Following topics are covered in this slide deck:
Role and use of Pharmacoeconomics and health outcomes research | Impact of price regulation in India | Factors affecting drug pricing | Need, challenges and components of pharmacoeconomics | Aims, Objectives and principle of Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation | Different types of cost measurement | The Methods of Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation | Cost Analysis (CUA)
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and targets.--pharmacogenetics
DRUG TRANSPORTER
Two types of transporter :
•ATP binding Cassette (ABC) – Found in ABCB, ABCD and ABCG family. Associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells causing treatment failure in cancer.
•Solute Carrier (SLC) – Transport varieties of solute include both charged or uncharged
P-glycoprotein
• ATP binding cassette subfamily B member- 1 (ABCB 1)
• Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
• Transport various molecules, including xenobiotic, across cell membrane
• Extensively distributed and expressed throughout the body
Mechanism of Pglycoprotein
Substrate bind to P-gp form the inner leaflet of the membrane
ATP binds at the inner side of the protein
ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and energy
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and targets.--pharmacogenetics
DRUG TRANSPORTER
Two types of transporter :
•ATP binding Cassette (ABC) – Found in ABCB, ABCD and ABCG family. Associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells causing treatment failure in cancer.
•Solute Carrier (SLC) – Transport varieties of solute include both charged or uncharged
P-glycoprotein
• ATP binding cassette subfamily B member- 1 (ABCB 1)
• Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
• Transport various molecules, including xenobiotic, across cell membrane
• Extensively distributed and expressed throughout the body
Mechanism of Pglycoprotein
Substrate bind to P-gp form the inner leaflet of the membrane
ATP binds at the inner side of the protein
ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and energy
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
Statistical softwares used in pharmacoeconomics @ RxVichuZ!! :)RxVichuZ
This summarized outline deals with SOFTWARES USED IN PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES, their precise details, merits & summarized relevant applications.
With respect to PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & PHARMACOECONOMICS subject.
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Pharmacoeconomics is essential to reduce burden for patients in the terms of cost and improve the therapeutic effectiveness by selecting alternative treatments. Physician and pharmacist plays an important role in selecting drugs and treatment alternatives. So, proper selection helps to minimize the cost of therapy in patients. Research studies on pharmacoeconomics helps to know the burden of patients paying for their illness.
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Pharmacoeconomics tools will not make a decision, but are useful as an aid to decision makers regarding the appropriate use of a product. These tools can assist in selecting an area of preclinical exploration, choosing which drugs should move forward to man, and weather to progress in the phases of clinical trials.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
Epidemiologic Study Designs, Reasons to perform Pharmacoepidemiology studies, Users of pharmacoepidemiology and Role of Pharmacists & other Public Health Practitioners in Pharmacoepidemiology are discussed in this presentation.
Statistical softwares used in pharmacoeconomics @ RxVichuZ!! :)RxVichuZ
This summarized outline deals with SOFTWARES USED IN PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES, their precise details, merits & summarized relevant applications.
With respect to PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & PHARMACOECONOMICS subject.
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Pharmacoeconomics is essential to reduce burden for patients in the terms of cost and improve the therapeutic effectiveness by selecting alternative treatments. Physician and pharmacist plays an important role in selecting drugs and treatment alternatives. So, proper selection helps to minimize the cost of therapy in patients. Research studies on pharmacoeconomics helps to know the burden of patients paying for their illness.
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Pharmacoeconomics tools will not make a decision, but are useful as an aid to decision makers regarding the appropriate use of a product. These tools can assist in selecting an area of preclinical exploration, choosing which drugs should move forward to man, and weather to progress in the phases of clinical trials.
www.interlinkconsultancy.com
Healthcare industry challenges and pharmacoeconomic solutions.The pharma industry product pipelines are drying up, leading to a high dependence on existing products for survival. The branded generic drugs segment has become commoditized due to ever increasing and fierce
competition.Price plays a major role in drug prescription and buying decisions. High price may not always assure high quality or more benefits and companies are finding it difficult to substantiate higher prices..
Opportunities and Barriers in Pharmaceutical Pricing: Average Manufacturer Pr...Epstein Becker Green
Part 2 of a webinar series that examines the average manufacturer price (“AMP”) Final Rule and its effect on drug pricing and contracting. Hosted by an Epstein Becker Green and EBG Advisors.
The long-awaited issuance of the Final Rule addressing AMP under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program has provided clarity in some respects but left other issues open to interpretation. In the wake of the Final Rule, other regulatory developments are already showing signs of further impacting many of the same issues.
Using the AMP Final Rule as a baseline, we will address the evolution of some of the most significant issues affecting drug pricing and contracting. We hope you can attend one or both of the sessions in this two-part series.
In this session, Dr. Samuel R. Nussbaum, M.D., Strategic Consultant at EBG Advisors, and Lesley R. Yeung, Associate at Epstein Becker Green, will examine the pay-for-value and alternative approaches to pharmaceutical pricing. The speakers will discuss opportunities and barriers as well as highlight real-world examples.
http://www.ebglaw.com/events/the-effect-of-the-average-manufacturer-price-final-rule-on-drug-pricing-and-contracting-part-2-opportunities-and-barriers-in-pharmaceutical-pricing/
These materials have been provided for informational purposes only and are not intended and should not be construed to constitute legal advice. The content of these materials is copyrighted to Epstein Becker & Green, P.C. ATTORNEY ADVERTISING.
Five Steps to Find your 'Beyond the Pill' Strategyexecutiveinsight
A short window of opportunity exists for pharmaceutical companies to establish indispensable beyond the pill services, which may even help them 'own' particular disease areas.
PHARMACOKINETIC- ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION (1) [Autosaved].pptxShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this presentation you will able to
1. Know the processes involved in ADME of drugs
2. Explain how these processes may affect the action of xenobiotics
3. Discuss how these processes can affect the outcome of the treatment of patients with drugs
4. Describe how differences in these processes between patients can affect therapy
5. Explain the use of this processes to improve therapy
Dear all,
May Peace Be Upon You!
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy
practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm
Syllabus refer link given below:
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss malarial life cycle.
B. Explain pharmacology of anti-malarial drugs.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss Neurohumoral Transmission.
B. Explain role of GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin and Dopamine in neurohumoral transmission.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
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For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
1. Discuss How drug is excreted from blood circulation?
2. Explain different factor affecting excretion.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
1. Discuss type of helminths or worm infections.
2. Explain pharmacology of Anthelminthic Drugs.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session students will learn:
1. Definition of biotransformation/ Metabolism and different factor affecting metabolism
2. Discuss Phase I/ Non synthetic/functionalization reaction and Phase II/ Synthetic/ Conjugation reaction
3. Explain drug induction and drug inhibition
Reference:
Reference: • K D Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. Seventh Edition. Jaypee
Publication. Page no:23-29.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain factor affecting drug distribution.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
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Absorption, Bioavailability and Bioequivalance.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain factor affecting drug absorption, bioavailability and bioequivalence.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
Discuss type of fungal infection and classify Anti-fungal drugs.
Explain pharmacology of anti-fungal drugs.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
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For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
Discuss about agonist and antagonist.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss Mechanism of action of Macrolide
B. Give classification and Explain pharmacology of Macrolide.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
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For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss Mechanism of action of chloramphenicol
B. Give classification and Explain pharmacology of chloramphenicol.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss history and Mechanism of action of Cephalosporin
B. Give classification and Explain pharmacology of Cephalosporin.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to… A. Explain different routes of drug administration and their advantages and disadvantages.
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
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For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain history of pharmacology and following fundamental definitions of:
Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, drug, Pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics.
B. Discuss different aspects of drug nomenclature.
C. Explain essential medicine and Orphan drugs.
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
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For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
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For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss history and Mechanism of action of Penicillin
B. Give classification and Explain pharmacology of Penicillin.
I am happy to share video lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
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For all III YouTube Live Video lecture series of this topic click:
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This presentation give detail overview of pharmacoepidemiology, epidemiological study design, case report, case series, analysis of secular trends, case control studies, cohort studies, statistical interpretation, randomised clinical trials, field trials, community trials, drug utilisation studies.
For all five YouTube Live video lecture series of this topic click:
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Pharmacoeconomics
1. Prof. Shaikh Abusufiyan
Assistant Professor,
AIKTC-School of Pharmacy,
New Panvel-410206
Part-01: Pharmacoeconomics
Pharma Learning Forever
2. At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Define pharmacoeconomics, explain its aim and uses?
B. Discuss reason increase in health care spending and
increase in drug cost.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
4. Role of Pharmacoeconomics and health outcomes research:
1. Informing clinical development and market
access decisions of new innovative medicines.
2. To work on the health economics which
particularly focuses upon
• the costs
• benefits of drug therapy.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
5. 3. It focused on the economic evaluation of
pharmaceuticals which includes
Health outcomes research (HOR) and
patient-reported outcomes (PRO)
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
6. • It is aim at understanding patient value
in terms of impact of disease and its treatment on
physical functioning and psychosocial wellbeing
known as “health-related quality of life” (HRQL).
AIM Health outcomes research and patient-reported outcomes (PRO)
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
10. 1. New medicines are
under patent law 5. Spending of
pharmaceutical
companies on
marketing &
launch of drugs
2. Preference of
drug therapy
over invasive
therapy
3. Discovering
various off
label uses of
existing drugs
4. The irrational
drug prescription
Reason for Increase in cost of Drug
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
11. Impact of price regulation in India
• About 85% of the drug market was under price control in 1979.
• With successive polices, the number diminished and now a mere 15
- 20% of the drug market is under price control.
Therefore drug prices are quickly spinning out of reach of the
common man.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
12. • All over the world, patients are affected
by high price of medicines.
• In a developing country like India, 85%
of total health expenditure
financed by house-hold out of pocket
expenditure.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
13. • Many poor people face a choice between
buying medicines or buying food
due to limited resources and high pricing
of drug.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
14. • Pharmacoeconomics adopts and applies the
principles and methodology of health economics
to the field of pharmaceutical policy.
• Pharmacoeconomic evaluation
makes use of the broad range of techniques
used in health economics evaluation
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
15. Reference:
• Brinsmead R (2003): Use of pharmacoeconomics in prescribing research.
J Clin Pharm Ther 28:339-46
• Sumit Kumar, Ashish Baldi. Pharmacoeconomics: Principles, Methods and
Economic Evaluation of Drug Therapies. Ph Tech Med. 2013; (2)5:362-367.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
16. Disclaimer (Images)
• The images used in this presentation are found from different sources all over the
Internet, and are assumed to be in public domain and are displayed under the fair
use principle for education purpose.
Copyright @ Presentation
• The said presentation is copyright under Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
• The presentation is for education purpose only, don’t use the same for any legal
perspective.
19. Prof. Shaikh Abusufiyan
Assistant Professor,
AIKTC-School of Pharmacy,
New Panvel-410206
Part-02: Pharmacoeconomics
Pharma Learning Forever
20. At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss factors affecting drug pricing.
B. Explain need, challenges and components
of pharmacoeconomics.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
21. Factors affecting drug pricing
I. The sector in which medicines are
purchased: The price is often higher in the
private sector --> profiteering intention.
II. The types of procurement agent: e.g.
different prices may be paid for the same
product by a public sector purchaser, such as
Ministry of Health.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
22. III. The distribution route.
• A patient who purchases a medicine at a
hospital pharmacy may have to pay more
the hospital pharmacy purchased the
product from a local wholesaler
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
23. • Continue….
• Many times hospital pharmacy may have
limited stock of the generic drugs which one is
cheaper than the branded drugs prescribed to
the patient on routine basis.
• Some time patient has to purchase the
branded drugs in the emergency condition.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
24. iv. The patient status:
• The price of patented medicine is often higher than that
of their generic equivalent.
• other factors influence the total cost of drugs are:
• Prices of patented, non-patented and generic drugs
• Retail and wholesale mark-ups
• Pharmacists' professional fees
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
25. Continue….
• Changes in the composition of total population e.g.
proportion of older persons
• Changes in prescribing habits of physicians
• Changes in the utilization of drugs i.e. number of drugs
used per patient
• Trends towards using newer drug therapy instead of
other treatments
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
26. In Industry:
Deciding among
specific
research and
development
alternatives.
In Government:
Determining
program benefits
and prices paid. In Private Sector:
Designing insurance
benefit coverage
Need of Pharmacoeconomics
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
27. Q&A
Q.1 Enlist factor affecting drug price.
Q.2 What is need of Pharmacoeconomics in
industry?
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
28. 1. Establishing
guidelines or
standards of practice.
4. Continuing
education on the
relevant features
of this discipline
for practitioners,
government
officials, private
sector executives.
3. Creating a
cadre of trained
producers of
pharmacoeconomic
work.
CHALLENGES
2.Stable funding to
support applied
pharmacoeconomic
research.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
30. Aims, Objectives and principle of Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation
Aims, Objectives:
1. To reduce monetary burden on the
consumers
by insuring global pricing strategy for the
effective management of health care system.
2. To take decisions about drug therapies.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
31. Principle
To make more efficient use of limited
resources
for maximization of health care benefit
at lower cost.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
32. 7 ways of cost Measurement:
1. Cost / unit
2. Cost / treatment
3. Cost / person
4. Cost / person / year
5. Cost / case prevented
6. Cost / life saved
7. Cost / DALY (disability-adjusted life year)
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
33. Reference:
• Sumit Kumar, Ashish Baldi. Pharmacoeconomics: Principles, Methods and
Economic Evaluation of Drug Therapies. Ph Tech Med. 2013; (2)5:362-367.
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
34. Disclaimer (Images)
• The images used in this presentation are found from different sources all over the
Internet, and are assumed to be in public domain and are displayed under the fair
use principle for education purpose.
Copyright @ Presentation
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37. Outcomes:
• The fundamental component of a pharmacoeconomic study is:
• outcomes or benefits.
• A cost-benefit analysis allow:
• To compares the costs and outcomes of alternative therapies -----> the outcome is then
expressed in monetary terms.
• It compares the costs involved in implementing a programme with the value of the outcome.
• Since the endpoints are measured in monetary terms, different endpoints can be studied--à
such as a surgical procedure compared with a pharmaceutical intervention.
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38. Outcomes:
• The expected benefits from an intervention might be measured in:
• A. “Natural” units:
• e.g. strokes prevented
• years of life saved
• B. “Utility” units – Utility is an economist’s word for
• Satisfaction
• Or sense of well being
• and is an attempt to evaluate the quality of a state of health, and not just its
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39. The Methods of Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation
• Pharmacoeconomic evaluations include any study designed:
• To assess the costs (resources consumed) and consequences (clinical,
humanistic) of alternative therapies.
• The evaluation mechanisms often helpful in demonstrating:
• the cost impact of innovative treatments
• therefore granting them greater acceptance by healthcare providers, administrators,
and the public.
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40. Types of pharmacoeconomic studies or methods:
There are basically 4 methods:
• Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
• Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
• Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
• Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
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41. Cost-Minimization Analysis (CMA):
• Objective: To select the least costly among multiple equivalent
interventions.
• Cost-minimization is a tool used in pharmacoeconomics and is
applied:
• when comparing multiple drugs of equal efficacy and equal tolerability.
• when the outcomes are the same for the two interventions.
• In this, only the input, i.e. the cost, is considered.
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42. • The option that has the least cost is selected:
• e.g. if a hospital decides to introduce compulsory prescribing of
generic names of drugs instead of their brand names --> then the
pharmacoeconomic evaluation of this would be done by CMA.
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43. • CMA shows only a “cost savings” of one program or treatment
over another.
• The CMA is appropriate:
• when comparing two or more therapeutically equivalent agents or
alternate dosing regimens of the same agent.
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44. Cost Effective Analysis (CEA)
• CEA is a technique designed to assist a decision-maker in identifying
a preferred choice among possible alternatives.
• It involve a series of analytical and mathematical procedure that aid
in the selection of a course of action from various alternative
approaches.
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45. • CEA evaluates multiple drug treatments for the same condition.
• The cost of the drug treatments --> are weighed against the
effectiveness of the drug.
• The costs of drug treatments include
• acquisition costs
• physician involvement
• and nursing costs for administration of the drug.
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46. • The effectiveness of drug treatment is measured in tangible measures such as:
• length of hospital stay
• duration of treatment required
• and mortality rate.
• The results of a CEA are expressed as cost/outcome for both therapies.
• Pharmacoeconomic analysis should be incorporated in the clinical trial itself.
• It is done on the basis of pre-existing data available in the medical literature.
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47. • It does not allow comparisons to be made between two totally
different areas of medicine with different outcomes.
• The key measure of these evaluations is the incremental cost
effectiveness ratio (ICER):
• Incremental cost effectiveness ratio=
Cost of drug A - Cost of drug B
Benefits of drug A - Benefits of drug B
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48. 3. Cost Utility Analysis (CUA)
• CUA is a type of evaluation in which
• drugs/interventions with different outcomes can be compared.
• It is use when comparing programs and treatment alternatives:
• That are life extending with serious side effects (e.g., cancer
chemotherapy).
• Those which produce reductions in morbidity rather than mortality (e.g.,
medical treatment of arthritis).
• When HRQOL is the most important health outcome being examined.
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49. • CUA is employed less frequently than other economic
evaluation methods because of :
• a lack of agreement on measuring utilities
• Difficulty comparing QALYs (quality adjusted life years) across
patients and populations
• And difficulty quantifying patient preferences.
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50. • It is a method for:
• Comparing treatment alternatives that integrates patient preferences and
HRQOL.
• It compare:
• cost
• quality
• and the quantity of patient-years.
• Cost is measured in dollars/ Rs.
• The therapeutic outcome is measured in patient-weighted utilities.
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51. • Often the utility measurement used is a quality-adjusted life
year (QALY) gained.
• Results of CUA are also expressed in a ratio: A cost-utility
ratio (C:U ratio).
• Most often this ratio is translated as the cost per QALY
gained.
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52. SCORE FOR UTILITY
• QALYs represent --> the number of full years at full health.
• Ex. a full year of health in a disease free patient would -->equal 1.0
QALY.
• whereas a year spent with a specific disease might be valued
significantly lower --> perhaps as 0.5 QALY, depending on the
disease.
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53. 4. Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
• CBA is the most comprehensive and the most difficult of all
economic evaluation techniques.
• In this technique --> the benefits are also assigned a monetary
value so that costs and benefits can be easily compared.
• Totally different interventions can be compared.
• Making it a useful tool for resource allocation by policy-makers.
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54. • It is a basic tool that allows for the
• identification
• measurement
• and comparison of the benefits and costs of a program or treatment
alternative.
• CBA should be employed when comparing treatment alternatives.
• All benefits are converted into dollars (Rs.) to evaluate a single program
or compare multiple programs.
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55. • Both the costs and the benefits are measured and ---> converted into equivalent
dollars (Rs.) in the year in which they will occur.
• These costs and benefits are expressed as:
• a ratio (a benefit-to-cost ratio)
• a net benefit
• or a net cost.
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56. Challenges of CBA
1. Calculating the benefits in economic terms.
2. Some benefits are easy to convert, others need subjective judgment.
3. It may ignore intangible benefits (pain, anxiety, stress) that are
--> difficult to express in monetary terms.
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57. Applications of Pharmacoeconomics
1. To aid clinical and policy decision making:
• Practitioners and administrators can make --> better, more informed decisions regarding the
products and services they provide.
• Traditionally, most drug therapy decisions were based solely on the clinical outcomes (e.g.,
safety and efficacy) associated with a treatment alternative.
• Complete pharmacotherapy decisions should contain assessments of three basic outcome areas:
1. economic
2. clinical
3. And humanistic outcomes (ECHO).
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58. 2. Pharmacoeconomic data can be a powerful tool to support various
clinical decisions.
• This decisions are ranging from the level of the patient to the level of
an entire healthcare system.
• The application of pharmacoeconomics to decision making is divided into
two basic areas:
1. Drug therapy evaluation (Pharmacotherapeutics)
2. and clinical pharmacy service evaluation.
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59. 3. It provide information needed for making decisions on:
• selection of pharmaceuticals
• and medical devices.
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60. 4. Healthcare practitioners --> can applying the principles and methods of
pharmacoeconomics to their daily practice settings.
5. Applied pharmaco-economics is defined as:
• putting pharmacoeconomic principles, methods, and theories into practice --> to
quantify the value of pharmacy products and pharmaceutical care services used in
real-world environments.
• Today’ s practitioners increasingly needs to justify the value of the products and
services they provide.
• Applied pharmacoeconomics can provide the means or tools for this valuation.
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61. 6. Pharmacoeconomic analysis is important since payers such
as:
• third-party payers or government/
• private health plans to utilize them when determining whether to
reimburse a claim.
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62. Reference:
• Brinsmead R. Use of Pharmacoeconomics in prescribing
research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2003; 28:339-46.
• Sumit Kumar, Ashish Baldi. Pharmacoeconomics: Principles,
Methods and Economic Evaluation of Drug Therapies. Ph Tech
Med. 2013; (2)5:362-367.
63. Disclaimer (Images)
• The images used in this presentation are found from different sources all over the
Internet, and are assumed to be in public domain and are displayed under the fair
use principle for education purpose.
Copyright @ Presentation
• The said presentation is copyright under Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021
• The presentation is for education purpose only, don’t use the same for any legal
perspective.