Pharmacotherapeutics chapter 2 (c) Myocardial I nfraction.pptx
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It consists of two words “Myocardial” which means Muscles of the heart and the word “Infraction” means tissue death. MI is defined as the irreversible death (necrosis)of heart muscles secondary to the prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischemia).
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Lesson plan on myocardial infarction
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
A heart attack is a medical emergency. A heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart. Without blood, tissue loses oxygen and dies.
Symptoms include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back or arms, as well as fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat and anxiety. Women are more likely to have atypical symptoms than men.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation to medication, stents and bypass surgery.
Myocardial infarction
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document outlines the types, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of MI. It also discusses the diagnostic criteria including cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Finally, it summarizes the treatment approach for MI including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological management as well as revascularization procedures like angioplasty, stenting and bypass surgery.
myocardialinfarction-150223043527-conversion-gate02 (1).pdf
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document outlines the types, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of MI. It also discusses the diagnostic criteria including cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Finally, it summarizes the treatment approach for MI including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological management as well as revascularization procedures like angioplasty, stenting and bypass surgery.
myocardialinfarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to blockage of the coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerosis. There are different types of infarcts defined by the location and thickness of the heart muscle involved. MI is a major cause of death in industrialized nations, accounting for 10-25% of all deaths, and is more common in elderly males. Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and family history. Symptoms include chest pain and discomfort, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea and sweating. Diagnosis involves cardiac enzyme levels, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like
ISCHEAMIC HEART.pptx
1) Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), also called coronary artery disease, is caused by reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. The two main manifestations of IHD are angina and myocardial infarction (MI).
2) Angina is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. MI occurs when an area of the heart is damaged or dies due to complete blockage of blood supply.
3) Risk factors for IHD include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
MI.pptx
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document discusses the types of MIs, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Treatment involves both pharmacological interventions like thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs, as well as non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and procedures like angioplasty, stenting, and coronary artery bypass grafting.
CARDIOMYOPATHIES-by MWEBAZA VICTOR.pptx
Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart's ability to pump blood. The document discusses several types of cardiomyopathy including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Causes can be genetic, due to alcohol use, viruses, or other medical conditions. Diagnosis involves physical exams, tests like echocardiograms and genetic testing. Treatments depend on the type and symptoms but may include medications to manage heart failure.
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Recommended
Lesson plan on myocardial infarction
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
A heart attack is a medical emergency. A heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart. Without blood, tissue loses oxygen and dies.
Symptoms include tightness or pain in the chest, neck, back or arms, as well as fatigue, lightheadedness, abnormal heartbeat and anxiety. Women are more likely to have atypical symptoms than men.
Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation to medication, stents and bypass surgery.
Myocardial infarction
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document outlines the types, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of MI. It also discusses the diagnostic criteria including cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Finally, it summarizes the treatment approach for MI including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological management as well as revascularization procedures like angioplasty, stenting and bypass surgery.
myocardialinfarction-150223043527-conversion-gate02 (1).pdf
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document outlines the types, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of MI. It also discusses the diagnostic criteria including cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Finally, it summarizes the treatment approach for MI including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological management as well as revascularization procedures like angioplasty, stenting and bypass surgery.
myocardialinfarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to blockage of the coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerosis. There are different types of infarcts defined by the location and thickness of the heart muscle involved. MI is a major cause of death in industrialized nations, accounting for 10-25% of all deaths, and is more common in elderly males. Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and family history. Symptoms include chest pain and discomfort, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea and sweating. Diagnosis involves cardiac enzyme levels, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like
ISCHEAMIC HEART.pptx
1) Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), also called coronary artery disease, is caused by reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. The two main manifestations of IHD are angina and myocardial infarction (MI).
2) Angina is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. MI occurs when an area of the heart is damaged or dies due to complete blockage of blood supply.
3) Risk factors for IHD include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
MI.pptx
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document discusses the types of MIs, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Treatment involves both pharmacological interventions like thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs, as well as non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and procedures like angioplasty, stenting, and coronary artery bypass grafting.
CARDIOMYOPATHIES-by MWEBAZA VICTOR.pptx
Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle that weaken the heart's ability to pump blood. The document discusses several types of cardiomyopathy including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Causes can be genetic, due to alcohol use, viruses, or other medical conditions. Diagnosis involves physical exams, tests like echocardiograms and genetic testing. Treatments depend on the type and symptoms but may include medications to manage heart failure.
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Acute coronary syndrome
1. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a range of conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
2. ACS is classified based on ECG findings into ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. The most common symptoms are chest pain and discomfort.
3. Diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's history, symptoms, ECG, and cardiac biomarker levels. Together these can confirm if myocardial necrosis has occurred. Treatment depends on the classification but generally involves antiplatelet agents, statins, and revascularization if indicated.
Ischemic Heart Disease.ppt
This document summarizes ischemic heart disease, including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Ischemic heart disease is caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart. It is usually due to atherosclerosis from risk factors like smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves ECG, stress test, and angiogram. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery to improve symptoms and prognosis.
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4. nursing manahement patient with myocardial infarction
The document provides information about the classification, causes, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). It discusses the various types of cardiac diseases including coronary artery diseases, valvular heart diseases, infections/inflammations, and complicated heart diseases. It then focuses on MI, defining it as the death of heart muscle due to lack of blood supply. It lists the incidence, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features and nursing management of MI.
IHD ema_2020.pdf
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries. The most common cause is atherosclerosis which develops over many years and is worsened by risk factors like smoking, high cholesterol, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath during physical exertion. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to improve symptoms, prevent heart attacks, and includes risk factor modification, medications like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and revascularization procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
Acute myocardial infraction
This document provides objectives and content about acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attack. It begins with objectives of explaining AMI and its various aspects. It then defines AMI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus. It discusses the incidence, classifications, risk factors like hypertension and smoking, etiological factors, pathophysiology of plaque buildup and thrombus formation blocking blood flow. It covers clinical features like chest pain, diagnostic evaluation including ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. It outlines management including pharmacological treatments, angioplasty, and other surgical procedures to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.
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This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
- Globally, about 17 million strokes occur annually, making it a leading cause of death and disability.
- Strokes are caused by blockages or ruptures in blood vessels in the brain. The brain then does not receive enough blood and oxygen.
- Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, family history, older age, and prior heart attack or stroke.
- Early detection and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects such as paralysis or speech problems. Managing risk factors can also help prevent future strokes.
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This document discusses stroke, including defining it as a cerebrovascular accident caused by a blocked or ruptured blood vessel in the brain. It outlines the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blocked blood flow, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain. Risk factors and common signs and symptoms of stroke are provided. Treatment options mentioned include the clot-busting drug tPA for ischemic strokes and surgery for hemorrhagic strokes.
CAD.pptx
This document discusses ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease. IHD is caused by a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, reducing blood supply and oxygen to the heart. Symptoms include chest pain known as angina. The management of IHD involves identifying and controlling risk factors, treating angina symptoms medically with drugs like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and nitrates, and revascularization procedures for high-risk patients.
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This document discusses the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular disease. It defines the cardiovascular system as including the heart and blood vessels which transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It notes that heart disease is the number one cause of death in the US, accounting for over 950,000 deaths per year. Regular cardiovascular exercise can help reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and provide benefits like improved heart health and better management of body weight.
acutemyocardialinfarction-150625210345-lva1-app6891.pdf
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack. It defines AMI as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged lack of oxygen. AMI results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, usually caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, and preventive measures for AMI. It emphasizes the importance of rapidly restoring blood flow to limit damage to heart muscle. Lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, diet, exercise, and controlling conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help prevent AMI.
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This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack. It defines AMI as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle tissue due to prolonged lack of oxygen. AMI is typically caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention, and classification of AMI. It emphasizes the importance of rapidly restoring blood flow to limit damage to heart muscle.
acute MI.pdf
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack. It defines AMI as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle tissue due to prolonged lack of oxygen. AMI is typically caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention, and classification of AMI. It emphasizes the importance of rapidly restoring blood flow to limit damage to heart muscle.
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1. Coronary heart disease is caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the heart, reducing blood flow.
2. Symptoms of stable angina include chest pain or discomfort brought on by activity or stress that is relieved by rest.
3. Risk factors for coronary heart disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, and lack of exercise.
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Heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body.
Mi cad
Arteriosclerosis is a general hardening of the arteries, while atherosclerosis specifically refers to the accumulation of lipid in arterial walls over time, reducing blood flow. Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup that progressively narrows arteries, creating lesions that can lead to ischemia, heart damage, and myocardial infarction if a plaque ruptures. Regular exercise can help control risk factors, improve endothelial function, increase maximum oxygen consumption, and reduce symptoms of atherosclerosis.
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1. Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is usually caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms that blocks one of the arteries.
3. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort that may travel to the arm, shoulder, or jaw. Early treatment is critical to reduce damage to the heart.
number one killer
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and in Malaysia. It occurs when the heart becomes inefficient at pumping blood due to issues like blocked arteries or heart muscle damage. Common types of heart disease include coronary heart disease, heart failure, and heart attack. Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity are major risk factors. Symptoms can include chest pain, palpitations, and dizziness. To prevent heart disease, people should quit smoking, follow a healthy diet, maintain a healthy weight, and take medications as prescribed. Making lifestyle changes is key to reducing the risk of this serious condition.
Pathophysiology stroke
Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain damage and neurological deficits. It is a medical emergency. According to the WHO, 15 million people suffer strokes worldwide each year, resulting in 5 million deaths and 5 million cases of permanent disability. The main types of stroke are ischemic, which accounts for 85% of cases and is caused by a blockage of blood vessels in the brain, and hemorrhagic, which results from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, previous TIAs, and older age. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain and may include weakness, numb
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The heart is the vital organ in the body, which pumps the blood and the blood flows in the whole body through the vessels called the cardiovascular system (CVS).
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Acute coronary syndrome
1. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a range of conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
2. ACS is classified based on ECG findings into ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. The most common symptoms are chest pain and discomfort.
3. Diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's history, symptoms, ECG, and cardiac biomarker levels. Together these can confirm if myocardial necrosis has occurred. Treatment depends on the classification but generally involves antiplatelet agents, statins, and revascularization if indicated.
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This document summarizes ischemic heart disease, including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Ischemic heart disease is caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart. It is usually due to atherosclerosis from risk factors like smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves ECG, stress test, and angiogram. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery to improve symptoms and prognosis.
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http://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/ans--and-cv-pharm-course.php
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The document provides information about the classification, causes, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack). It discusses the various types of cardiac diseases including coronary artery diseases, valvular heart diseases, infections/inflammations, and complicated heart diseases. It then focuses on MI, defining it as the death of heart muscle due to lack of blood supply. It lists the incidence, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features and nursing management of MI.
IHD ema_2020.pdf
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries. The most common cause is atherosclerosis which develops over many years and is worsened by risk factors like smoking, high cholesterol, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath during physical exertion. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to improve symptoms, prevent heart attacks, and includes risk factor modification, medications like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and revascularization procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
Acute myocardial infraction
This document provides objectives and content about acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attack. It begins with objectives of explaining AMI and its various aspects. It then defines AMI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus. It discusses the incidence, classifications, risk factors like hypertension and smoking, etiological factors, pathophysiology of plaque buildup and thrombus formation blocking blood flow. It covers clinical features like chest pain, diagnostic evaluation including ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. It outlines management including pharmacological treatments, angioplasty, and other surgical procedures to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.
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FOR MORE INFORMATION mwebazavictor1997@gmail.com
Cerebrovascular Accident
This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
- Globally, about 17 million strokes occur annually, making it a leading cause of death and disability.
- Strokes are caused by blockages or ruptures in blood vessels in the brain. The brain then does not receive enough blood and oxygen.
- Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, family history, older age, and prior heart attack or stroke.
- Early detection and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects such as paralysis or speech problems. Managing risk factors can also help prevent future strokes.
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This document discusses stroke, including defining it as a cerebrovascular accident caused by a blocked or ruptured blood vessel in the brain. It outlines the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blocked blood flow, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain. Risk factors and common signs and symptoms of stroke are provided. Treatment options mentioned include the clot-busting drug tPA for ischemic strokes and surgery for hemorrhagic strokes.
CAD.pptx
This document discusses ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease. IHD is caused by a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, reducing blood supply and oxygen to the heart. Symptoms include chest pain known as angina. The management of IHD involves identifying and controlling risk factors, treating angina symptoms medically with drugs like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and nitrates, and revascularization procedures for high-risk patients.
Cardiovascular Disease Dec 2008
This document discusses the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular disease. It defines the cardiovascular system as including the heart and blood vessels which transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It notes that heart disease is the number one cause of death in the US, accounting for over 950,000 deaths per year. Regular cardiovascular exercise can help reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and provide benefits like improved heart health and better management of body weight.
acutemyocardialinfarction-150625210345-lva1-app6891.pdf
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack. It defines AMI as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged lack of oxygen. AMI results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, usually caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, and preventive measures for AMI. It emphasizes the importance of rapidly restoring blood flow to limit damage to heart muscle. Lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, diet, exercise, and controlling conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help prevent AMI.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack. It defines AMI as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle tissue due to prolonged lack of oxygen. AMI is typically caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention, and classification of AMI. It emphasizes the importance of rapidly restoring blood flow to limit damage to heart muscle.
acute MI.pdf
This document provides information on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack. It defines AMI as the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle tissue due to prolonged lack of oxygen. AMI is typically caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, reducing blood supply to the heart. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention, and classification of AMI. It emphasizes the importance of rapidly restoring blood flow to limit damage to heart muscle.
CHRONIC HEART DISEASE (CHD)
1. Coronary heart disease is caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the heart, reducing blood flow.
2. Symptoms of stable angina include chest pain or discomfort brought on by activity or stress that is relieved by rest.
3. Risk factors for coronary heart disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, and lack of exercise.
Myocarditis & Cardiomyopathy.pptx
Heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body.
Mi cad
Arteriosclerosis is a general hardening of the arteries, while atherosclerosis specifically refers to the accumulation of lipid in arterial walls over time, reducing blood flow. Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup that progressively narrows arteries, creating lesions that can lead to ischemia, heart damage, and myocardial infarction if a plaque ruptures. Regular exercise can help control risk factors, improve endothelial function, increase maximum oxygen consumption, and reduce symptoms of atherosclerosis.
Myocardial infarction
1. Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, damaging heart muscle.
2. It is usually caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms that blocks one of the arteries.
3. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort that may travel to the arm, shoulder, or jaw. Early treatment is critical to reduce damage to the heart.
number one killer
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and in Malaysia. It occurs when the heart becomes inefficient at pumping blood due to issues like blocked arteries or heart muscle damage. Common types of heart disease include coronary heart disease, heart failure, and heart attack. Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity are major risk factors. Symptoms can include chest pain, palpitations, and dizziness. To prevent heart disease, people should quit smoking, follow a healthy diet, maintain a healthy weight, and take medications as prescribed. Making lifestyle changes is key to reducing the risk of this serious condition.
Pathophysiology stroke
Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain damage and neurological deficits. It is a medical emergency. According to the WHO, 15 million people suffer strokes worldwide each year, resulting in 5 million deaths and 5 million cases of permanent disability. The main types of stroke are ischemic, which accounts for 85% of cases and is caused by a blockage of blood vessels in the brain, and hemorrhagic, which results from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, previous TIAs, and older age. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain and may include weakness, numb
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4. nursing manahement patient with myocardial infarction
4. nursing manahement patient with myocardial infarction
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The heart is the vital organ in the body, which pumps the blood and the blood flows in the whole body through the vessels called the cardiovascular system (CVS).
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Pharmacotherapeutics chapter 2 (c) Myocardial I nfraction.pptx
- 1. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS ER20-24T Chapter 2.1: Cardiovascular System Topic 2.1.3. Myocardial Infraction Presented by- Ms. ALKA Assistant Professor FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE RAMA UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH KANPUR, INDIA 2023-2024 1
- 2. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE Myocardial Infraction (MI): It consists of two words “Myocardial” which means Muscles of the heart and the word “Infraction” means tissue death. MI is defined as the irreversible death (necrosis)of heart muscles secondary to the prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischemia). It is a type of acute coronary syndrome, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. Myocardial Infraction
- 3. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 3 Types of Myocardial Infraction Unstable angina ST- elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Non-ST- elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- 4. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 4 Note: • NSTEMI= It is usually the result of a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries. A blockage can develop due to a buildup of plaque, a substance mostly made of fat, cholesterol, and cellular waste products. • The phrase heart attack is often used non-specifically to refer to a myocardial infraction and to sudden cardiac death. • MI is different from cardiac arrest, but MI can cause cardiac arrest, where the heart is not contracting at all or so poorly that all vital organs can’t function properly, thus causing death. It is also distinct from heart failure, in which the heart’s pumping action is impaired. However, an MI can lead to heart failure.
- 5. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 5 Clinical manifestations a) Fatigue b) Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath) c) Chest Pain/ Chest Discomfort d) Increase sweating e) Weakness f) Vomiting g) Light headedness h) Palpitation Age, Gender Hypertension Chronic Kidney disease Obesity Drug Abuse Tobacco smoking, alcohol Diabetes Stress Etiology of Myocardial Infraction
- 6. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 6 Pathophysiology of MI
- 7. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 7 Non-Pharmacological management Non-Pharmacological management Avoid Alcohol intake Diet and nutrition Self resistance Lifestyle measures Smoking cessation Counselling and education of patients
- 8. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 8 Pharmacological management
- 9. FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 9