A method to calculate damage evolution during the life of a strand was developed in this paper. Based on simple tensile tests, it has the advantage of being time and money saving. The residual energy damage calculation was compared to the unified theory for different loading levels. The correlation between the two methods was found for a loading level of 1.49. The energy calculation method is verified comparing with another paper where the correlation was found for a loading level of 1.68 and the damage stages were the same.
Characterization of Residual Energy Loss and Damage Prediction of wire Rope w...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The Characterization of residual energy loss of wires extracted from wire rope of type 19x7 immersed in 30% H2SO4 was investigated in this paper. The results obtained from tensile tests on virgin and corroded specimens show a decrease in residual energy as function of immersion hours (8h, 16h, 24h, 32h and 40h). This progressive decrease of energy allowed us to develop a method to calculate damage evolution due to corrosion. Thereafter, and with the establishment of the damage, three stages of damage are distinguished and the value of the critical life fraction is identified, which predict the time of the damage and thus to intervene at the appropriate time before the risk of failure becomes risky.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF DAMAGED CENTRAL CORE STRAND CONSTITUTING A STEEL WIRE...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to predict the evolution of damage of the central core (strand) that represent the heart of a wire rope, based on simple experimental tensile test conducted on virgin samples and others artificially damaged by breaking wires constituting the samples at different percentages. The experimental results obtained have allowed us to follow the evolution of the damage and quantify it. Thereafter, it was possible to identify three stages of damage. Therefore, be able to intervene in time for predictive maintenance. This study also includes a correlation between two methods of calculating the damage namely static damage and damage by unified theory and this by analogy to cyclical behavior. The comparison shows good agreement.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Determination of Effects of Primary and Secondary Geometry of Tubular Lin...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, general information on the construction of tubular generators are given. Also, the numeric analyses were conducted by using 2D and 3D finite elements software. The output power, iron loss and cogging force change were compared by sensing the primary and secondary structural geometry of generator. Instead of the annular magnets, the magnets in the form of block were used mobile (secondary) part of generator. Also, analyses were conducted on the generator for two primary geometries.
Characterization of Residual Energy Loss and Damage Prediction of wire Rope w...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The Characterization of residual energy loss of wires extracted from wire rope of type 19x7 immersed in 30% H2SO4 was investigated in this paper. The results obtained from tensile tests on virgin and corroded specimens show a decrease in residual energy as function of immersion hours (8h, 16h, 24h, 32h and 40h). This progressive decrease of energy allowed us to develop a method to calculate damage evolution due to corrosion. Thereafter, and with the establishment of the damage, three stages of damage are distinguished and the value of the critical life fraction is identified, which predict the time of the damage and thus to intervene at the appropriate time before the risk of failure becomes risky.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF DAMAGED CENTRAL CORE STRAND CONSTITUTING A STEEL WIRE...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to predict the evolution of damage of the central core (strand) that represent the heart of a wire rope, based on simple experimental tensile test conducted on virgin samples and others artificially damaged by breaking wires constituting the samples at different percentages. The experimental results obtained have allowed us to follow the evolution of the damage and quantify it. Thereafter, it was possible to identify three stages of damage. Therefore, be able to intervene in time for predictive maintenance. This study also includes a correlation between two methods of calculating the damage namely static damage and damage by unified theory and this by analogy to cyclical behavior. The comparison shows good agreement.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Determination of Effects of Primary and Secondary Geometry of Tubular Lin...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, general information on the construction of tubular generators are given. Also, the numeric analyses were conducted by using 2D and 3D finite elements software. The output power, iron loss and cogging force change were compared by sensing the primary and secondary structural geometry of generator. Instead of the annular magnets, the magnets in the form of block were used mobile (secondary) part of generator. Also, analyses were conducted on the generator for two primary geometries.
BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF ISOTRUSS STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT POSITIONS...IJCI JOURNAL
The present paper illustrates a light weight composite IsoTruss structure and its characteristics in buckling
through finite element modelling and simulations. IsoTruss provides excellent opportunities to enhance the
strength to weight ratio of a structural element. The paper presents the comparative study of compressive
buckling load carrying capacity with respect to bay length of IsoTruss under placement of longitudinal
members at different location along the axis of IsoTruss. The study concludes that the IsoTruss exhibits
global as well as local buckling characteristics for progressive bay length of IsoTruss. The IsoTruss with
longitudinal members placed away from axis has better compressive buckling load carrying ability than the
IsoTruss with longitudinal members nearer to the axis of the IsoTruss.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Soft dielectric elastomer microactuator for robot locomotionjournalBEEI
This paper presents dielectric elastomer actuated robot locomotion and the development of a robotic model structure based using a dielectric elastomer actuator. A pre-stretched dielectric elastomer actuator is fabricated onto acrylic frames to form single and multiple robotic crawler models. The crawler models demonstrate forwards motion upon application of high voltage to the attached dielectric elastomer actuator. Characterizations revealed that the fabricated multiple crawler models showed results over the single crawler model in terms of locomotion potential. The maximum forward locomotion speed of the multiple crawler models is recorded as 1.2 mm/s. Nonetheless, precise results are highly attainable provided a structured and coherent fabrication technique of the dielectric elastomer actuator is implemented.
Clad metals are composite metal containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Clad metals offer the opportunity to combine desirable properties and/or characteristics of individual metals and alloys into a material "system" that provides improved characteristics over the individual metals. In the event the bond quality is compromised, these materials will not meet their original purpose. Disbond in clad layers is very similar to an internal void in single layer materials such as steel strip material.
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Keywords: Structural health monitoring, Fiber reinforced polymer, Strain-gauge sensors, Composite leaf spring, E-Glass/Epoxy.
A Non-Contact Type Comb Drive for the Removal of Stiction Mechanism in MEMS S...idescitation
One of the barriers to full commercialization of
complicated MEMS devices is reliableness. Stiction may be a
major obstacle within the reliableness of MEMS electrical
phenomenon
switches.
Stiction
failures
in
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) occur once
suspended elastic members are unexpectedly falls right down
to their substrates or once surface forces overcome the
mechanical restoring force of a micro-structure. This paper
presents the novel comb drive kind of switch. The planned
switch is free from microwelding and stiction problem;
successively it provides the high reliableness and long period
of time. Upon application of a bias voltage, the comb drive
maximizes their capacitance by increasing the overlap space
between them. The switch is on and off depends on comb drive
propulsion principal by the modification of capacitance
between the ground line and signal lines. The proposed
structure gives very low insertion loss and high isolation.
REPORT ON CHARACTERIZATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY FOR VIBRATION ATTENUATION IN...Kandhan Siva
Using Exotic solid phase change properties of Nitinol, a study was being made to control vibration of wind turbine blade equivalent beam model actively. My work contributes in characterization of Nitinol to suit the above objective finely
Effect of biofertilizer in combination with organic manures on growth and fol...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Public Debt in Lebanon: Cointegration Analysis and Forecaststheijes
This paper analyzes long and short term relationships between the components of the public debt in Lebanon by applying the cointegration analysis of monthly time series, from January 1994 to May 2014 (245 observations), according to Johansen’s procedure. The Gross Local Currency Debt(GLCD) and the Foreign Currency Debt (FCD) are not cointegrated and are modeled by near-VAR (39) revealing bidirectional causality between them. The forecasts for May 2015 are respectively USD 40.16 billion and USD 27.375 billion. These results allow us to estimate 0.28% and 0.36% as monthly growth rates from May 2014 until May 2015 for GLCD and FCD respectively. The treasury bills at short and long terms (TBST, TBLT) are cointegrated (a constant in the cointegrating relationship). The same applies to treasury bills at 12, 6 and 3 months (TB12, TB6, TB3). For the systems (TBST, TBLT) and (TB12, TB6, TB3), the available forecasts for May 2015 are respectively in USD billion (0.766, 39.568) and (0.734, 0.544, 0.153). Economic growth in Lebanon is affected by turmoil in Arab countries. The growth in the gross domestic product (GDP) retreated, while the gross public debt (GPD) continued to rise. It is true that Lebanon has large financial reserves due to the deposits of its citizens in local commercial banks, also Lebanon gained the confidence of international financial institutions due to its loyalty in paying foreign and domestic debts. Howeverthe Lebanese state must establish a strategic plan based on political stability that will certainly increase economic growth, as well as on oil exploration on the Lebanese coast. Perhaps, this political behavior could allow the control of public debt and enable Lebanon in gradually reducing it
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS STUDY OF ISOTRUSS STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT POSITIONS...IJCI JOURNAL
The present paper illustrates a light weight composite IsoTruss structure and its characteristics in buckling
through finite element modelling and simulations. IsoTruss provides excellent opportunities to enhance the
strength to weight ratio of a structural element. The paper presents the comparative study of compressive
buckling load carrying capacity with respect to bay length of IsoTruss under placement of longitudinal
members at different location along the axis of IsoTruss. The study concludes that the IsoTruss exhibits
global as well as local buckling characteristics for progressive bay length of IsoTruss. The IsoTruss with
longitudinal members placed away from axis has better compressive buckling load carrying ability than the
IsoTruss with longitudinal members nearer to the axis of the IsoTruss.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Soft dielectric elastomer microactuator for robot locomotionjournalBEEI
This paper presents dielectric elastomer actuated robot locomotion and the development of a robotic model structure based using a dielectric elastomer actuator. A pre-stretched dielectric elastomer actuator is fabricated onto acrylic frames to form single and multiple robotic crawler models. The crawler models demonstrate forwards motion upon application of high voltage to the attached dielectric elastomer actuator. Characterizations revealed that the fabricated multiple crawler models showed results over the single crawler model in terms of locomotion potential. The maximum forward locomotion speed of the multiple crawler models is recorded as 1.2 mm/s. Nonetheless, precise results are highly attainable provided a structured and coherent fabrication technique of the dielectric elastomer actuator is implemented.
Clad metals are composite metal containing two or more layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by rolling, extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Clad metals offer the opportunity to combine desirable properties and/or characteristics of individual metals and alloys into a material "system" that provides improved characteristics over the individual metals. In the event the bond quality is compromised, these materials will not meet their original purpose. Disbond in clad layers is very similar to an internal void in single layer materials such as steel strip material.
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Keywords: Structural health monitoring, Fiber reinforced polymer, Strain-gauge sensors, Composite leaf spring, E-Glass/Epoxy.
A Non-Contact Type Comb Drive for the Removal of Stiction Mechanism in MEMS S...idescitation
One of the barriers to full commercialization of
complicated MEMS devices is reliableness. Stiction may be a
major obstacle within the reliableness of MEMS electrical
phenomenon
switches.
Stiction
failures
in
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) occur once
suspended elastic members are unexpectedly falls right down
to their substrates or once surface forces overcome the
mechanical restoring force of a micro-structure. This paper
presents the novel comb drive kind of switch. The planned
switch is free from microwelding and stiction problem;
successively it provides the high reliableness and long period
of time. Upon application of a bias voltage, the comb drive
maximizes their capacitance by increasing the overlap space
between them. The switch is on and off depends on comb drive
propulsion principal by the modification of capacitance
between the ground line and signal lines. The proposed
structure gives very low insertion loss and high isolation.
REPORT ON CHARACTERIZATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY FOR VIBRATION ATTENUATION IN...Kandhan Siva
Using Exotic solid phase change properties of Nitinol, a study was being made to control vibration of wind turbine blade equivalent beam model actively. My work contributes in characterization of Nitinol to suit the above objective finely
Effect of biofertilizer in combination with organic manures on growth and fol...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Public Debt in Lebanon: Cointegration Analysis and Forecaststheijes
This paper analyzes long and short term relationships between the components of the public debt in Lebanon by applying the cointegration analysis of monthly time series, from January 1994 to May 2014 (245 observations), according to Johansen’s procedure. The Gross Local Currency Debt(GLCD) and the Foreign Currency Debt (FCD) are not cointegrated and are modeled by near-VAR (39) revealing bidirectional causality between them. The forecasts for May 2015 are respectively USD 40.16 billion and USD 27.375 billion. These results allow us to estimate 0.28% and 0.36% as monthly growth rates from May 2014 until May 2015 for GLCD and FCD respectively. The treasury bills at short and long terms (TBST, TBLT) are cointegrated (a constant in the cointegrating relationship). The same applies to treasury bills at 12, 6 and 3 months (TB12, TB6, TB3). For the systems (TBST, TBLT) and (TB12, TB6, TB3), the available forecasts for May 2015 are respectively in USD billion (0.766, 39.568) and (0.734, 0.544, 0.153). Economic growth in Lebanon is affected by turmoil in Arab countries. The growth in the gross domestic product (GDP) retreated, while the gross public debt (GPD) continued to rise. It is true that Lebanon has large financial reserves due to the deposits of its citizens in local commercial banks, also Lebanon gained the confidence of international financial institutions due to its loyalty in paying foreign and domestic debts. Howeverthe Lebanese state must establish a strategic plan based on political stability that will certainly increase economic growth, as well as on oil exploration on the Lebanese coast. Perhaps, this political behavior could allow the control of public debt and enable Lebanon in gradually reducing it
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Estimation of Solar Radiation over Ibadan from Routine Meteorological Parameterstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Enhancing The Human Perceivable Image Content In CAPTCHA Based BF Algorithmtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Remote Sensing Technique as Exploration Tool for Ground water in Parts of the...theijes
The study area lies within latitudes 8°00' – 9°00'N and longitudes 11°30' – 12°30'E. Analysis of remote sensing imageries of part of the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria was carried out on a scale of 1:100,000. The aim of this study includes the structural interpretation of the remote sensing data and the identification of the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the area to infer the influence of such structures on the economic potential of the basin. Results of the structural analysis revealed numerous lineaments. Trend analysis of the lineaments plotted on a rose diagram using the strikes and lengths of the entire lineaments revealed structural trends predominating in the NE-SW direction. The absence of visible lineaments in parts of the area may not indicate absence of geological structures. Some of these lineaments were found on some drainages showing that the drainages in those areas are structurally and tectonically controlled. The areas where the lineaments cross each other are indicative of groundwater availability and there correspond to regions of mean topographic height of about 900m
Effect of education and training to performance mediated career development i...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Explaining Customer Satisfaction with Experience, Customer Trust and Commitme...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
FPGA-based implementation of sensorless AC drive controllers for embedded Ele...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analyzing of an ECG Signal Mathematically By Generating Synthetic-ECGtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Models for predicting body dimensions needed for furniture design of junior s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Application of Foamy Mineral Oil Flow under Solution Gas Drive toa Field Crud...theijes
Heavy oil Flow in the form of foamy oil under solution gas drive is widely observed in many Canadian reservoirs. Despite the importance of such phenomenon, complexity involved in foamy oil flow in porous media is not well understood. Series of numerical simulations were performed to model experiments that were carried out in a two meter long Sand pack to investigate the conditions required to increase oil production under solution gas drive mechanism. Through these experiments the solution gas drive performance at different depletion rates were analyzed. Creation of foamy heavy oil is thought to be responsible for higher recovery factors compared to what is expected from the conventional solution gas drive theory. However, the complex nature of foamy oil and different transport parameters are yet to be understood.The results of this study can be used to numerically model foamy-oil mechanism in heavy oil reservoirs. Furthermore, the results can be applied for reservoir production optimization as well as management. A new model has been developed using commercial numerical simulator, computer modeling group, (CMG-STARSTM). By using the experimental data, different experimental production histories have been matched. Effect of different parameters such as fluid and reservoir properties and depletion rate on foamy oil recovery have been evaluated. The results reveal that despite many difficulties, foamy oil flow through porous media can be numerically modeled. However these models will strongly depend on a good understanding of many different parameters including rock-fluid interaction, as well as the depletion rates. Given the complex nature of such systems, this numerical model can be used to simulate and predict the oil and gas production from heavy oil reservoirs under foamy oil conditions
Cables are invaluable structural elements. They have been used in guyed towers, bridges marine vehicles, offshore structures, transmission lines and tensioning applications etc. Briefly, cables are necessary elements for long spans. As known, cables are tension elements; they cannot carry any compression load due to its unique geometry. This tangential convoluted geometry makes them hard to analyze. Engineers solve cables assuming them as linear elements even now, because cables cannot be solved by classical finite element methods. Having almost zero bending rigidity makes it vulnerable to drastic vertical movements. Hence, engineers either define a bending rigidity or apply a checker for drastic movements in each nonlinear iteration to solve cable by classical FEM. Therefore, engineers propose a different iterative finite element method to solve cables more stabilized way. In this research, a 3D static solution method is presented for a cable supported at its ends. This method first makes the cable determinant by releasing one cusp of the cable. Then playing with the reaction at the other cusp changes the position of the released cusp. Thus, one can determine the correct reactions at the first cusp, which makes the second cusp position same with the released support’s. Cable equilibrium equations and stiffness matrix is derived accordingly and some sample cables are solved.
Detection and Rectification of Distorted Palm Print Imagestheijes
Distorted or obscure Palm Print Images is one of the major reasons for false non-match. Due to false nonmatch this problem affects all Palm Print recognition applications this problem mainly affects in negative recognition applications, many users purposely distorted their palm print avoid identification. here in this paper novel algorithms is to used to detect and rectify sin distorted based on a single palm print image. Here we don’t use novel algorithm directly rather than this novel algorithm Gaussian blur algorithm is used for distortion of palm print images. Palm Prints are used as the feature vector and a SVM classifier is used to classify the palm print images. Finally the rectification of distorted images will be implemented. Where the input is a distorted palm print and the output is the distortion field. To detect this distorted or obscure palm print image problem a database of various distorted reference palm prints are used. Input palm print is found in the reference database and the respective distortion field is used to convert the input palm print into a normal form.
The Solution of Maximal Flow Problems Using the Method Of Fuzzy Linear Progra...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Biosorption Activity of Nymphaea lotus (Water Lily)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Computer-Based Analysis of The Performance of Different Modulation Techniques...theijes
The wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) mobilewireless networks is among the lot of experiences digital communication has had for its tremendous growth. WCDMAnetworks are meant to provide a diverse amount/range of multimedia services tomobile users with assured quality of service (QoS). To achieve this, our report is dwelling mainly on the analysis of the performanceof Phase Shift Keying modulation(M-PSK)and MAry Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)in WCDMA with different modulation channels,by comparing channel element like Bit Error Ratein RAYLEIGH fading and AWGN Channels using Matlab/Simulink. This research analysis will assist/enable us determine which modulation technique is performance effective in WCDMAsystem via any of these channelsat higher run time and M-Ary number.
Estimation of 3d Visualization for Medical Machinary Imagestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Alternative Contractual Models of Dredging Projects to Avoid Disputes (A Case...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Experimental Study on Corrosion of Wire Rope Strands under Sulfuric Acid Attacktheijes
A corrosive medium is typically found in the working environment of a wire rope. The wire rope structure has certain characteristics such as complex details, high working stress, and extremely difficult control. Thus, corrosion is the key problem related to the use of wire ropes. The corrosion behaviors of strands extracted from wire rope of type 19x7 in acid medium was investigated in this paper. The results obtained from tensile tests on virgin and corroded specimens show a decrease in strength as function of immersion hours. This progressive decrease of strength allowed us to quantify the damage. Thereafter, and with the establishment of the Damage-Reliability relationship, three stages of damage are distinguished and the value of the critical life fraction is identified (βC = 0.62).
Mechanical behavior and statistical study of aluminum wires belonging to low...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Mechanical behavior and statistical study of aluminum wires belonging to low ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials: between A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials: between AB...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
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Experimental stress analysis BE notes by mohammed imranMohammed Imran
7th semester, Experimental stress analysis notes as per VTU syllabus by Mohammed Imran, Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ghousia College of Engineering-Ramanagaram-562159
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Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 7 || Pages || PP -27-33|| 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6
Strand
Amal Tijani1
, Meryam MEKNASSI2
, Hassan CHAFFOUI3
, Mohamed El
Ghorba4
1
Laboratory Of Atmosphere’s Physics and Modeling, FST Mohammedia, Hassan II University Of Casablanca,
BP 146 - Mohammedia, Morocco
2
Laboratory Of Control And Mechanical Characterization Of Materials And Structures, National Higher School
Of Electricity And Mechanics (ENSEM), Hassan II University Of Casablanca, B.P 8118 Oasis - Casablanca,
Morocco
3
Laboratory Of Atmosphere’s Physics And Modeling, FST Mohammedia, Hassan II University Of Casablanca,
BP 146 - Mohammedia, Morocco
4
Laboratory Of Control And Mechanical Characterization Of Materials And Structures, National Higher School
Of Electricity And Mechanics (ENSEM), Hassan II University Of Casablanca, B.P 8118 Oasis - Casablanca,
Morocco
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
A method to calculate damage evolution during the life of a strand was developed in this paper. Based on
simple tensile tests, it has the advantage of being time and money saving. The residual energy damage
calculation was compared to the unified theory for different loading levels. The correlation between the two
methods was found for a loading level of 1.49.
The energy calculation method is verified comparing with another paper where the correlation was found for a
loading level of 1.68 and the damage stages were the same.
Keywords: damage, energy, steel wire rope, strand, tensile test.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 17 May 2016 Date of Accepted: 15 July 2016
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Since their invention by Oberbergrat Wilhelm August Julius Albert in 1834 [1], the use of wire ropes is more
than ever wider. We find them in mining industries, electrical lines, lifting systems and lifts, anchors of offshore
platforms, cable stayed bridges and pre-stressed concrete structures.
Used in severe environment conditions (urban, industrial, marine…), there is different degradation mechanisms
on wire ropes that we can classify into 4 categories [2]:
- Reduction of the wire area by wear, corrosion or abrasion;
- breaking of steel wires;
- Strains such as bird cages, shell, crush;
- Fatigue.
For this purpose, well defined inspection procedures exist [3] to quantify the wire rope degradation and ensure a
safe use. New methods of non-destructive control are used, such as acoustic emission [4] [5].
Siegert [6] studied wire ruptures in steel wire ropes caused by fatigue. He elaborated a criterion to predict the
initiation and endurance of fatigue cracks in the inter-wires contact of wire ropes. This criterion is based on the
concept of critical facet amplitude maximum shear.
The objective of our research is to predict the damage of a strand according to its fraction of life which is
defined as the number of wire breaks divided by the total wires number. During the tensile tests, drop of the
strength is observed at each wire break. In this paper, we will use the loss of energy stored in the material as a
criterion to define the damage.
II. EXPERIMENTATION
2.1Material
Tests are carried on the constitutive strands of a wire rope of type 19 * 7 (1 * 7 + 6 * 7 + 12 * 7), rotation
resistant construction and 10 mm diameter, made of stainless steel, with independent wire rope core (IWRC),
right hand lay and preformed.
2. Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
The rotation resistance is obtained by laying the strands of external layer and internal layer of the wire rope in
opposite directions. This way, the wire ropes do not require guiding and rotation of the suspended load can be
avoided. This type of cable is used especially in tower cranes and suspended bridges [7].
The Table below shows the geometrical characteristics of the wire rope used in our study. Data in bold are
provided by constructor, the other were obtained by laboratory measurements.
Table 1. Wire rope 19x7, 10 mm diameter geometric information
Strand diameter 1,9 mm
Wire rope core diameter 2,4 mm
Strand wire diameter 0,58 mm
Wire core diameter 0,68 mm
Tensile tests are carried out on a universal machine "Zwick ROELL" (Fig. 1) in LPEE laboratory of Tit Mellil,
with 10 KN maximum load.
Figure 1. „‟ZWICK ROELL‟‟ testing machine
2.2Chemical composition
The chemical composition is obtained by a peak spark spectrometer in the “LPEE” (Public laboratory of
experimentation and studies) laboratories of Tit Mellil. Homogeneous wire rope section of 20 mm diameter were
obtained by compressing mechanically the cleaned wires. Results are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Wire rope chemical composition
Elément C Si Mn P S Cr Mo
% 1,368 1,946 2,06 0,07 0,02 0,23 0,197
From the chemical analysis, we note the low alloy nature of this steel with a high Carbon content conferring to
the wire rope high resistance [8].
2.3Mechanical characterization
Samples are made from 300 mm wire rope length (200 mm over 100 mm required for mooring) [9]. Then, the
strands are extracted from the outer layer of the wire rope.
Tensile tests are made on the strands with screwed wedges fixed on terminations. The elongation speed is 1.5
mm / min [10].
This operation allows us to determine the ultimate strength of the strands and other mechanical characteristics.
The curve below shows the tensile test results on the virgin strand with the stress on ordinates and the strain on
abscissa.
3. Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
Figure 2. Tensile test on virgin strand
Mechanical characteristics defined from this test are summarized in the Table 3:
Table 3. Strand mechanical properties
Modulus of elasticity Yield strength (σe) Breaking strength (σu) Stress at breaking
183 GPa 1800 MPa 1935 MPa 880 MPa
Next, a strand default is initiated by cutting two wires. The damage is obtained by inserting a tip through a strand
wire and turning it in the wiring direction. Cutting is then performed by using a cutting plier. The same operation
is repeated for the second wire.
Figure 3 shows pictures of strand before and after tensile test. With a default initiated, we can observe the
fracture at the middle of the sample.
Before tensile test After tensile test
Figure 3. Illustration of sample before and after tensile test
4. Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Test results
Test resulting curve is represented below (Fig. 4) with strength on ordinates and strain on abscissa.
Figure 4. Tensile test of 2 wires damaged strand (2/7)
From tensile curves of virgin and 2/7 wires damaged strands, the energy needed to break each wire during the
test is calculated. It corresponds to the area under the stress-strain curve.
Strength- elongation diagram of virgin strand Strength – elongation diagram of 2 wires
damaged strand
Figure 5. Ultimate and residual ultimate energy derived from tensile curves
We point a total stored energy of 22.09 J.m-3
from the tensile test on virgin strand. Then, from the tensile test on
2 wires damaged strand we calculate a total residual energy of 19.8 J.m-3
. At every wire break correspond a loss
of residual energy as indicated on the diagram (Fig.5).
Last energy stored just before strand total breaking is derived from tensile test of a six wires damaged strand. We
obtain the last residual energy (Ea) equal to 1.54 J.m-3
(Fig.6).
5. Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
Figure 6. Last residual energy
Calculated values are indicated on the Table below:
Table 4. Residual ultimate energy
Uu Uur1 (3/7) Uur2 (5/7) Uur3 (6/7) Ua (7/7)
22.09 J.m-3
19.80 J.m-3
13.20 J.m-3
6.40 J.m-3
1.54 J.m-3
3.2 Damage calculation
3.2.1 Residual energy damage calculation
Initially used with the strength values [11], the formula indicating the loss of residual energy strength through the
tensile test (1) can be developed as:
With:
Uur is the experimental ultimate residual energy. Each value correspond to a number of broken wires
Uu is the original material ultimate energy stored
Ua is the critical residual energy corresponding to the energy released just before breaking of the last wire.
We draw the curve of the static damage in function of the strand fraction of life β witch correspond to the
number of broken wire divided by the total number of wires (Fig.7).
Figure 7. Static damage diagram by residual energy
The damage stages indicated on the diagram (Fig. 7) represent:
- Stage I: damage initiation ;
- Stage II: progressive damage. It is placed after the change of the damage curve‟s slope ;
- Stage III: brutal damage. In this stage, the curve becomes more steep and the element out of control.
6. Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 32
It is observed that the stage of damage initiation ends at the life fraction of 2/7. The critical life fraction where
brutal damage begins is located at 5/7 (71% of broken wires).
1.1.1. UNIFIED THEORY DAMAGE CALCULATION
As a method to evaluate the damage taking into account the loading level, the unified theory developed by T.
Bui Quoc and al [12] establish a relationship between damage and the loading level. Here, replacing loads by the
residual energy, normalized damage is thus written as:
With ; and
Where Uo is the original material enduring energy. It is obtained by applying a safety factor on the total energy
stored equal to 2,5 [13].
The resulting curves are represented on the figure below (Fig. 8):
Figure 8. Unified theory damage diagram by residual energy
From this diagram, we can note that the limits of damage stages are similar to those obtained by the experimental
static method. With the unified theory, the curves approach the bisectrix as the loading level increases. The
bisectrix represents Miner damage with is calculated regardless of the loading.
3.3 Results discussion
As we can see in Figure 9, damage evolution depends on the calculation method. Miner linear damage gives the
most important damage. Then, depending on the loading level, the damage obtained by the unified theory goes
increasingly toward the Miner damage line when high loading levels. Static damage curve is nearby the unified
theory damage with a loading level of 1,49.
As a comparison, the correlation between the two methods were obtained for a loading level of 1,68 when the
residual strength were used.
7. Energy’s Method for Experimental Life Prediction of a 1 + 6 Strand
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
Figure 9. Damage curves by Miner, Unified theory and experimental residual energy
IV. CONCLUSION
The strand‟s damage evolution according to the fraction of life were determined in this research. A new method
to calculate the damage using residual energy was developed.
Different damage stages were identified. The initiation damage stage finish at the second wire breaking. Then, it
enters in the progressive damage stage where intervention for predictive maintenance is required. The limit of
this stage is at the 5th
wire‟s breaking and then, we enter in the fraction of life of brutal damage.
The residual energy damage calculation was compared to the unified theory for different loading levels. The
correlation between the two methods was found for a loading level of 1.49.
In conclusion, the energy calculation method can be confirmed taking in consideration the previous work where
the correlation was found for a loading level of 1.68 and the damage stages were the same.
REFERENCES
[1]. K. Feyrer, Wire Ropes - Tension, Endurance, Reliability (Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2007.H.H).
[2]. A. CHOUAIRI, M. EL GHORBA, A. BENALI, Etude du comportement mécanique des câbles métalliques de levage : Examen,
dépose et rebus (Editions Universitaires Européennes - Mécanique, Acoustique, Sarrebruck/Germany, 2012).
[3]. D.Siegert, P.Brevet, Fatigue of stay cables inside end fitting high frequencies of wind induced vibrations, OIPEEC Bulletin, No.89,
2005, pp.43-51.
[4]. H. Idrissi et A. Liman, Study and characterization by acoustic emission and electrochemical measurements of concrete deterioration
caused by reinforcement steel corrosion, Journal of acoustic emission, 43, 2001, pp.627-641
[5]. J.P Doucout, Ponts métalliques - Applications spécifiques (Les techniques de l‟ingénieur, C2301 :1-2, 1992).
[6]. D.Siegert, Mechanisms of fretting fatigue in the guy wires of Civil Engineering, Thesis of Sciences Graduate School of Engineering,
Nantes, June 1997.
[7]. BRIDON STEEL WIRE ROPES AND FITTINGS. “The Blue Pocket Catalogue”.
[8]. M. PERRIN, Étude et caractérisation par émission acoustique et mesures électrochimiques de la fragilisation par l‟hydrogène des
câbles de précontrainte. Application au génie civil, Thesis of sciences INSA Lyon, 2009
[9]. Norme ISO 3108 (Organisation Internationale de Normalisation), “Norme des Câbles en acier d'usages courants”.
[10]. N. MOUHIB, Étude expérimentale du comportement mécanique de la structure des câbles métalliques de levage de type antigiratoire
19x7. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 267-272. 2015
[11]. A. TIJANI, M. EL GHORBA, H. CHAFFOUI, N. MOUHIB, M. BOUDLAL, Experimental life prediction of a 1+6 strand extracted
from a 19x7 wire rope, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 4, No. 3, 2016
[12]. C. Bathias, J. Bailon, La fatigue des matériaux et des structures, pp. 328-330. 1980.
[13]. Meksem Aziz, “Probabilistic approach and experimental characterization of the behavior of wire rope hoist”, Ph.D. Thesis, ENSEM,
University Hassan 2, Ain Chock, Casablanca, 2010