This document provides an overview of the discipline of history. It discusses how history comes from the Greek word for inquiry and narrative. The American Historical Association defines history as seeking to understand the past and its meaning. The document then covers various topics in the development and study of history, including ancient civilizations that developed early forms of writing like cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and logograms to record history. Key concepts in history are also examined such as significance, continuity and change, and cause and effect. Research methods in history include oral tradition, external criticism, and internal criticism. Current applications of history include museum studies and historic preservation.

1. THE DISCIPLINE
OF HISTORY

2. HISTORY

3. HISTORY
comes from Greek word historia which means
“finding out”, “inquiry”, and “narrative”.
In some interpretation historia means
“knowledge acquired by investigation.
American Historical Association defines history
as “the never-ending process whereby people seek
to understand the past and its meaning”.

4. WILL AND ARIEL
DURANT
HUSBAND-AND-WIFE
WRITING PARTNERS OF
STORY OF CIVILIZATION

5. STORY OF CIVILIZATION
a. As an Industry, history “[ferrets] out facts”- it means that historian
should discover the primary sources that describe past events and
not simply rely on hearsay or unsubstantiated options.
b. As an Art, history “[establishes] a meaningful order in the chaos of
materials”- it means that historian must analyze the facts that he or
she obtained to be able to make sense out of all the available data.
c. As an Philosophy, history “[seeks] perspective and enlightenment”-
which means the historian must provide a critical interpretation of
the historical facts so that his or her target audience would grasp
and understand the past events.

6. THE DEVELOPMENT
OF HISTORY

7. PREHISTORICAL PERIOD
refers to the time when system of writing are not yet
invented to record history, which during that time was
passed down from generation to generation through oral
tradition.
However, the invention of writing allowed people to record
events by inscribing them in stones, bones, tablets, and
bronze.
The earliest system of writing were in the forms of
cuneiform in Mesopotamia, hieroglyphics in ancient
Egypt, and logograms in ancient China.

8. CUNEIFORM

9. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIANS
They record history by providing a list of kings;
aside from that, they also wrote narrations,
which waved a coherent historical account.
One of these accounts is Sumerian stele or
standing stone slabs. A famous example of
Sumerian stele is the Stele of Vultures, which
contained inscriptions of wars with bordering
regions and depictions of battles.

10. STELE OF THE
VULTURES

11. HIEROGLYPHICS

12. ANCIENT EGYPT
Written history started around the middle of
the third millennium BCE.
Early Egyptians chronicle ancient Egyptian
history by listing the names of kings and the
rulers of Egypt. With this they were able to
create a logical system that allowed them to
established cycles or years.

13. ANCIENT CHINA
History became more develop.
In this era history was used to propagate
Chinese moral philosophy, which was closely
link to the political and social lives of the
Chinese.

14. LOGOGRAMS

15. ANCIENT CHINA
Confucius
 was the first to have
studied and compiled
Chinese history in the books
Chunqiu (Spring and
Autumn Annals) and
Shujing (Classic of history).

16. ANCIENT CHINA
Sima Quian
 who wrote Shiji (Historical
records), Shiji is more detailed
and longer historical study
which covered a 2,500-year
period of Chinese history.
Because or this work, Sima
Quian was regarded as the
“Grand Historian”.

17. ANCIENT GREECE
Logographers (from the Greek word logos
which means “story” and grapho means to
“to write” ) were considered to be the first
historians.
Logographers wrote histories on the
origins of people, places and towns in prose
style.

18. ANCIENT GREECE
Polybius
 a Greek historian, was instrumental in igniting
Roman historiography as he wrote why Rome did
not see fit to recount its historic achievements.
 He is also the one who used the method of
comparative analysis in the study of history.
 Polybus wrote about the geopolitical state and
foreign relations of his time by describing how
history must be focused on the continuity of events
that surpasses borders, rather than writing what
transpired separately within borders.

19. RENAISSANCE
PERIOD

20. RENAISSANCE PERIOD
This period is more on rekindling of the inquiry into the past or a
celebration of classical thought.
History in the renaissance adhere more to the scientific Galileo
rather than the philosopher Plato.
Philology or the study of the original form of text became popular
in order to augment these obscurities. thus, the Renaissance was
not simply a period of reminiscing classical Greek and Roman
past but was a more inquisitive and scientific revisiting of such
past.

21. IMPORTANT
PERSONALITIES IN
HISTORY

22. HERODOTUS
 He is the father of History.
 He compiled and systematically arranged
his collection of works in The Histories.
 The Histories narrates the events which
took place during Greco-Persian War. He
presented his accounts by providing
geographic and ethnographic information,
which was in part provided to him by
people he had interview.

23. THUCYDIDES
He is a Greek philosopher, historian,
and general.
He is the father of Scientific History as
his History of the Peloponnesian War.
He described his work in his
introduction, that narrates facts
without becoming fictional by using
gods and deities as reference.

24. BAN GU
He is a Chinese historian and poet.
He became famous for compiling the
Book of Han, which contained the
history of Han Dynasty. It is regarded
as the first work to have covered a
single dynasty in detailed. Most of the
information about this era can only
found in the work of Ban Gu.

25. LEOPOLD VON RANKE
 He is a German philosopher and founder of the
modern study of history.
 Ranke was the first to have provided a historical
seminar where he elaborated the methods and
techniques in studying history.
 He was agints the idea of encompassing historical
events within a single concept or unifying theory.
Instead, he would conduct his work on different
historical periods in an objective manner without
forming generalized conclusions.

26. KARL MARX
 He is a German philosopher, economist, and
sociologist.
 He is also often referred as the father of
Communism.
 Marx stated in his book The German Ideology,
his theory on the materialist conception of
history. The principle idea of this theory is that
the material conditions or resources determine
a group’s social structure and social order – “it
is not the consciousness of men that determines
their existence, but, on the contrary, their social
existence that determines consciousness”.

27. JACOB BURCKHARDT
 He is a swiss historian known as one of the
fathers of Cultural History.
 His work, The Civilization of the Renaissance in
Italy, depicted the interconnectedness between art
and its effects on society and social institution.
 He regarded the arts as an important aspects
through which history could be understood,
contrary to the prevailing model during his time –
that history was viewed only as an interplay
between society and politics.

28. ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE
 Was a British historian and philosopher known for his
monumental 12- volume work titled A Study of
History.
 Toynbee narrated the histories of 26 civilizations,
describing how they overcame challenges with the
guidance and leadership of an elite group of leaders.
 His approach to the study of history views civilizations
as cultural entities rather than bounded by
nationalities.
 He presented an overarching theory called-challenge
and response- which means each stage is either a
failure to respond or a triumph against challenges.

29. THE FIELDS OF
HISTORY

30. CULTURAL HISTORY
It focusses on the study of belief systems,
customs, social forms, political systems, material
traits, and economics activities of a group or
community usually for the purpose of cross
comparison with others.
It gives importance to language, beliefs, and
assumptions and to their roles in group behavior.

31. SOCIAL HISTORY
 Concerned with the study of particular kinds of
phenomenon such as family and marriage,
adolescence and mass media, human rights and
inequality, industrialization and development,
and work and leisure through the use of
sociological theories and approaches.

32. INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
 Looks into the history of ideas and theories.
 Historiography is one of its primary subfields
wherein the development of schools and
approaches are documented. Historiography uses
content analysis to provide a critical evaluation
of historical sources.

33. KEY CONCEPTS IN
HISTORY

34. SIGNIFICANCE
 It is the process of determining which part of a historical
events has more value to be included in a narrative. This
process, of course, entails the critical thinking and
selectivity of the historian.
 One of the most notable models in identifying which
event is considered significant was proposed by Lord
Hartington.

35. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
 Historians have a goal of examining the shifts and
transitions of institutions, actors, and landscape over
time. Through the chronological method, historians trace
the change that transpire in societies and in a large
extent, the world. Historians aspire to understand the
elements in human lie and in the environment that
persisted or are continuing through time.

36. CAUSE AND EFFECT
 Through this paradigm, historians inquire
on the led to the events in history. They
also analyze how these historical events
shaped the lives of people and their
communities.

37. PERSPECTIVE
 As history is primarily based on written records
or oral traditions made by different people in
different eras and cultures, the reconstruction of
the events require historians to adapt analytical
lenses or perspectives. There are varying
perspective used in historical analysis and
reconstruction.

38. REASEARCH METHODS
IN HISTORY

39. ORAL TRADITION
 Oral tradition can be used by a historian in multiple
ways to reconstruct the past and to provide context to
the present. First, oral tradition could be documented
and used as the basic historical data for a group of
people. Second, it could be used to aid in the
reconstruction of history by providing supporting
perspective and contextual clues to the interpretation of
artifacts and fossils.

40. EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 This is the method wherein the historian cheeks
the validity and the originality of evidence used
for the reconstruction of a historical events or
figure. As history is often subject to forgeries and
other misrepresentations, this method is highly
critical in selecting reliable sources and evidence
where interpretations are being used.

41. INTERNAL CRITICISM
 This is a method where historian cheeks the
validity of the content of a historical document or
artifact by comparing it with existing historical
evidence related to the same event to figure.

42. CURRENT APPLICATIONS
OF HISTORY

43. MUSEUM STUDIES
 This, field also called museology, studies how
museums developed through time and their
current role in the society as a depository of
evidence of the world history.

44. HISTORIC PRESERVATION
 The preservation of artifacts and fossils for the use of future
generations is one of the concerns of applied historians who
utilized historical knowledge and methodologies in providing
contexts to social issues for their resolutions.
 This is done through cultural and heritage conservation studies,
which are often related to the field of historic preservation.
 Through this discipline, artifacts, fossils, and places are
conserved using methods such as reconstruction, preservation,
and maintenance.