This document discusses different theories and approaches to understanding personality. It defines personality and describes early theories from Hippocrates and Kretschmer that focused on physical body types. It then outlines several trait theories including the Big Five factors and Eysenck's dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Temperament models from Cloninger are explained involving traits like harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and persistence. Psychoanalytic concepts from Freud are summarized involving the id, ego, superego and psychosexual stages of development. Defense mechanisms and the goals of eros and thanatos are also mentioned in the psychoanalytic approach.

1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
TYPES &TRAITS
DR REHAM ABD ELMOHSEN
Senior consultant psychiatrist
Consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist

2. Definition
◦ Total quality of individual behaviour.
◦ Characteristic & enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour.
◦ Dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that determine adjustment to the
environment.
◦ Persona & perisoma.

3. First Theory of Personality?
"The body of man has in itself blood,
phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; these
make up the nature of his body, and
through these he feels pain or enjoys
health. Now he enjoys the most perfect
health when these elements are duly
proportioned to one another in respect of
compounding power and bulk, and when
they are perfectly mingled. Pain is felt
when one of these elements is in defect or
excess, or is isolated in the body without
being compounded in the body with all
the others."
~HippocratesHippocrates
(470-410 BCE)

4. Types and traits: Types (typology)
◦ Kretschmer: pyknic, asthenic, athletic- dysplastic (others?).disease predict
◦ Sheldon: endomorphy (viscerotonia), ectomormphy (cerebrotonia), mesomorphy (somatotonia).
faded

5. trait ology traits
◦ types‫انواع‬ qualitative yes or no
◦ Basic traits or dimensions.‫سمات‬quantity spectrum w 2 opposites
◦ These are stable especially after puberty. Unstable w different situations? Unique? Crimes?
Predictions??
◦ Mainly biologically determined.
◦ Can be assessed. we do what we are

6. Trait Approach trait ology:
◦ carl jung Extroversion vs. Introversion. (job-After effect ‫العين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫-–البعيد‬ arousal: RAS, reverberating
circuits, barb. test
◦ Olbort central, 2ry
◦ Raymond Cattel: 16 factors??factor analysis: suspicious/-imaginative/-
◦ The most recent Big five factor (ocean) by costa &McCray: openness-conscionticous-extravert-agreeableness-
neuroticism
◦ Hereditary predispositions (family-twin study reared apart or together-adoption study)

7. Biological genetic: Trait Approach : Eysenck
dimensions
◦ Extroversion vs. Introversion. (RAS)
◦ Neuroticism: Emotional stability vs. Instability. (cortex)
◦ Extrovert: sociable, outgoing, assertive.
◦ Introvert: not sociable, careful, thoughtful.
◦ High neuroticism: nervous, moody.
◦ Low neuroticism: even tempered, calm.
◦ Psychoticism: Tough minded, aggressive, cold, tendency to antisocial behaviour.(

8. Trait: Eysenck & Colleagues
◦ Intelligence.
◦ Political Orientation: Conservative --- Liberal ---- Radical.
◦ Grey s approach inhibition theory: behaviour approach system BAS reward-Behavior inhibition system BIS
avoid punish (extrovert BAS- unstable emotion not both)
◦ Critique ‫فهمهم‬ ‫مش‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫وصف‬
◦ ‫متغيرة‬ ‫الناس‬

9. Temperament Traits & Characters
◦ Clonninger.
◦ Temperament traits: Harm Avoidance, Novelty seeking, Reward dependence, Persistence.
◦ Characters: Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, Self-transcendent.

10. Temperament Traits & Characters
◦ Temperament: unconscious, automatic.
◦ Character: conscious & intentional.
◦ Temperament: Mainly genetics.
◦ Character: mainly environment.
◦ Temperament: Sub-cortical.
◦ Character: Cortical.

11. Temperament: Harm Avoidance
◦ Heritable bias to behavioural inhibition & anxiety to signals of frustration or punishment.
◦ Serotonin in Dorsal Raphe & GABA.
◦ Anxiety, Depression.

12. Temperament: Novelty Seeking
◦ Heritable bias to behaviour activation to novel & pleasant signals signals
◦ Dopamine
◦ SUD, Borderline

13. Temperament: Reward Dependence
◦ Heritable bias to maintain behaviour in response to cues of social reward.
◦ Noradrenaline & Serotonin in the Median Raphe.
◦ Dependant , Schizoid.

14. Temperament: Persistence
◦ Heritable bias to maintain behaviour despite frustration, fatigue and intermittent reinforcement.
◦ Glutamate, Serotonin in Dorsal Raphe.
◦ OCD.

15. Characters
◦ Self- directedness: how well is a person is responsible, reliable, goal oriented and self
confident.
◦ Cooperativeness: how a person consider being a part of human society.
◦ Self-transcendence: a part of the universe as a whole.

16. Assessment
◦ Inventories: EPQ, MMPI, TCI.
◦ Rating scales.
◦ Avoid Halo Effect.

17. What lies beneath
• “Why do I keep picking friends who abuse me and
abandon me?”
• “Why do I get so angry with the children? I really love
them.”
• “When I do really horrible things, it’s like an impulse.
There doesn’t seem to be much thought prior to the
action.”
• “I’m always bumping into things and injuring myself—I
don’t understand it.”
• “I’ve been working on my dissertation for 10 years now
and can’t seem to finish it. What’s wrong with me?”
it’s all because we have
an unconscious.

18. Psychoanalytic Approach
◦ Freud.
◦ Topography of the mind:
◦ Unconscious.
◦ Conscious.
◦ Preconscious?? Insight oriented therapy
◦ Structure of the mind (psyche) :
◦ Id. Gratification of needs physio and psychological-pleasure principle immediate
◦ Ego. 6m reality principle
◦ Super ego. 3-6y internalization of parents- conscious not do, ego ideal what to do-guilt
◦ Conflict
◦ frustration
◦ motivation

19. Stress
Stress leads to psychic tension
Psychic tension leads to negative
feelings.

20. REACTIONS TO
STRESS
Successful coping:
Direct coping: Confrontation,
compromise, withdrawal, social support.
Indirect coping: Use of defensive mechanisms
to minimize impact of stress.
Pathological coping:
Abusing drugs
Anxiety and depression

21. Psychoanalytic Approach
◦ Ego functions: Reality principle- adaptation to reality; dream work latent manifest, defence mechanism,
autonomous functions cognitive and 2ry thinking, object relation, control, regulation, …….
◦ Defence mechanisms.
◦ Instincts. Satisfaction Eros/aggression Thanatos
◦ Psychosexual development: pleasure- gratification
◦ Oral – anal.
◦ Phallic – latency.
◦ Psychic determinism (every effect has a cause even slips) & retrospective analysis.