, spacing of 1.8 microns and a set-to-
set distance of 33 microns. Special route for follow pins is
done on M1. Fig. 2 shows the PG planning of phase 2 for a
particular Utilization Factor. Fig. 3 shows a place and routed
chip with filler cells added.
2. VARUN GUNNALA / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp. 456-462
457 | P a g e
Fig.2. Chip with PG planning done on M5 and M6 layers
Fig.3. Place and Routed chip with filler cells added
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
All the experiments were performed on Cadence® Soc-
Encounter RTL-to-GDS II system. For each phase, three
parameters were observed: (1) Utilization Factor versus
Total wire length with number of metal layers fixed at 5.
(2) Utilization Factor versus Metal 6 length (Top most metal
layer) with all the metals used (M1 to M6 metal layers). (3)
Number of Metal layers versus Total wire length with
Utilization factor fixed at 0.5. Also for each of the above
three parameters, Number of vias, Number of DRC
violations, Congestion and Time to do Place and Route were
also studied.
A. UTILIZATION FACTOR VERSUS TOTAL
WIRE LENGTH
Utilization factor (UF) is defined as
UF = (1)
Here the UF is varied from 0.8 to 0.3 and the total wire
length used for each value is tabulated. When we say the UF
is 0.8, it means we allocate an area of times of the
standard cells area, for the tool to place macros, standard
cells and do routing between them. Here the number of
metal layers used is fixed to 5. Fig. 4 shows the variation of
total wire length used for routing for different values of UF.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the distribution of total wire length
for each individual metal.
Fig.4. Utilization vs. Total wire length
Fig.5. Utilization vs. Various metal lengths (Phase 1)
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Fig.6. Utilization vs. Various metal lengths (Phase 2)
From Fig. 4 we observe that for Phase 1 for a UF = 0.8 the
wire length is the maximum, gradually decreases till UF =
0.6, increases till 0.4 and then again starts decreasing. This
is because in Phase 1 the PG planning is done on M1 and
M2 layers and for UF = 0.8 the area allocated is less, so in
order to avoid shorts with M1 and M2, minimum amount of
routing is done on M1 and M2 (see in Fig. 5). Also as the
cells are placed very close to each other and in order to
avoid minimum spacing violations, shorts (DRC violations)
between the nets, the tool does a complex, long de-tour
routing on M3, M4 and M5 with a preference to M3
(Optimal Layer). As the UF decreases to 0.6 (Optimal
distance), the area to place cells increases therefore the tool
starts routing the cells with normal routes. As the UF
increases to 0.4, the standard cells are separated with large
distances (more than the optimal distance), so they are
routed with longer routes and care is taken to avoid
maximum DRC violations for which top layers are used. For
UF of 0.3 and beyond, even though the tool has a lot of
space to place the cells and route between them, it prefers
not to do so, to meet timing (as it is a timing driven
placement).
In Phase 2 (from Fig. 2 and Fig. 6) as the PG planning is
done on M5 and M6, the tool does majority of the routing on
lower layers and as the routing is done on lower layers,
complex de-tour routing is not needed between the cells. As
UF increases to 0.4, the separation between cells also
increases, therefore longer routes are done (on M2 and M3).
For UF of 0.3 and beyond, even though the tool has a lot of
space to place the cells and route between them, it prefers
not to do so, to meet timing.
From Fig. 7 we observe that for Phase 1 and UF = 0.8 the
total number of vias are very large in number than its
corresponding value for Phase 2, as relatively large number
of vias are laid on M3 (via from M3 to M4) and M4 (via
from M4 to M5), in order to avoid DRC violations with M1
(Special route nets) and M2 (vertical power stripe nets). As
UF decreases, the number of vias almost become constant as
now the space to place the standard cells gradually
increases, as a result complex de-tour routing is avoided and
same layer routing is preferred. From Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 we
see that maximum numbers of vias are laid on M1 and M2,
this shows that the tool gives more priority to lower layers
for routing.
Fig.7. Utilization vs. Total No. of vias
Fig.8. Utilization vs. Vias on various metals (Phase 1)
Fig.9. Utilization vs. Vias on various metals (Phase 2)
From Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 we observe that there are
maximum numbers of DRC violations in Phase 1 and none
in Phase 2. It’s because as the PG planning is done on lower
metal layers (M1 and M2) in Phase 1, there are a lot of
minimum spacing violations and shorts, where as in Phase 2
as the PG planning is done on higher layers no such
problems exist. Also in Phase 1 as the UF decreases, we
have more space to place and route the standard cells,
therefore lesser the violations.
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Fig.10. Utilization vs. No. of DRC violations
Fig.11. Utilization vs. DRC violations on metals (Phase 1)
Congestion is defined as the number of Horizontal (H) and
Vertical (V) tracks that are over/under utilized in a G cell
(Global cell). Worst layer G cell over congestion gives
information regarding the worst percentage over congestion
among all the G cells. Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 show that as the
UF decreases, congestion decreases as we have more space
i.e. more G cells to route. After UF = 0.3 the congestion
slightly increases because, even though the tool has a lot of
space to place the cells and route between them, it prefers
not to do so, to meet timing. Also Phase 1 has more
congestion than Phase 2 because the lower layer metal
tracks are occupied by M2 for PG vertical stripes.
Fig.12. Utilization vs. Congestion (Phase 1)
Fig.13. Utilization vs. Congestion (Phase 2)
From Fig. 14 we can see that the time to route between the
cells is very large when compared to time to place the
standard cells, this is because in Phase 1 the tool does
complex de-tour routing in order to minimize the DRC
violations. But in Phase 2 (Fig. 15) as PG planning is done
on higher metal layers and as there are no DRC violations
the tool can place and route the standard cells very easily.
Fig.14. Utilization vs. Time to do PNR (Phase 1)
Fig.15. Utilization vs. Time to do PNR (Phase 2)
B. UTILIZATION FACTOR VERSUS METAL 6
LENGTH
Here we use all 6 metal layers to do routing. From Fig. 16, it
is observed that as the Utilization Factor decreases i.e. as the
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available area increases the amount of metal 6 used for
routing decreases in both Phase 1 and Phase 2. By this we
can say that the tool uses higher layers for routing only
when required (as in Phase 1 with UF = 0.8 to avoid DRC
violations higher layers are used) and prefers the lower and
middle layers for routing between the standard cells. The
same can be observed from Fig. 17 and Fig. 18. From the
later two figures it is also observed that M1 is sparsely used
for routing as it is mostly used within the standard cells.
Fig.16. Utilization vs. Metal 6 length
Fig.17. Utilization vs. Various metal lengths (Phase 1)
Fig.18. Utilization vs. Various metal lengths (Phase 2)
C. TOTAL WIRE LENGTH VERSUS NO. OF
METAL LAYERS USED
From Fig. 19 we can infer that by using fewer number
of metals to route between the standard cells spread
across the core area, the tool has to do complex de-tour
routing i.e. use long nets, to avoid DRC violations. But
when more number of metals are at the tools disposal, it
can route between far away cells by switching to higher
layers instead of a long, same metal layer routing. In
this way it can also avoid DRC violations. The same
can be observed from Fig. 20 and Fig. 21.
Fig.19. No. of metal layers vs. Total wire length
Fig.20. No. of metal layers vs. Metal lengths (Phase 1)
Fig.21. No. of metal layers vs. Metal lengths (Phase 2)
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From Fig. 22, Fig. 23 and Fig. 24 we can observe that when
fewer numbers of metals are used the tool tries to move to
the highest possible metal layer to avoid DRC violations for
each and every route, therefore we see more number of vias
when we use only 2 metal layers. But as the number of
metal layers increase the tool tries to balance between higher
metal layer switching and same metal layer routing,
therefore the number of vias decrease. Also when more
number of layers are available for the tool, it tries to use
them, (but to the minimum extent possible) therefore the via
count increases.
Fig.22. No. of metals vs. Total no. of vias
Fig.23. No. of metals vs. vias on various metals (Phase 1)
Fig.24. No. of metals vs. vias on various metals (Phase 2)
From Fig. 25 it can be observed that with fewer number of
metals available for the tool it’s not possible for it to avoid
DRC violations, but as the number of metals increase it has
the option of moving to higher layers and avoiding DRC
violations, therefore the DRC violations decrease with an
increase in the number of metal layers used for routing.
Fig.25. No. of metal layers vs. No. of DRC violations
From Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 it can be observed that with fewer
numbers of metals the tool has less number of routing tracks
to route between all the cells, therefore more is the
congestion and as the number of metal layers increase, the
number of available routing tracks available also increase,
as a result the congestion decreases. (Note: For a 2 metal
layer process each G cell has equal number of M1 and M2
routing tracks, for a 3 metal layer process each G cell has
equal number of M1, M2 and M3 routing tracks and so on..).
Fig.26. No. of metals vs. Congestion (Phase 1)
Fig.27. No. of metals vs. Congestion (Phase 2)
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From Fig. 28 and Fig. 29 it can be observed that as
placement of standard cells is independent of the number of
metal layers used for routing, time taken to place the cells is
almost constant in Phase 1 and Phase2. In both the phases
when two metals are used for routing, time taken is more as
complex de-tour routing is done to minimize DRC
violations. In case of detailed routing for Phase 1 the time
taken to do routing increases with an increase in the number
of metal layers. The reason for this is, in order to avoid DRC
violations with M2 power stripes an optimal usage of M2
and M3 metal layers must be done, which results in more
time. In case of Phase 2 as PG planning is done on higher
layers, the time to route between the cells decreases. In both
phases the sudden decrease in the time taken to route using 5
metal layers is strange and will be explored in a later paper.
Fig.28. No. of metal layers vs. Time to do PNR (Phase 1)
Fig.29. No. of metal layers vs. Time to do PNR (Phase 2)
V. CONCLUSION
Choosing an appropriate Utilization Factor, PG planning
with appropriate metals and sufficient number of metals to
route between the standard cells is very important. Therefore
when PG planning is done on lower metal layers a UF of 0.5
to 0.6 is good and when PG planning is done on higher
metal layers a UF of 0.6 to 0.7 is good. To route the
standard cells a minimum of 3 metal layers must be used.
Therefore in order to minimize congestion, place and route
time, increase the yield and decrease the cost per unit chip, a
UF of 0.7 and a 5 layer metal process is advised.
REFERENCES
[1] Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, Borivoje
Nikolic, Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd
Edition
(Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-81-203-2257-8).
Varun Gunnala received his Masters from NIT – Warangal,
India. He also holds an Advanced P.G. Diploma in Physical
Design.