This document discusses various filtration techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by describing the mechanisms of filtration including straining and impingement. It then discusses various filter media and factors that influence the rate of filtration such as surface area, pressure, viscosity. Finally, it summarizes different types of filters including filter press, leaf filter, metafilter, cartridge filter, rotary drum filter, and membrane filter. It provides details on the construction and working of each type of filter.
This document discusses various filtration techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by describing the mechanisms of filtration including straining and impingement. It then discusses various filter media and factors that influence the rate of filtration such as surface area, pressure, viscosity. Finally, it summarizes different types of filters including filter press, leaf filter, metafilter, cartridge filter, rotary drum filter, and membrane filter. It provides details on the construction and working of each type of filter.
This document discusses molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. It explains that molecular mechanics uses Newtonian mechanics to calculate energies and forces between atoms to model molecular motion. The potential energy is calculated based on contributions from bond lengths, bond angles, torsion angles, van der Waals interactions, and electrostatic interactions. Force fields are used to describe how potential energy depends on parameters. Energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulations are used to find low energy conformations and model molecular motion by overcoming energy barriers. Examples provided include simulations of benzene rings and modeling ATP and water in an enzyme active site.
The document summarizes various drugs used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It discusses how immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus inhibit T-cell activation and proliferation to prevent transplant rejection and treat autoimmune disorders. Newer biologic drugs targeting TNF are also mentioned. For gout, acute attacks are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs while prevention involves colchicine and allopurinol to decrease uric acid production or probenecid to increase uric acid excretion.
The document discusses several topics related to human anatomy and physiology. It defines homeostasis as any self-regulating process that maintains stability and optimal conditions for survival. It describes the supine position as lying horizontally face up and provides examples of its uses in surgery. It briefly mentions types of cells, paracrine signaling between nearby cells, synaptic connections between neurons, and secretions from skin glands.
Vitamins and vitamin-like substances play important roles in many metabolic pathways and processes in the body. Key vitamins include: A (retinol), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and C (ascorbic acid). These vitamins are involved in pathways like phototransduction, carbohydrate metabolism, redox reactions, amino acid metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases like night blindness, beriberi, and anemia. Vitamin-like substances such as choline, carnitine
Radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are immunoassays that use the antigen-antibody reaction to detect and quantify substances like hormones, vitamins, and drugs. Radioimmunoassays use radiolabeled antigens or antibodies while ELISAs use enzyme-labeled molecules, avoiding radiation hazards. Both techniques require preparing antigens and antibodies, developing standardized assay procedures, and measuring the amount of bound versus unbound reagents to quantify the target substance in samples. Immunoassays are highly specific and sensitive methods used to detect substances important for diagnosing disease and monitoring drug and hormone levels in the body.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate or lactate with no oxygen present. This generates energy in the form of ATP and reduces NAD+ to NADH. Three steps in glycolysis are regulated by enzymes like phosphofructokinase-1 to control the flow of metabolites into or out of the pathway based on the cell's energy and nutrient needs.
This document discusses glycolysis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. It covers:
1. Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway), glucose uptake, and lactate metabolism.
2. Glycogenesis (glycogen formation) and glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown). Glycogenolysis includes regulation of glycogenolysis and glycogen use during exercise.
3. Functions of glycolysis including producing pyruvate/lactate, small amount of ATP, and H+. Shuttles for moving reducing equivalents from sarcoplasm into mitochondria are also discussed.
The citric acid cycle (CAC) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down food for energy production. Key events include:
1. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex before entering the CAC.
2. The CAC consists of 8 steps where acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate and later releases CO2, generating high-energy electrons to produce ATP.
3. The cycle is highly regulated by substrate availability, product inhibition, and allosteric regulation by intermediates to balance energy production with biosynthesis.
This document discusses different types of bioassays used to estimate the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its biological effects on living systems. It describes chemical and immunoassays as well as assays using microbiological or animal models. Specific types of bioassays are discussed including quantal assays that elicit an all-or-none response and graded response assays using tissue preparations. Methods for bioassays include interpolation from a standard dose-response curve, bracketing, and multiple point assays like 3-point and 4-point assays that combine features of interpolation and bracketing.
Vitamin deficiencies can cause several disorders. There are 13 known vitamins classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and immune problems, while vitamin D deficiency results in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Both vitamins are important for growth, immunity, and calcium absorption. Maintaining adequate levels through diet and sunlight exposure is important to prevent deficiency disorders.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that usually infect the lungs. TB germs are spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. To become infected, a person needs prolonged exposure to an active TB case. Most people who breathe in TB germs develop asymptomatic infection, not active disease. Active pulmonary TB can cause symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. Both TB infection and active disease are treated with medication to cure the infection and prevent spread. Public health workers investigate potential exposures and offer testing and treatment to stop TB transmission.
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
This document discusses molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. It explains that molecular mechanics uses Newtonian mechanics to calculate energies and forces between atoms to model molecular motion. The potential energy is calculated based on contributions from bond lengths, bond angles, torsion angles, van der Waals interactions, and electrostatic interactions. Force fields are used to describe how potential energy depends on parameters. Energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulations are used to find low energy conformations and model molecular motion by overcoming energy barriers. Examples provided include simulations of benzene rings and modeling ATP and water in an enzyme active site.
The document summarizes various drugs used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It discusses how immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus inhibit T-cell activation and proliferation to prevent transplant rejection and treat autoimmune disorders. Newer biologic drugs targeting TNF are also mentioned. For gout, acute attacks are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs while prevention involves colchicine and allopurinol to decrease uric acid production or probenecid to increase uric acid excretion.
The document discusses several topics related to human anatomy and physiology. It defines homeostasis as any self-regulating process that maintains stability and optimal conditions for survival. It describes the supine position as lying horizontally face up and provides examples of its uses in surgery. It briefly mentions types of cells, paracrine signaling between nearby cells, synaptic connections between neurons, and secretions from skin glands.
Vitamins and vitamin-like substances play important roles in many metabolic pathways and processes in the body. Key vitamins include: A (retinol), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and C (ascorbic acid). These vitamins are involved in pathways like phototransduction, carbohydrate metabolism, redox reactions, amino acid metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases like night blindness, beriberi, and anemia. Vitamin-like substances such as choline, carnitine
Radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are immunoassays that use the antigen-antibody reaction to detect and quantify substances like hormones, vitamins, and drugs. Radioimmunoassays use radiolabeled antigens or antibodies while ELISAs use enzyme-labeled molecules, avoiding radiation hazards. Both techniques require preparing antigens and antibodies, developing standardized assay procedures, and measuring the amount of bound versus unbound reagents to quantify the target substance in samples. Immunoassays are highly specific and sensitive methods used to detect substances important for diagnosing disease and monitoring drug and hormone levels in the body.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate or lactate with no oxygen present. This generates energy in the form of ATP and reduces NAD+ to NADH. Three steps in glycolysis are regulated by enzymes like phosphofructokinase-1 to control the flow of metabolites into or out of the pathway based on the cell's energy and nutrient needs.
This document discusses glycolysis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. It covers:
1. Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway), glucose uptake, and lactate metabolism.
2. Glycogenesis (glycogen formation) and glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown). Glycogenolysis includes regulation of glycogenolysis and glycogen use during exercise.
3. Functions of glycolysis including producing pyruvate/lactate, small amount of ATP, and H+. Shuttles for moving reducing equivalents from sarcoplasm into mitochondria are also discussed.
The citric acid cycle (CAC) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down food for energy production. Key events include:
1. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex before entering the CAC.
2. The CAC consists of 8 steps where acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate and later releases CO2, generating high-energy electrons to produce ATP.
3. The cycle is highly regulated by substrate availability, product inhibition, and allosteric regulation by intermediates to balance energy production with biosynthesis.
This document discusses different types of bioassays used to estimate the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its biological effects on living systems. It describes chemical and immunoassays as well as assays using microbiological or animal models. Specific types of bioassays are discussed including quantal assays that elicit an all-or-none response and graded response assays using tissue preparations. Methods for bioassays include interpolation from a standard dose-response curve, bracketing, and multiple point assays like 3-point and 4-point assays that combine features of interpolation and bracketing.
Vitamin deficiencies can cause several disorders. There are 13 known vitamins classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and immune problems, while vitamin D deficiency results in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Both vitamins are important for growth, immunity, and calcium absorption. Maintaining adequate levels through diet and sunlight exposure is important to prevent deficiency disorders.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that usually infect the lungs. TB germs are spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. To become infected, a person needs prolonged exposure to an active TB case. Most people who breathe in TB germs develop asymptomatic infection, not active disease. Active pulmonary TB can cause symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. Both TB infection and active disease are treated with medication to cure the infection and prevent spread. Public health workers investigate potential exposures and offer testing and treatment to stop TB transmission.
More from AADHIBHAGAWAN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, THIRUVANNAMAI, TAMIL NADU (20)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html