The document discusses essential medicines lists, noting that the World Health Organization first published an essential medicines list in 1977 which is updated every 5 years, and that countries like India also publish their own national essential medicines lists. It provides details on the history and revisions of India's National List of Essential Medicines, the criteria for including and excluding medicines from the list, and examples of common types of medicines included in essential medicines lists.
Description of essential medicines - include three components:
Definition. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.
Selection criteria: public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.
Purpose: intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality & adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness. They are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford
Description of essential medicines - include three components:
Definition. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.
Selection criteria: public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.
Purpose: intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality & adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness. They are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the majority of population.
A limited range of carefully selected essential medicines leads to better health care, better drug management and lower costs.
They should be
Available at all times
In adequate amounts
In appropriate dosage forms with assured quality and
Adequate information and
At a price the individual and community can afford .
The first national list of EM in India was prepare in the year 1996, subsequently revised in the year 2003,2011and 2015 ( 376 medicine).
EM Concept 1st given by WHO in 1975 and EM list in 1977.
The decision about which medicine are essential remains a national responsibility.
The medicine should be licensed in India.
The medicine should be useful in disease which is a public health problem in India.
The medicine should be cost effective. e.g.: Iron dextran, Iron sucrose , ferric carboxymaltose
It should have proven efficacy and safety profile.
5.The medicine should be aligned with the current treatment
guideline for the diseases.
6. It should be stable under the storage condition in India
7. Cost of total treatment & not the unit price of a medicine
must be considered.
8. When several comparable drugs are available for same
therapeutic indication drug which provides most favourable
benefit / risk ratio is to be selected.FDC ( Fixed dose Combination ) are generally not included
unless the combination has unequivocally proven advantage
over individual ingredients e.g - Antitubercular & antimalarial
drugs.
10. The list of EM is based according to the level of health care
Primary (P)
Secondary (S)
Tertiary (T)
EML :Satisfy the priority healthcare needs of majority of the population.
WHO EML was recognised as important guiding document mainly for the public sector for the procurement, distribution, rational use and quality assurance of medicines.
The list is made with consideration to disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and comparative cost-effectiveness of the medicines.
Careful selection of a limited range of essential medicines results in a higher quality of care, better management of medicines and more cost-effective use of health resources.
Not considered on Sales turnover on the basis of volume.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy(NPPP)2012, DPCO
The WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines are updated every two years by the Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines.
The first Essential Medicines List was published in 1977, and the first Essential Medicines List for Children was published in 2007.
The current versions, updated in September 2021, are the 22nd Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 8th Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc).
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
Essential medicines are those medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the
population. WHO published the first essential medicine list in 1977 and has been updating it
every two years since. Nepal being a signatory of the Alma Ata declaration (1978) implemented the essential medicine
program with a first ever National List of Essential Medicines, NLEM in 1986. Since then NLEM revised five times (1992, 1997, 2002, 2011 and 2016) with the support from
WHO Nepal
The presentation gives an overview of Pharmacovigilance and tries to briefly explain the Pharmacovigilance process in context to India and the world. The ADR monitoring and reporting system in India and the World.
Role of Human Resource Department in the Management of Drug Safety in Pharmac...ImtiajChowdhuryEham
Role of Human Resource Department in the Management of Drug Safety in Pharmaceutical Industry..
Imtiaj Hossain Chowdhury
B’Pharm (Jahangirnagar University), M’Pharm (Jahangirnagar University)
Master’s in Public Health (American International University Bangladesh)
jobs pharmacy, career pharmacy, research, and development pharmacy, various chances of drug development, pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical industry, Generic Drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics chapter 2 (c) Myocardial I nfraction.pptxAlka187671
It consists of two words “Myocardial” which means Muscles of the heart and the word “Infraction” means tissue death.
MI is defined as the irreversible death (necrosis)of heart muscles secondary to the prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischemia).
Angina pectoris is a pain syndrome that occurs when coronary blood flow is inadequate to supply the oxygen required by the heart in a portion of the myocardium.
The primary cause of angina pectoris is an imbalance between the demand and supply of oxygen.
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Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the majority of population.
A limited range of carefully selected essential medicines leads to better health care, better drug management and lower costs.
They should be
Available at all times
In adequate amounts
In appropriate dosage forms with assured quality and
Adequate information and
At a price the individual and community can afford .
The first national list of EM in India was prepare in the year 1996, subsequently revised in the year 2003,2011and 2015 ( 376 medicine).
EM Concept 1st given by WHO in 1975 and EM list in 1977.
The decision about which medicine are essential remains a national responsibility.
The medicine should be licensed in India.
The medicine should be useful in disease which is a public health problem in India.
The medicine should be cost effective. e.g.: Iron dextran, Iron sucrose , ferric carboxymaltose
It should have proven efficacy and safety profile.
5.The medicine should be aligned with the current treatment
guideline for the diseases.
6. It should be stable under the storage condition in India
7. Cost of total treatment & not the unit price of a medicine
must be considered.
8. When several comparable drugs are available for same
therapeutic indication drug which provides most favourable
benefit / risk ratio is to be selected.FDC ( Fixed dose Combination ) are generally not included
unless the combination has unequivocally proven advantage
over individual ingredients e.g - Antitubercular & antimalarial
drugs.
10. The list of EM is based according to the level of health care
Primary (P)
Secondary (S)
Tertiary (T)
EML :Satisfy the priority healthcare needs of majority of the population.
WHO EML was recognised as important guiding document mainly for the public sector for the procurement, distribution, rational use and quality assurance of medicines.
The list is made with consideration to disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and comparative cost-effectiveness of the medicines.
Careful selection of a limited range of essential medicines results in a higher quality of care, better management of medicines and more cost-effective use of health resources.
Not considered on Sales turnover on the basis of volume.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy(NPPP)2012, DPCO
The WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines are updated every two years by the Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines.
The first Essential Medicines List was published in 1977, and the first Essential Medicines List for Children was published in 2007.
The current versions, updated in September 2021, are the 22nd Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 8th Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc).
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
Essential medicines are those medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the
population. WHO published the first essential medicine list in 1977 and has been updating it
every two years since. Nepal being a signatory of the Alma Ata declaration (1978) implemented the essential medicine
program with a first ever National List of Essential Medicines, NLEM in 1986. Since then NLEM revised five times (1992, 1997, 2002, 2011 and 2016) with the support from
WHO Nepal
The presentation gives an overview of Pharmacovigilance and tries to briefly explain the Pharmacovigilance process in context to India and the world. The ADR monitoring and reporting system in India and the World.
Role of Human Resource Department in the Management of Drug Safety in Pharmac...ImtiajChowdhuryEham
Role of Human Resource Department in the Management of Drug Safety in Pharmaceutical Industry..
Imtiaj Hossain Chowdhury
B’Pharm (Jahangirnagar University), M’Pharm (Jahangirnagar University)
Master’s in Public Health (American International University Bangladesh)
jobs pharmacy, career pharmacy, research, and development pharmacy, various chances of drug development, pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical industry, Generic Drugs
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It consists of two words “Myocardial” which means Muscles of the heart and the word “Infraction” means tissue death.
MI is defined as the irreversible death (necrosis)of heart muscles secondary to the prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischemia).
Angina pectoris is a pain syndrome that occurs when coronary blood flow is inadequate to supply the oxygen required by the heart in a portion of the myocardium.
The primary cause of angina pectoris is an imbalance between the demand and supply of oxygen.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
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3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
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Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
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Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Pharmacotherapeutics chapter 1 topic3 (EML).pptx
1. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS ER20-24T
Chapter 1: Pharmacotherapeutics
Topic 3. Essential Medicines lists
Presented by- Ms. ALKA
Assistant Professor
FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
RAMA UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
KANPUR, INDIA
2023-2024
1
2. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
2
Essential Medicines List
Essential Medicines (EM) are those that satisfy the healthcare needs of most of the population
and therefore should always be available in appropriate amounts and in appropriate dosage
forms.
History of EML
The first country in the World to compose its Essential Medicine List (EML) was Tanzania
in 1970.
WHO published the first EML in 1977, which has been updated successively every 5 years in
view of changing world scenario regarding the medical needs and availability of new and
better drugs. The first EML for Children was published in 2007 by WHO.
3. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
3
In India, The Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOHFW) is
mandated to ensure a quality healthcare system by assuring the availability of safe and
efficacious medicines for its population. MOHFW publishes the National List of Essential
Medicines (NLEM)
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India hence prepared and released
the first National List of Essential Medicines of India in 1996 consisting of 279
medicines. This list was subsequently revised in 2003 and had 354 medicines. Later in 2011,
the list was revised and had 348 medicines. Till 2021, 399 medicines (including 4 medical
devices) are regulated under Revised Schedule – I based on the NLEM, 2015.
National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)
4. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
4
Sr. no NLE
M
No. of medicines
1. 1996 279
2. 2003 354
3. 2011 348
4. 2015 376
5. 2021 399
6. 2022 384 medicines (34 medicines have been added and 26
medicines have been deleted from NLEM, 2015)
5. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
5
Salient features of the Latest NLEM 2015
1. There were 348 medicines listed in NLEM 2011. A total of 106 Medicines has been added,
and 70 medicines have been deleted to prepare NLEM 2015 which now contains a total of
376 medicines.
2. Medicines in NLEM are listed with reference to the levels of healthcare, namely, Primary
(P), Secondary (S) and Tertiary (T). There are 209 medicine formulations listed for all levels
of health care (P, S, T), 115 medicine formulations for secondary and tertiary levels (S, T)
and 79 medicine formulations for the tertiary level (T).
List of Sections of NLEM 2015
There are Total 30 Sections in NLEM 2015 (In NLEM 2011, there were 27 sections)
6. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
6
Consideration
for Framing the
NLEM 2015
Public Health
Relevance
Clinical Efficacy
and Safety
Cost-effectiveness
Patient Accessibility
and Equity
Rational Drug
Use
Global and Regional
Guidelines
Healthcare
Infrastructure
Stakeholder
Engagement
Local Production
and Supply
Regular Review and
Update
7. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
7
Selection criteria of Essential medicines
1. Be licensed/ approved in the country by the Drugs Controller General of India.
2. Be useful in disease which is a public health problem in India.
3. Have proven efficacy and safety profile.
4. Be comparatively cost-effective.
5. Be aligned with the current treatment guidelines for the disease.
6. Be stable under storage conditions.
7. While comparing more than one medicine of the same therapeutic class, prefer prototype or
best-suited medicine.
8. Considered the total treatment price not the unit price of a medicine.
9. Medicine in NLEM will be based on the P/S/T level of healthcare.
8. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
8
Criteria for exclusion of medicine from NLEM
1. A medicine has been banned in India.
2. If any safety concerns are reported.
3. The criteria of safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of any medicine were not fulfilled.
4. The disease burden for which medicine is indicated is no longer a national health concern.
5. In the case of antimicrobials, if the resistance pattern has rendered a medicine ineffective.
List of Essential Medicines: The list of essential medicines can vary by country and is
typically compiled and updated by national health authorities or international organizations
like the World Health Organization (WHO). These lists include medications that are
considered essential for addressing the most important health needs in each region or
globally. some examples of essential medicines include:
