irrational usage of pesticide leads to development of resistance, resurgence and toxic residue problems in our food. ultimately imbalance of environment . so that detection of pesticide residue in all materials of earth especially in our food, milk, meat, water, soil aquatic ecosystem and agriculture land. for the analysis of resiude set of procedure, methods, instruments, skills and laboratory must required. In this seminar would like to enlighten the best, suitable and feasible methods are discussed.
In this slides contains deep introduction about pesticides and analysis of pesticide residue in vegetables.
Presented by: M. Malarvannan (Department of pharmaceutical analysis),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slides contains deep introduction about pesticides and analysis of pesticide residue in vegetables.
Presented by: M. Malarvannan (Department of pharmaceutical analysis),
RIPER, anantapur.
Pesticide residue analysis by simran.pptxSimran Bhatia
INTRODUCTION
The importance of food quality has become a serious issue due to the widespread use of pesticides. Though, the farmers have a conventional understanding of agriculture; they lack in the technical understanding of pesticides, their uses and safety aspects which makes them vulnerable (FAO, 2011).
Pesticide Residue: - The amount of insecticide left over after a lapse of time.” Disappearance of pesticide residue takes place by two ways i.e. Dissipation (In which the disappearance of the residue is fast) and Persistence (ability of pesticide to remain present for a long time).
Steps in Pesticide residue analysis:-
Sampling (collection, transport & storage)
Sample Preparation (Chopping/grinding/blending)
Extraction : Removal of pesticide residue from components that are present naturally
Clean-up : Removal of constituents that interfere with analysis of the pesticide residue of interest (Partitioning and purification )
Identification (detection), Quantification (determination) & Confirmation
4. EXTRACTION__________________________________________________________
Extraction is the process by which toxicant is transferred from the treated bulky biological material in to a solvent.
Principle : LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE and OPPOSITES DO NOT ATTRACT
QuEChERS_________________________________________________________________
Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe.
◦ Developed in 2001 by American scientist Michelangelo
◦ Based on Acetonitrile extraction
◦ cleanup using dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE) using MgSO4 and further purification with PSA and silica sorbent C18
◦ This method became popular because of its microscale extraction procedure which is simpler, consumes less time and organic solvent than all the previous methods.
Flow chart for QuEChERS sample preparation technique for pesticide residue analysis in FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Status of Maximum Residue Limits in India:
The Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC) registers pesticides in India and recommends them for various crops.
A total of 234 pesticides have been registered by CIBRC (including Endosulfan* the use of which was banned in India in May 2011).
Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) is responsible for setting MRLs for the pesticides that have been registered by CIBRC.
The MRLs for all registered pesticides should be set for all the crops they have been registered.
Pesticides classification and maximum residue limits in foodsherif Taha
This presentation describes main pesticide classification and illustrate how to obtain MRL for pesticide residue in EU, Codex alimentarius, USA, and Japan
In this slide contains pesticide used in grains, limits as per FSSAI , general detection method for pesticide in Grains and extraction procedures.
Presented by: P.Pavan Kalyan. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent.
Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
Pesticide residue analysis by simran.pptxSimran Bhatia
INTRODUCTION
The importance of food quality has become a serious issue due to the widespread use of pesticides. Though, the farmers have a conventional understanding of agriculture; they lack in the technical understanding of pesticides, their uses and safety aspects which makes them vulnerable (FAO, 2011).
Pesticide Residue: - The amount of insecticide left over after a lapse of time.” Disappearance of pesticide residue takes place by two ways i.e. Dissipation (In which the disappearance of the residue is fast) and Persistence (ability of pesticide to remain present for a long time).
Steps in Pesticide residue analysis:-
Sampling (collection, transport & storage)
Sample Preparation (Chopping/grinding/blending)
Extraction : Removal of pesticide residue from components that are present naturally
Clean-up : Removal of constituents that interfere with analysis of the pesticide residue of interest (Partitioning and purification )
Identification (detection), Quantification (determination) & Confirmation
4. EXTRACTION__________________________________________________________
Extraction is the process by which toxicant is transferred from the treated bulky biological material in to a solvent.
Principle : LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE and OPPOSITES DO NOT ATTRACT
QuEChERS_________________________________________________________________
Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe.
◦ Developed in 2001 by American scientist Michelangelo
◦ Based on Acetonitrile extraction
◦ cleanup using dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE) using MgSO4 and further purification with PSA and silica sorbent C18
◦ This method became popular because of its microscale extraction procedure which is simpler, consumes less time and organic solvent than all the previous methods.
Flow chart for QuEChERS sample preparation technique for pesticide residue analysis in FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Status of Maximum Residue Limits in India:
The Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC) registers pesticides in India and recommends them for various crops.
A total of 234 pesticides have been registered by CIBRC (including Endosulfan* the use of which was banned in India in May 2011).
Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) is responsible for setting MRLs for the pesticides that have been registered by CIBRC.
The MRLs for all registered pesticides should be set for all the crops they have been registered.
Pesticides classification and maximum residue limits in foodsherif Taha
This presentation describes main pesticide classification and illustrate how to obtain MRL for pesticide residue in EU, Codex alimentarius, USA, and Japan
In this slide contains pesticide used in grains, limits as per FSSAI , general detection method for pesticide in Grains and extraction procedures.
Presented by: P.Pavan Kalyan. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Soxhlet extraction is a continuous process of extraction with a hot organic solvent.
Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
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The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
pesticide residue analysis methods in fruits and vegetables
1.
2. Methods of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Fruits
and Vegetables
Ravi Biradar
PHD16AGR6008
Seminar on
3. •Pesticide
•Boon and bane of pesticide
•Pesticide Residues
•Sampling, Extraction and Cleanup
•QuEChERS method
•Enzyme inhibition method
•Spectrophotometric method
•Gas Chromatography
•Liquid chromatography
•Residue control
•Conclusion
Content
4. Any chemical, biological substance or mixture of substances intended for
preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling or controlling any pest and includes
any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as PGR, or defoliant .
WHAT ARE PESTICIDES….. ??
9. “The amount of insecticide left over after a lapse of time.”
Disappearance of pesticide residue take place by two way i.e.
Dissipation : In which the disappearance of the residue is fast
Persistence : In which there is a slow decrease in amount of residue
11. What is the need to study pesticide residue?
persistence of the pesticide
High quantity of pesticides (lack of awareness from farmers)
Prolonged use of pesticides ( Kerala incidence)
monitoring the residues in environment
TO fix the MRL, safe waiting period,.
12. NOAEL : No observed adverse effect concentration derived from animal or
human studies
Maximum Residue Levels (MRL): The legal limit of pesticide allowed
(expressed in mg/kg of produce) in food or animal feeds.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI): The amount of chemical that can be
consumed (in mg/kg bodyweight/day) every day for an individuals entire
lifetime in the practical certainty, on the basis of all known facts that no
harm will result.
Important Terminologies
15. EXTRACTION
Extraction is the process by which toxicant is transferred from the
treated bulky biological material in to a solvent.
TYPES
Surface rinsing
Soxhlet extraction
Blending extraction
Solvents:
Water, acetonitrile, ethyl
acetate, methanol, acetone and
n-hexane.
•Blending and sonication
•Microwave- assisted extraction (MAE)
•Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)
•Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
17. CLEAN UP
Isolation of toxicant from interfering substance or solvent.
Conditions to use
When the insecticide is evaluated by direct measurement.
When the insecticide can be measure only after all the interfering
substance are removed or converted to product which shall not interfere
during analysis.
When insecticide cannot be measured in isolated form and its converted
to suitable derivative for measurement.
18.
19.
20. Sample Preparation
Homogenize fruit and
vegetables at a low
temperature
Extraction/Partition Place a 10
g sample into a 50 mL Teflon
tube with acetonitrile and
NaSO4. Shake well. Spin for 5
minute in a centrifuge
Transfer the supernatat to a 15 ml
Teflon tube. Add MgSO4 and PSA,
shake well for 20 seconds then
centrifuge for 5 min.
GC/MS/MS, LC/MS/MS Same extract
injected into both LC/MS and GC/MS
systems.
21.
22. Enzyme inhibition method of residual analysis
Cholinesterase inhibiting by the insecticide action
Methods assess the cholinesterase activity which can be used in residue analysis:
Potentiometric Method:
The enzyme is allowed to act on acetylcholine in a buffer solution for definite
period of time (usually 1-2 hrs) at constant temperature. The pH of mixture is
measured at the beginning and at the end. Change in pH due to the release of acetic
acid is measured which indicates the enzymatic activity.
(Michel, 1949)
23. Advantages
This method is particularly suitable when the insecticides
undergo change in the plant to produce metabolites with high
inhibitory activity.
Insecticidal residues in food crops can be analyze rapidly.
In this technique less clean up of extracts is needed.
Disadvantages
It’s limited to organophosphate and carbamate compounds
only.
24. •Three kinds of spectrophotometric methods used in pesticide residue analysis.
•Ultraviolet, visible and infra-red methods
•Measure the conc. Of pesticide in solution by measuring the amount of the light
that is absorbed by the solution.
•Range 180nm to 400nm.
Chlorobenzilate in citrus (Blinn et al. 1954)
2, 4-D in alfalfa (Gordon et al. 1952)
DDT in milk and citrus & diquat in potatoes (Herriot 1946).
25. Chromatography
chromo means “colour” Graphy means “to write”
The chromatography consist in the unique distribution of the components of a
mixture between stationary phase and mobile phase due to different affinity of a single
compounds towards both phase (Stationary phase and mobile phase).
It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a
stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in
the mixture based on differential distribution coefficient and different net rate of
migration between the mobile and stationary phases.
Mikhail
Tswett(1872-1919)
26.
27. Various techniques of chromatography
1. Planar Chromatography
Paper chromatography Thin layer chromatography
2. Column chromatography
Gas chromatography Liquid chromatography
3 Affinity chromatography
4 Ion exchange chromatography
28. Planar chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary
phase is present in or on a plane.
The plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a substance as the
stationary bed (paper chromatography)
or
a layer of solid particles spread on a support such as a glass plate (thin layer
chromatography).
Planar Chromatography
29. The method has been widely used for analysis of insecticide residue. In
this method samples are spotted on whatman filter paper no.1 (20 X 20 cm).
•Pencil line is drawn at 4-5 cm from one edge of the paper and the samples are
applied on this line via micro pipette.
•The solvent of sample is allowed to evaporate.
•The paper is kept in air tight chamber saturated with vapours of solvent.
•The number of solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, diethyl ether
and chloroform are used depending on the polarity.
Paper Chromatography
30. •It is a versatile technique widely used in residual analysis
•the only different in thin layer chromatography and paper
chromatography is that in TLC the glass plates (20X20 cm or
20X10 cm) having a thin film of absorbent used in the place of
filter paper
• Number of absorbents such a silica gel G, silica gel HR, or
alumina G etc. are available commercially.
Thin Layer Chromatography
31.
32. •Stationary phase is packed into glass or metal column.
•The mixture of analytes is then applied and the mobile phase, commonly referred
to as the eluent
•passed through column either gravity feed or by use of pumping system or
applied gas pressure.
•The stationary phase either coated on to discrete small particles (matrix) and
packed into column.
•As the eluent flow through the column analyte separate on the basis of their
distribution coefficient and emerge individually in the eluate as it leaves the
column.
Column Chromatography
33. Gas chromatography (GC)
• Volatility and thermal stability
• Carrier gases: helium, argon and nitrogen , which are chemically inert.
• The stationary phase is adhered to the inside of a small-diameter glass tube
(a capillary column) or a solid matrix inside a larger metal tube (a packed column).
•80% of pesticide can analysed.
•Organochlorines, organoposphates, carbamates
36. Pesticides Insect MRLs Sample I
(Dusehri)
Sample II
(Chaunsa)
Sample lll
(Sindhri)
Cypermethrin Tip Borer 0.50 0.25 0.38 0.19
Methamedophos Mango
hopper
1.00 0.16 0.41 0.36
Monocrotophos Fruit fly 1.00 0.46 0.25 0.69
Cyfluthrin Mealy bug 0.50 0.24 0.18 0.39
Dialdrin Termites 2.00 - - 0.56
Methyl Parathion Thrips 1.00 0.15
-
-
Quantitative analysis of pesticides residues in mango (GC)
(-) stands for not detected.
Saqib et al. (2002)Pakistan
37. Residues of endosulfan on brinjal fruits (GLC)
Method of
estimation
Residues* (ppm) days after spray
0 1 5 10 15
Bioassay 2.40 ± 0.44 1.80 ± 0.18 0.76 ± 0.08 0.36 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.03
GCL (I) 1.40 ± 0.22 1.11 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.01
GCL (II) 1.03 ± 0.23 0.59 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
GCL (ES) 0.19 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.01
(I+ II ES) 2.63 ± 0.43 1.93 ± 0.04 0.84 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.03
Average 2.52 ± 0.41
-
1.86 ± 0.13
(25.8)
0.80 ± 0.07
(68.0)
0.38 ± 0.03
(84.8)
0.22 ± 0.03
(90.9)
*Mean of three replication, GLC= Gas liquid chromatography, I= -endosulfan, II=β-endosulfan, ES= endosulfan
sulphate, Figures following ± signs are standard deviation to the mean.
Sharma and Anil (2010)Palampur
38. Pesticides identified in spinach by GC/MS
Pesticides
Identified
Retention
Time
Elution
Time
Relative
Abundance
Molecular
Weight
Piperonylbutoxide 16.275 17.661 2-3% 338
Crotoxyphos 17.283 17.901 3-4% 325
Glyophosphate 3.175 3.165 2-3% 169
Zaib et.al. (2010)Lahore
39. Pesticides Residue identified in spinach by GC/MS
Lahore Zaib et.al (2010)
Sample without pesticide Sample with pesticides
Sample identified pesticide of Crotoxyphos
41. 6. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
It is a separation technique in which the mobile
phase is a liquid. Present day liquid chromatography that
generally utilizes very small packing particles and a
relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC).
In the HPLC technique, the sample is forced
through a column that is packed with irregularly or
spherically shaped particles or a porous monolithic layer
(stationary phase) by a liquid (mobile phase) at high
pressure.
42. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
A better form of column chromatography. Instead of
draining down through the stationary phase, the solvent is
forced through under high pressure.
Stationary phase :Silica
Mobile phase :Suitable solvent
43.
44. Insecticide Insect
Insecticide residues in Brinjal fruit (ppm)
Sampling Periods
0 Day 3 Days 7 Days
Carbofuran Fruit and Stem borer 0.084 0.039 0.026
Chlorpyriphos Fruit/stem
Borer/Sucking Insect
0.095 0.049 0.035
Imidachloprid Sucking Insect 0.097 0.051 0.039
Dichlorovos Fruit/stem
Borer/Sucking Insect
0.070 0.049 0.034
Acephate Fruit and Stem borer 0.071 0.046 0.028
Quantitative analysis of residues in Brinjal fruit (HPLC)
Iqbal et.al (2007)Faisalabad
*Values are mean of 5 samples from supervised trail.
45. Sampling site No. of
Samples
Analysed
Pesticides detected Frequencies Residue level
(mg kg')
MRL
(mg kg-1)
Bada Ber 5 Cypermethrin 1 0.112 0.1
Methomyl 1 0.087 0.2
Endosulfan 1 0.100 0.2
Zangli 10 Cypermethrin I 0.176 0.1
Pishthakhera 3 N.D - - -
Urmar 8 Chlorpyriphos 2 0.08, 0.120 0.01
A,-Cyhalothrin 1 0.165 b
Hussain Abad 5 N.D - - -
Mewra 7 Methamidophos 4 1.610, 0.150,
0.101,0.75
0.5
Cypermethrin 2 0.130, 0.106 0.1
Methomyl 3 0.150, .087,
.095
0.2
Nahqi 3 Fenvalerate 1 1.21 b
Pesticide residue in onion sample through HPLC
Khan (2005)Pakistan
b: No MRL available
46.
47. LC-MS Analysis
GC-MS Analysis
Sample Prep: QuEChERS
Data Processing/Analysis
Employed a combination of GC–MS and LC–MS/MS for the analysis of 446 pesticides in
fruits and vegetables and 450 pesticides in honey, fruit juice and wine
Pang et al., (2006)
48.
49. If you are willing to change a few habits in your life,
you can dramatically reduce your exposure to pesticides.
Buy organic produce when you can.
Wash your produce
with warm or running
tap water cleans it better
than dipping it, or
rubbing produce with
your hand.
50. Trim the outer part of fruits and vegetables. Take off
the outer leaves of cabbage and lettuce. Peel fruits and
vegetables when practical.
Cook fruits and vegetable thoroughly. Cooking can
break down some pesticide residue because they tend to
be heat sensitive.
Follow the instruction on pesticide container labels
when using .
51. Green grapes
S/N Pesticide Max residue
limit (mg/kg)
No wash Lukewarm water
wash
Salted lukewarm water
wash
1 Imazalil 5 8.6 6.9 5.4
2 Thiabendazole 10 21.4 17 14.7
3 Phosmet 10 11.8 8.9 7.6
4 Decamethrin 0.05 0.03 ND ND
Black grapes
S/N Pesticide Max residue
limit (mg/kg)
No wash Lukewarm water
wash
Salted lukewarm water
wash
1 Imazalil 5 9.3 8.2 6.6
2 Thiabendazole 10 32 27.4 21
3 Phosmet 10 16.7 11.3 8.9
4 Decamethrin 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.02
PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAPES
Dasika et.al (2012)Hyderabad
52. Decontamination of carbaryl and isoprocarb residues in grapes
Processing procedure
Carbaryl 0.15% Isooprocarb 0.2%
Residues*
(mg/kg)
Per cent
removal
Residues*
(mg/kg)
Per cent
removal
Initial residues 0.465 -- 0.214 --
Water wash 0.007 98.56 0.003 98.74
5% tamarind solution dip
(30 min.)followed by water
wash
0.004 99.01 0.058 73.09
2% salt solution dip (30
min.) followed by water
wash
0.003 99.46 0.001 99.16
1% acetic acid solution dip
(30 min.) followed by water
wash
0.004 99.18 0.043 79.83
*Average of three replications.
Reddy and Rao (2003)Hyderabad