CPM and PERT are network analysis techniques used to plan, manage, and control projects. CPM was developed by DuPont in the 1950s for chemical plant projects, using deterministic activity times. PERT was developed by the US Navy for the Polaris missile program, using probabilistic time estimates to account for uncertainty. Both techniques involve representing project activities as nodes and arrows on a network diagram to show precedence relationships and calculate the critical path. CPM/PERT allow project managers to estimate completion dates, monitor schedule and budget, and identify critical activities in order to finish projects on time and within budget.
Before commencement of any project, the first thing that we need to do is project planning. Any reasonable project manager* certainly understands importance of planning a project well. Carefully planned project takes into account necessary aspects of a project (e.g. tasks, milestone, schedule,risks, communication, quality, etc.) and provide a plan which project team can refer during execution.
Before commencement of any project, the first thing that we need to do is project planning. Any reasonable project manager* certainly understands importance of planning a project well. Carefully planned project takes into account necessary aspects of a project (e.g. tasks, milestone, schedule,risks, communication, quality, etc.) and provide a plan which project team can refer during execution.
A contracting and project management firm, The Dalton Company has been involved with significant projects for nonprofits, including Toronto’s Wychwood Barns. Using ArtsBuild’s online guide to capital projects PLAN IT | BUILD IT, The Dalton Company discusses the planning and decision-making needed to deliver projects on budget and in time.
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Most Popular 20 Evergreen Project Management TermsSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Project management requires a deep understanding of the jargon and terminology for effective implementation of practices. The article presents 20 popular and common terms of project management
Lect-1: Software Project Management - Project Dimensions, Players, SDLC and P...Mubashir Ali
Course Synopsis:
This course gives you the overview about what Software Project Management actually is? What tools and techniques you will use to manage your project? Similarly, risk management, quality assurance activities, and project planning, scheduling activities will also be covered in this course.
Reference:
1. Software Project Management, Bob Hughes, Mike Cotterell, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 5th Edition
2. Handouts & Research Papers
Project Management is the art of maximizing the probability that a project delivers its goals on Time, to Budget and at the required Quality.
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.
A project is an activity with specific goals which takes place over a finite period of time.
computer programs are not project management: they are tools for project managers to use. Project management is all that mix of components of control, leadership, teamwork, resource management etc that goes into a successful project.
Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end.
Projects involve creating something that has not been done in exactly the same way before and which is, therefore, unique and distinct.
Four P's have a substantial influence on software project management-
People must be organized into effective teams, motivated to do high-quality software work, and coordinated to achieve effective communication.
The Product requirements must be communicated from customer to developer.
The Process must be adapted to the people and the problem.
The Project must be organized in a manner that enables the software team to succeed.
My 5 Learnings of Waterfall Project ManagementSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The waterfall technique is also called the traditional method of project management. Learn about the 5 key takeaways and how you can implement the techniques in your project.
DCMA has enlisted 14-points to assess the project schedule quality. The article explains each of the 14-points in detail and in simple language. Knowledge of these points shall help you to prepare a better and efficient schedule that can be prepared, managed and executed.
Project Time Estimation 6 Powerful Tips & TricksSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Check out the 6-time estimation methods for project & activity duration. The approaches are used worldwide and are proven to be effective and powerful.
A contracting and project management firm, The Dalton Company has been involved with significant projects for nonprofits, including Toronto’s Wychwood Barns. Using ArtsBuild’s online guide to capital projects PLAN IT | BUILD IT, The Dalton Company discusses the planning and decision-making needed to deliver projects on budget and in time.
New Trends in Construction Management
Construction Management
Construction Technology
Construction Planning and Management Systems using Primavera
Fundamentals of Construction Costs and Estimating
Plumbing Systems I: Code and Engineering
Construction Changes and Claims Documentation
Legal Aspects of Construction Projects and Contracts
Principles of Structural Analysis
Advanced Estimating and Management of Project Costs in the Preconstruction and Construction Phases
Construction Surveying and Metrics
Construction Budget and Cost Control
Construction Job Site Management
Construction Project Management Using MS Project
Reading Construction Blueprints
Electrical Design and Construction
The Solar Energy Solution: Harnessing Solar Power in the Home and Office
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Introduction to Building Information Modeling
Construction Estimating and Design Analysis Using BIM
Land Development Procedures
Most Popular 20 Evergreen Project Management TermsSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Project management requires a deep understanding of the jargon and terminology for effective implementation of practices. The article presents 20 popular and common terms of project management
Lect-1: Software Project Management - Project Dimensions, Players, SDLC and P...Mubashir Ali
Course Synopsis:
This course gives you the overview about what Software Project Management actually is? What tools and techniques you will use to manage your project? Similarly, risk management, quality assurance activities, and project planning, scheduling activities will also be covered in this course.
Reference:
1. Software Project Management, Bob Hughes, Mike Cotterell, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 5th Edition
2. Handouts & Research Papers
Project Management is the art of maximizing the probability that a project delivers its goals on Time, to Budget and at the required Quality.
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.
A project is an activity with specific goals which takes place over a finite period of time.
computer programs are not project management: they are tools for project managers to use. Project management is all that mix of components of control, leadership, teamwork, resource management etc that goes into a successful project.
Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end.
Projects involve creating something that has not been done in exactly the same way before and which is, therefore, unique and distinct.
Four P's have a substantial influence on software project management-
People must be organized into effective teams, motivated to do high-quality software work, and coordinated to achieve effective communication.
The Product requirements must be communicated from customer to developer.
The Process must be adapted to the people and the problem.
The Project must be organized in a manner that enables the software team to succeed.
My 5 Learnings of Waterfall Project ManagementSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The waterfall technique is also called the traditional method of project management. Learn about the 5 key takeaways and how you can implement the techniques in your project.
DCMA has enlisted 14-points to assess the project schedule quality. The article explains each of the 14-points in detail and in simple language. Knowledge of these points shall help you to prepare a better and efficient schedule that can be prepared, managed and executed.
Project Time Estimation 6 Powerful Tips & TricksSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Check out the 6-time estimation methods for project & activity duration. The approaches are used worldwide and are proven to be effective and powerful.
CPM and PERT are most commonly used methods for project management. There are some similarities and differences between PERT and CPM. PERT can be applied to any field requiring planned, controlled and integrated work efforts to accomplish defined objectives.
project management-cpm and pert methods for managersNaganna Chetty
A project is a one shot, time limited, goal directed, major undertaking, requiring the commitment of varied skills & resources.
A project:
Has a unique purpose.
Is temporary.
Is developed using progressive elaboration.
Requires resources, often from various areas.
Should have a primary customer or sponsor.
The project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project.
Involves uncertainty.
Project managers work with project sponsors, project teams, and other people involved in projects to meet project goals.
Program: “A group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually.”
Program managers oversee programs and often act as bosses for project managers.
Project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.”
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2. ProjectProject
“A project is a series of activities directed
to accomplishment of a desired objective.”
Plan your work first…..then work
your plan
3. Network analysis
Introduction
Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific
techniques which can be used for the planning, management and
control of projects.
One definition of a project:
“A project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a "unique"
product or service”
4. HistoryHistory
Developed in 1950’s
CPM by DuPont for chemical plants
PERT by U.S. Navy for Polaris missile
PERT was developed by the US Navy for the planning and control of
the Polaris missile program and the emphasis was on completing the
program in the shortest possible time. In addition PERT had the
ability to cope with uncertain activity completion times (e.g. for a
particular activity the most likely completion time is 4 weeks but it
could be anywhere between 3 weeks and 8 weeks).
CPM was developed by Du Pont and the emphasis was on the
trade-off between the cost of the project and its overall
completion time (e.g. for certain activities it may be possible
to decrease their completion times by spending more money -
how does this affect the overall completion time of the
project?)
5. CPM - Critical Path MethodCPM - Critical Path Method
Definition: In CPM activities are shown as a network of
precedence relationships using activity-on-node network
construction
– Single estimate of activity time
– Deterministic activity times
USED IN : Production management - for the jobs of
repetitive in nature where the activity time estimates can
be predicted with considerable certainty due to the
existence of past experience.
6. PERT -PERT -
Project Evaluation & Review TechniquesProject Evaluation & Review Techniques
Definition: In PERT activities are shown as a network of
precedence relationships using activity-on-arrow network
construction
– Multiple time estimates
– Probabilistic activity times
USED IN : Project management - for non-repetitive jobs
(research and development work), where the time and cost
estimates tend to be quite uncertain. This technique uses
probabilistic time estimates.
7. Originated by H.L.Gantt in 1918
Gantt chart
Advantages
- Gantt charts are quite commonly used.
They provide an easy graphical
representation of when activities (might)
take place.
Limitations
- Do not clearly indicate details regarding
the progress of activities
- Do not give a clear indication of
interrelation ship between the separate
activities
8. CPM/PERTCPM/PERT
These deficiencies can be eliminated to a large extent by
showing the interdependence of various activities by means of
connecting arrows called network technique.
Overtime CPM and PERT became one technique
ADVANTAGES:
– Precedence relationships
– large projects
– more efficient
9. The Project NetworkThe Project Network
Use of nodes and arrows
Arrows An arrow leads from tail to head directionally
– Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to
perform a part of the work.
Nodes A node is represented by a circle
- Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities start
and/or finish.
10. Activity on Node & Activity on ArrowActivity on Node & Activity on Arrow
Activity on Node
- A completion of an activity
is represented by a node
Activity on Arrow
- An arrow represents a task,
while a node is the
completion of a task
- Arrows represent order of
events
11. Activity SlackActivity Slack
Each event has two important times associated with it :
- Earliest time , Te , which is a calendar time when a event can
occur when all the predecessor events completed at the earliest
possible times
- Latest time , TL , which is the latest time the event can occur with
out delaying the subsequent events and completion of project.
Difference between the latest time and the earliest time of an event
is the slack time for that event
Positive slack : Slack is the amount of time an event can be delayed
without delaying the project completion
12. Critical PathCritical Path
Is that the sequence of activities and events where there is no
“slack” i.e.. Zero slack
Longest path through a network
minimum project completion time
13. Benefits of CPM/PERTBenefits of CPM/PERT
Useful at many stages of project management
Mathematically simple
Give critical path and slack time
Provide project documentation
Useful in monitoring costs
14. Questions Answered by CPM & PERTQuestions Answered by CPM & PERT
Completion date?
On Schedule?
Within Budget?
Critical Activities?
How can the project be finished early at the least cost?
15. exampleexample
Illustration of network analysis of a minor redesign of a product and
its associated packaging.
The key question is: How long will it take to complete this project ?
16. For clarity, this list is kept to a minimum by specifying only
immediate relationships, that is relationships involving activities
that "occur near to each other in time".
17. •"What activities must be finished before this activity can start"
•could we complete this project in 30 weeks?
•could we complete this project in 2 weeks?
One answer could be, if we first do activity 1, then activity 2, then activity
3, ...., then activity 10, then activity 11 and the project would then take the sum
of the activity completion times, 30 weeks.
“What is the minimum possible time in which we can complete this project ? “
Before starting any of the above activity, the questions
asked would be
18. We shall see below how the network analysis diagram/picture we construct
helps us to answer this question.
23. Limitations to CPM/PERTLimitations to CPM/PERT
Clearly defined, independent and stable activities
Specified precedence relationships
Over emphasis on critical paths