Position paper for the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Workshop, 20th and 21st July 2015, Gaithersburg, US.
The link to the workshop is available at: http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/ct/lwc_workshop2015.cfm
Slide deck for talk at IETF#92 (Dallas, March 2015) at the IETF Light-Weight Implementation Guidance (lwig) working group about the performance of cryptographic algorithms on ARM processors.
How to Select Hardware for Internet of Things Systems?Hannes Tschofenig
With the increasing commercial interest in Internet of Things (IoT) the question about a reasonable hardware configuration surfaces again and again.
Peter Aldworth, a hardware engineer with more than 19 years of experience, discusses this topic in a presentation given to the IETF community.
Working on standards can be slow and tedious but there are also rewards: interoperability, open source implementations and high-quality specifications. Based on two examples of ongoing standardization efforts that aim to improve IoT security in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), namely "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments" (ACE) and "Software Updates for Internet of Things" (SUIT), Hannes explains the process and how to get involved.
Advancing IoT Communication Security with TLS and DTLS v1.3Hannes Tschofenig
Missing communication security is a common vulnerability in Internet of Things deployments. Addressing this vulnerability is, in theory, relatively easy: with TLS and DTLS, two widely used security protocols are available. They are used to secure web and smart phone apps.
In this talk Hannes Tschofenig explains how the TLS/DTLS 1.3 protocols work and how they differ from previous versions. Hannes also speaks about the performance improvements and how they help in IoT deployments.
Measuring the Performance and Energy Cost of Cryptography in IoT DevicesHannes Tschofenig
Communication security technologies, like Transport Layer Security (TLS), are readily available for developers to use to protect their IoT systems. Still, developers are reluctant to use state-of-the-art security technologies due to the impact on performance, code size and RAM, and energy.
What is the impact of encryption algorithms, hash functions, and public key cryptosystems on a specific microcontroller?
Peter Torelli and Hannes Tschofenig introduce a new security benchmark developed by the benchmarking organization EEMBC that allows silicon manufacturers and developers to analyze and select the appropriate microcontroller.
CIS 2015 How to secure the Internet of Things? Hannes TschofenigCloudIDSummit
Companies and researchers are exploring ways to make software and hardware development easier for the masses. Soon you will be able to build your own autonomous drone, create a sensor that assess the watering needs of your plants, and develop a cat tracking device with minimal coding and hardware skills.
What is the place of security and privacy in this exciting development?
Are we building the next generation of Internet security vulnerabilities right now?
In his talk Hannes Tschofenig will highlight challenges with Internet of Things, what role standardization plays, and what contributions ARM, a provider of microprocessor IP, is making to improve IoT security.
Slide deck for talk at IETF#92 (Dallas, March 2015) at the IETF Light-Weight Implementation Guidance (lwig) working group about the performance of cryptographic algorithms on ARM processors.
How to Select Hardware for Internet of Things Systems?Hannes Tschofenig
With the increasing commercial interest in Internet of Things (IoT) the question about a reasonable hardware configuration surfaces again and again.
Peter Aldworth, a hardware engineer with more than 19 years of experience, discusses this topic in a presentation given to the IETF community.
Working on standards can be slow and tedious but there are also rewards: interoperability, open source implementations and high-quality specifications. Based on two examples of ongoing standardization efforts that aim to improve IoT security in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), namely "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments" (ACE) and "Software Updates for Internet of Things" (SUIT), Hannes explains the process and how to get involved.
Advancing IoT Communication Security with TLS and DTLS v1.3Hannes Tschofenig
Missing communication security is a common vulnerability in Internet of Things deployments. Addressing this vulnerability is, in theory, relatively easy: with TLS and DTLS, two widely used security protocols are available. They are used to secure web and smart phone apps.
In this talk Hannes Tschofenig explains how the TLS/DTLS 1.3 protocols work and how they differ from previous versions. Hannes also speaks about the performance improvements and how they help in IoT deployments.
Measuring the Performance and Energy Cost of Cryptography in IoT DevicesHannes Tschofenig
Communication security technologies, like Transport Layer Security (TLS), are readily available for developers to use to protect their IoT systems. Still, developers are reluctant to use state-of-the-art security technologies due to the impact on performance, code size and RAM, and energy.
What is the impact of encryption algorithms, hash functions, and public key cryptosystems on a specific microcontroller?
Peter Torelli and Hannes Tschofenig introduce a new security benchmark developed by the benchmarking organization EEMBC that allows silicon manufacturers and developers to analyze and select the appropriate microcontroller.
CIS 2015 How to secure the Internet of Things? Hannes TschofenigCloudIDSummit
Companies and researchers are exploring ways to make software and hardware development easier for the masses. Soon you will be able to build your own autonomous drone, create a sensor that assess the watering needs of your plants, and develop a cat tracking device with minimal coding and hardware skills.
What is the place of security and privacy in this exciting development?
Are we building the next generation of Internet security vulnerabilities right now?
In his talk Hannes Tschofenig will highlight challenges with Internet of Things, what role standardization plays, and what contributions ARM, a provider of microprocessor IP, is making to improve IoT security.
Zach Shelby, Chief Nerd and co-founder of Sensinode, gives a high-level tutorial of the new OMA Lightweight M2M standard for Device Management, Network Mangement and Application Data for the Internet of Things. This new CoAP and DTLS based standard provides a complete system interface solution for M2M devices and services.
OMA is the organization that develops and maintains the device management protocol, OMA Lightweight M2M (LwM2M). During OMA’s presentation, you will learn:
● What is LwM2M architecture, interfaces, functions and operations
● The different organizations that interface with OMA to create the LwM2M ecosystem
● How LwM2M works
● Why LwM2M is secure
● What is next for OMA LwM2M
BKK16-200 Designing Security into low cost IO T SystemsLinaro
….Trust and security are essential for the Internet of Things (IoT) to scale. As your product becomes successful, attraction will be high for it to be hacked and, as a consumer, you'll suffer with consequences if security is not baked into the system, at every level. With IoT, we now need to enable an appropriate level of security for low cost IoT designs done by people with little or no security expertise. In this presentation, you will learn how ARM, Linaro and the ARM partnership are securing these low cost IoT endpoints by providing device security, lifecycle security and communication security, without the need for in-depth security experts…
Enabling IoT Devices’ Hardware and Software Interoperability, IPSO Alliance (...Open Mobile Alliance
Presentation delivered during the Internet of Things World, Santa Clara pre-event workshop by Christian Legare - IPSO Alliance Chairman, Chief of Software Engineering, Micrium (Part of Silicon Labs)
Internet Protocol for Smart Objects (IPSO) is an alliance that, among other things, defines a data model to represent sensor values and attributes. OMA uses IPSO Smart Objects v1.0 as its resource model to expose sensor information to a remote LwM2M Server. From the speaker from IPSO Alliance, you will learn:
● What is an IPSO Smart Object data model
● What do these Objects and Resources look like
● How to create and register your own resources
● What is next for IPSO Alliance
Multiple protocols have been positioned as “the” application-layer messaging protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. In fact, these protocols address different aspects of IoT messaging and are complementary more than competitive (other than for mindshare). This presentation compares two of these protocols, MQTT and DDS, and shows how they are designed and optimized for different communication requirements.
Intro to IoT & the role of LwM2M Technologies (Internet of Things World 2017,...Open Mobile Alliance
Presentation for the LwM2M Ecosystem Workshop during the Internet of Things Show 2017 in Santa Clara, CA,, title: "Introduction to IoT and role Light weight machine to machine Technologies"
Presentation given by:
*Vasu Kadambi - Dean’s Executive Professor, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University
*Shivakumar Mathapathi - Co-Founder and CTO, Dew Mobility / Industry Advisor, Electrical Engineering / Guest Lecture, IoT and Mobile application development, Santa Clara University / Industry Advisor, Electrical Science, Sonoma State University
Cloud native architecture is emerging for Telecom workloads. To support these emerging trends, Intel is targeting enhancements to the Dataplane Development Kit (DPDK). The enhancements would target network service mesh with dedicated sidecar accelerators and the mechanism to build the mesh dynamically.
Speaker: Gerald Rogers. Gerald Rogers is a Principal Engineer in the Network Products Group focused on virtual switching, network function virtualization and Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK). After joining Intel in 2005, Gerald has worked as a software engineer and architect in the embedded and networking groups. For the past 7 years Gerald has led the network virtual switching software and hardware acceleration effort to drive Intel architecture into the networking and telecommunications industry. Gerald holds a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and a Master’s degree in Computer Science, and has 20 years of experience in the networking and telecommunications industry.
Tutorial about the Lightweight Machine-to-Machine (LWM2M) standard developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA). The tutorial was primarily given to participants from the IETF ACE working group.
Introduction to OMA LightweightM2M by OMA Device Management Chairman (IoT Wor...Open Mobile Alliance
This introduction to OMA LwM2M is delivered by the OMA Device Management Working Group Chairman, Mr. Padmakumar Subramani (Nokia).
OMA is the organization that develops and maintains the device management protocol, OMA Lightweight M2M (LwM2M). During OMA’s presentation, you will learn:
● What is LwM2M architecture, interfaces, functions and operations
● How LwM2M works
● Why LwM2M is secure
● What is next for OMA LwM2M
Developing TI RTOS Applications and BLE ProfilesSumit Sapra
The project aims to develop Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) profiles on the Texas Instruments SimpleLink™ CC2650 SensorTag (TI-SensorTag), a low-power IoT sensor device by Texas Instruments (TI), to transmit data wirelessly according to any specific application.
Presented by: Rune Volden, R&D Manager, Ulstein Power & Control AS
This talk will focus on where we were last year, how we overcome challenges and what's coming up. The way our component suppliers have adapted to our system setup is quite amazing. This enables us to apply a clean architecture based on DDS, with clear responsibility in terms of liability issues. Redundancy in hardware solution and flexibility in size, realtime capability and scalability is changing the way we do system integration for present and future needs.
More and more IoT vulnerabilities are found and showcased at security events. From connected thermostats to power plants!
Insecurity became the favorite subject for creating catchy IoT headlines: "Connected killer toaster", "Fridges changed into spamming machines","Privacy concerns around connected home".
We will explore the five challenges one has to face when building a secure IoT solution:
- hardware security: how to avoid rogue firmwares and keep your security keys safe?
- upgrade strategy: you can't secure what you can't update!
- secure transport: no security without secure transports.
- security credentials distribution: how to distribute security keys to a fleet with millions of devices?
- cloud vulnerability mitigation, how to keep your fleet of devices safe from the next Heartbleed?
Current enterprise infrastructure provides solutions for handling application security but are they really matching the IoT challenge? Could running a PKI client on a low power wireless sensor node be an option?
Despite those difficulties, we will show how a modern IoT device management standard like Lightweight M2M with DTLS is the way for building a secur-first IoT solutions. It provides a solution for upgrading your device, distributing your security keys and comes with a full range of cryptography cipher suites, from PSK algorithm for very constrained devices to high level of security using X.509 certificates.
Furthermore for adding security to your solution we will present you ready to use opensource libraries for implementing secure IoT servers and devices. The way for quickly releasing your next catchy connected product.!
Ultimately we will showcase Wakaama and Leshan, the Eclipse IoT Lightweight M2M implementation maybe your next best friend in the troubled water of Internet-Of-Things security!
Cloud computing introduction and concept as per the RGPV, BE syllabus. PPt contains the material from various cloud Draft (NIST) and other research material to fulfill the Syllabus requirement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Zach Shelby, Chief Nerd and co-founder of Sensinode, gives a high-level tutorial of the new OMA Lightweight M2M standard for Device Management, Network Mangement and Application Data for the Internet of Things. This new CoAP and DTLS based standard provides a complete system interface solution for M2M devices and services.
OMA is the organization that develops and maintains the device management protocol, OMA Lightweight M2M (LwM2M). During OMA’s presentation, you will learn:
● What is LwM2M architecture, interfaces, functions and operations
● The different organizations that interface with OMA to create the LwM2M ecosystem
● How LwM2M works
● Why LwM2M is secure
● What is next for OMA LwM2M
BKK16-200 Designing Security into low cost IO T SystemsLinaro
….Trust and security are essential for the Internet of Things (IoT) to scale. As your product becomes successful, attraction will be high for it to be hacked and, as a consumer, you'll suffer with consequences if security is not baked into the system, at every level. With IoT, we now need to enable an appropriate level of security for low cost IoT designs done by people with little or no security expertise. In this presentation, you will learn how ARM, Linaro and the ARM partnership are securing these low cost IoT endpoints by providing device security, lifecycle security and communication security, without the need for in-depth security experts…
Enabling IoT Devices’ Hardware and Software Interoperability, IPSO Alliance (...Open Mobile Alliance
Presentation delivered during the Internet of Things World, Santa Clara pre-event workshop by Christian Legare - IPSO Alliance Chairman, Chief of Software Engineering, Micrium (Part of Silicon Labs)
Internet Protocol for Smart Objects (IPSO) is an alliance that, among other things, defines a data model to represent sensor values and attributes. OMA uses IPSO Smart Objects v1.0 as its resource model to expose sensor information to a remote LwM2M Server. From the speaker from IPSO Alliance, you will learn:
● What is an IPSO Smart Object data model
● What do these Objects and Resources look like
● How to create and register your own resources
● What is next for IPSO Alliance
Multiple protocols have been positioned as “the” application-layer messaging protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. In fact, these protocols address different aspects of IoT messaging and are complementary more than competitive (other than for mindshare). This presentation compares two of these protocols, MQTT and DDS, and shows how they are designed and optimized for different communication requirements.
Intro to IoT & the role of LwM2M Technologies (Internet of Things World 2017,...Open Mobile Alliance
Presentation for the LwM2M Ecosystem Workshop during the Internet of Things Show 2017 in Santa Clara, CA,, title: "Introduction to IoT and role Light weight machine to machine Technologies"
Presentation given by:
*Vasu Kadambi - Dean’s Executive Professor, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University
*Shivakumar Mathapathi - Co-Founder and CTO, Dew Mobility / Industry Advisor, Electrical Engineering / Guest Lecture, IoT and Mobile application development, Santa Clara University / Industry Advisor, Electrical Science, Sonoma State University
Cloud native architecture is emerging for Telecom workloads. To support these emerging trends, Intel is targeting enhancements to the Dataplane Development Kit (DPDK). The enhancements would target network service mesh with dedicated sidecar accelerators and the mechanism to build the mesh dynamically.
Speaker: Gerald Rogers. Gerald Rogers is a Principal Engineer in the Network Products Group focused on virtual switching, network function virtualization and Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK). After joining Intel in 2005, Gerald has worked as a software engineer and architect in the embedded and networking groups. For the past 7 years Gerald has led the network virtual switching software and hardware acceleration effort to drive Intel architecture into the networking and telecommunications industry. Gerald holds a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and a Master’s degree in Computer Science, and has 20 years of experience in the networking and telecommunications industry.
Tutorial about the Lightweight Machine-to-Machine (LWM2M) standard developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA). The tutorial was primarily given to participants from the IETF ACE working group.
Introduction to OMA LightweightM2M by OMA Device Management Chairman (IoT Wor...Open Mobile Alliance
This introduction to OMA LwM2M is delivered by the OMA Device Management Working Group Chairman, Mr. Padmakumar Subramani (Nokia).
OMA is the organization that develops and maintains the device management protocol, OMA Lightweight M2M (LwM2M). During OMA’s presentation, you will learn:
● What is LwM2M architecture, interfaces, functions and operations
● How LwM2M works
● Why LwM2M is secure
● What is next for OMA LwM2M
Developing TI RTOS Applications and BLE ProfilesSumit Sapra
The project aims to develop Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) profiles on the Texas Instruments SimpleLink™ CC2650 SensorTag (TI-SensorTag), a low-power IoT sensor device by Texas Instruments (TI), to transmit data wirelessly according to any specific application.
Presented by: Rune Volden, R&D Manager, Ulstein Power & Control AS
This talk will focus on where we were last year, how we overcome challenges and what's coming up. The way our component suppliers have adapted to our system setup is quite amazing. This enables us to apply a clean architecture based on DDS, with clear responsibility in terms of liability issues. Redundancy in hardware solution and flexibility in size, realtime capability and scalability is changing the way we do system integration for present and future needs.
More and more IoT vulnerabilities are found and showcased at security events. From connected thermostats to power plants!
Insecurity became the favorite subject for creating catchy IoT headlines: "Connected killer toaster", "Fridges changed into spamming machines","Privacy concerns around connected home".
We will explore the five challenges one has to face when building a secure IoT solution:
- hardware security: how to avoid rogue firmwares and keep your security keys safe?
- upgrade strategy: you can't secure what you can't update!
- secure transport: no security without secure transports.
- security credentials distribution: how to distribute security keys to a fleet with millions of devices?
- cloud vulnerability mitigation, how to keep your fleet of devices safe from the next Heartbleed?
Current enterprise infrastructure provides solutions for handling application security but are they really matching the IoT challenge? Could running a PKI client on a low power wireless sensor node be an option?
Despite those difficulties, we will show how a modern IoT device management standard like Lightweight M2M with DTLS is the way for building a secur-first IoT solutions. It provides a solution for upgrading your device, distributing your security keys and comes with a full range of cryptography cipher suites, from PSK algorithm for very constrained devices to high level of security using X.509 certificates.
Furthermore for adding security to your solution we will present you ready to use opensource libraries for implementing secure IoT servers and devices. The way for quickly releasing your next catchy connected product.!
Ultimately we will showcase Wakaama and Leshan, the Eclipse IoT Lightweight M2M implementation maybe your next best friend in the troubled water of Internet-Of-Things security!
Cloud computing introduction and concept as per the RGPV, BE syllabus. PPt contains the material from various cloud Draft (NIST) and other research material to fulfill the Syllabus requirement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Top 10 Supercomputers With Descriptive Information & AnalysisNomanSiddiqui41
Top 10 Supercomputers Report
What is Supercomputer?
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS or 100 PFLOPS
Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion). They have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.
1. The Fugaku Supercomputer
Introduction:
Fugaku is a petascale supercomputer (while only at petascale for mainstream benchmark), at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer, and started operating in 2021. Fugaku made its debut in 2020, and became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list, as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve this. In June 2020, it achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS (in HPL-AI benchmark making it the first ever supercomputer that achieved 1 exaFLOPS. As of November 2021, Fugaku is the fastest supercomputer in the world. It is named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji.
Block Diagram:
Functional Units:
Functional Units, Co-Design and System for the Supercomputer “Fugaku”
1. Performance estimation tool: This tool, taking Fujitsu FX100 (FX100 is the previous Fujitsu supercomputer) execution profile data as an input, enables the performance projection by a given set of architecture parameters. The performance projection is modeled according to the Fujitsu microarchitecture. This tool can also estimate the power consumption based on the architecture model.
2. Fujitsu in-house processor simulator: We used an extended FX100 SPARC instruction-set simulator and compiler, developed by Fujitsu, for preliminary studies in the initial phase, and an Armv8þSVE simulator and compiler afterward.
3. Gem5 simulator for the Post-K processor: The Post-K processor simulator3 based on an opensource system-level processor simulator, Gem5, was developed by RIKEN during the co-design for architecture verification and performance tuning. A fundamental problem is the scale of scientific applications that are expected to be run on Post-K. Even our target applications are thousands of lines of code and are written to use complex algorithms and data structures. Altho
Intel Microprocessors- a Top down ApproachEditor IJCATR
IBM is the world's largest manufacturer of computer chips. Although it has been challenged in recent years by
newcomers AMD and Cyrix, Intel still Predominate the market for PC microprocessors. Nearly all PCs are based on Intel's x86
architecture. IBM (International Business Machines)IBM (International Business Machines) is by far the world's largest information
technology company in terms of Gross ($88 billion in 2000) and by most other measures, a position it has held for about the past
50 years. IBM products include hardware and software for a line of business servers, storage products, custom-designed microchips,
and application software. Increasingly, IBM derives revenue from a range of consulting and outsourcing services. In this paper we
will compare different technologies of computer system, its processor and chips
Developing Real-Time Systems on Application ProcessorsToradex
Guaranteeing real-time and deterministic behavior on SoC-based systems can be challenging. In this blog post, we offer three approaches to add real-time control to systems that use a SoC running a feature-rich OS such as Linux. https://www.toradex.com/blog/developing-real-time-systems-on-application-processors
Today, the boundaries between the general purpose PCs, the servers and the embedded systems are more blurred. These computers are sharing same platforms, same peripherals. For example, an x86/Mac PC can be used as a server, an x86/PowerPC CPU can be used in an embedded system like portable navigation device (PND). On the other way, the popular embedded processor StrongARM was a powerful desktop PC processor for the DEC workstation, and the embedded systems often also act servers, like NAS (Network Attached Storage). As same as the hardware suppliers, the OS suppliers port their products into the desktop PCs, servers and embedded systems.
Instruction Set Extension of a Low-End Reconfigurable Microcontroller in Bit-...IJECEIAES
The microcontroller-based system is currently having a tremendous boost with the revelation of platforms such as the Internet of Things. Low-end families of microcontroller architecture are still in demand albeit less technologically advanced due to its better I/O better application and control. However, there is clearly a lack of computational capability of the low-end architecture that will affect the pre-processing stage of the received data. The purpose of this research is to combine the best feature of an 8-bit microcontroller architecture together with the computationally complex operations without incurring extra resources. The modules’ integration is implemented using instruction set architecture (ISA) extension technique and is developed on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Extensive simulations were performed with the and a comprehensive methodology is proposed. It was found that the ISA extension from 12-bit to 16-bit has produced a faster execution time with fewer resource utilization when implementing the bit-sorting algorithm. The overall development process used in this research is flexible enough for further investigation either by extending its module to more complex algorithms or evaluating other designs of its components.
A new design reuse approach for voip implementation into fpsocs and asicsijsc
The aim of this paper is to present a new design reuse approach for automatic generation of Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) hardware description and implementation into FPSOCs and ASICs. Our motivation behind this work is justified by the following arguments: first, VOIP based System on chip (SOC) implementation is an emerging research and development area, where innovative applications can be implemented. Second, these systems are very complex and due to time to market pressure, there is a need to built platforms that help the designer to explore with different architectural possibilities and choose the circuit that best correspond to the specifications. Third, we aim to develop in hardware, design, methods and tools that are used in software like the MATLAB tool for VOIP implementation. To achieve our goal, the proposed design approach is based on a modular design of the VOIP architecture. The originality of our approach is the application of the design for reuse (DFR) and the design with reuse (DWR) concepts. To validate the approach, a case study of a SOC based on the OR1K processor is studied. We demonstrate that the proposed SoC architecture is reconfigurable, scalable and the final RTL code can be reused for any FPSOC or ASIC technology. As an example, Performances measures, in the VIRTEX-5 FPGA device family, and ASIC 65nm technology are shown through this paper.
A New Design Reuse Approach for Voip Implementation into Fpsocs and ASICS ijsc
The aim of this paper is to present a new design reuse approach for automatic generation of Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) hardware description and implementation into FPSOCs and ASICs. Our motivation behind this work is justified by the following arguments: first, VOIP based System on chip (SOC) implementation is an emerging research and development area, where innovative applications can be implemented. Second, these systems are very complex and due to time to market pressure, there is a need to built platforms that help the designer to explore with different architectural possibilities and choose the circuit that best correspond to the specifications. Third, we aim to develop in hardware, design, methods and tools that are used in software like the MATLAB tool for VOIP implementation. To achieve our goal, the proposed design approach is based on a modular design of the VOIP architecture. The originality of our approach is the application of the design for reuse (DFR) and the design with reuse (DWR) concepts. To validate the approach, a case study of a SOC based on the OR1K processor is studied. We demonstrate that the proposed SoC architecture is reconfigurable, scalable and the final RTL code can be reused for any FPSOC or ASIC technology. As an example, Performances measures, in the VIRTEX-5 FPGA device family, and ASIC 65nm technology are shown through this paper.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
test test test test testtest test testtest test testtest test testtest test ...
Performance of State-of-the-Art Cryptography on ARM-based Microprocessors
1. Performance of State-of-the-Art Cryptography
on ARM-based Microprocessors
Hannes Tschofenig∗, Manuel Pegourie-Gonnard†
∗ARM Limited, Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@arm.com
†ARM Limited, Email: manuel.pegourie-gonnard@arm.com
I. EXTENDED ABSTRACT
ARM has designed many processors, and has extended its product portfolio by diversifying its CPU
development. This resulted in the new processor family with the name ”Cortex”. There are three profiles
in this family, namely
1) Cortex-A: Application processors that are designed to handle complex applications, such as high-end
embedded operating systems. Example products include high-end smart phones, tables, home gateways,
televisions, drones, etc. The Raspberry Pi also uses the Cortex-A processor.
2) Cortex-R: Real-time, high-performance processors targeted primarily at the higher end of the real-
time market. Example products are hard drive controllers, baseband controllers for cellular radio
communciation, and automotive systems.
3) Cortex-M: Processors targeting applications where low cost, and energy efficiency play an important role.
Currently, there are the following Cortex-M processors on the market: Cortex-M0, M0+, M3, M4 and
the recently released M7). Each of these processors provides different capabilities for different market
segments [1].
Cortex-A and Cortex-R processors are very powerful and do not require special attention from a performance
point of view. As mentioned, they are able to perform complex tasks without any problems and are not
considered ’constrained’ with respect to their computational capabilities. Widely used high-end operating system
are available for these processors.
The situation for Cortex-M processors is, however, different since these processors do not offer a memory
management unit (MMU) (but a memory protection unit (MPU) instead), contain a less powerful but more
energy efficient CPU, and are equipped with less RAM and flash memory. Many modern operating systems
assume the presence of a MMU and the limited RAM / flash memory resources often prohibit the use of
sophisticated operating systems1
.
POSITION PAPER FOR THE ’NIST LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHY WORKSHOP’, 20th AND 21st JULY 2015, GAITHERSBURG, US.
1Note that we assume a platform with 256 KB of flash memory and 32 KB of RAM for use with our new mbed operating system, see [2].
mbed OS also requires a memory protection unit to provide memory access permissions for different memory regions thus improving OS
security. In particular, this prevents applications from corrupting/accessing memory used by other applications or by the hypervisor.
April 1, 2015 DRAFT
2. 2
Cortex-M processors are very popular with Internet of Things (IoT) products and the ability to offer an online
development environment, an operating system, as well as the Internet protocol stack (including standardized
security protocols) lowers the barrier of entry for small, innovative companies. Our efforts are therefore focused
on ensuring suitable performance for the Cortex-M processor family. Without stating real-world hardware
requirements it is difficult to offer meaningful performance numbers and goals for optimization efforts.
For evaluating the performance of an entire IoT product it is, however, also necessary to refer to a reference
design since there are many different design patterns in use under the umbrella of IoT. The basic design
patterns are described in RFC 7452 [3]. A presentation at the IETF 92 plenary by the Internet Architecture
Board summarized the key differences of various design patterns [4]. While it will ultimately be most useful
to measure performance in context of the different design patterns no such extended performance analysis has
been conducted to our knowledge.
We have focused our performance investigations so far on the most demanding computations required by
[5], namely on elliptic curve cryptography. While our work is still ongoing a preliminary presentation has been
given to the IETF audience, see [6], with the intention to solicit feedback and to encourage others to offer their
performance data. Without proper performance data it is difficult to decide whether cryptographic algorithms
available today are (in-)sufficient for a given task. Note that [5] has been written with TLS/DTLS usage with
IoT applications and hence the choice of ciphersuites and protocol extensions differs from the use in a typical
Web/smart phone app scenario.
While the results are documented in detail in [6] it is useful to summarize a few key aspects. Note that
we have used an open source TLS/DTLS library, namely mbedTLS [7], without any hardware optimization or
ARM-assembly instructions.
1) ECC requires performance-demanding computations and those take time. What an acceptable delay is
depends on the application. Many applications only need to run public key cryptographic operations
during the initial (session) setup phase and infrequently afterwards. With session resumption DTLS/TLS
uses symmetric key cryptography most of the time.
2) The performance of symmetric key cryptography (keyed hash functions, encryption functions) is
negligible.
3) Detailed performance figures depend on the enabled performance optimizations (and indirectly the
available RAM size), the key size, the type of curve, and CPU speed. Choosing the right microprocessor
based on the expected usage environment is important.
4) Different curves offer quite some differences in performance. The Brainpool curves were slower than
NIST curves and Curve25519 shows promise to be even faster than NIST curves.
5) ECDSA signature operation is faster than ECDSA verify operation. ECDH is only slightly faster than
ECDHE (when fixed point optimization is enabled). Taking this fact into account can play a role in the
overal system design.
6) ECC key sizes above 256 bits are substantially slower than ECC curves with key size 192, 224, and
256. Key sizes around 224 bits are roughly similiar in speed. It is important to note that the chosen key
size has to be based on the state of the art recommendations rather than on the pre-selected hardware
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platform. Quite often asymmetric cryptography is used on hardware that is not fit for the task and key
sizes have to be chosen that are ridiculously small.
7) CPU speed has a significant impact on the crypto performance. Faster CPU speeds often also have
a positive impact on energy efficiency because the CPU can finish computations much faster and the
sleeping cycles can be longer.
8) Optimizations, such as NIST curve optimization and fixed point optimization, have a significant influence
on the performance. There is a performance - RAM usage tradeoff: increased performance comes at the
expense of additional RAM usage. We believe that the additional RAM is well spent.
9) An ECC library increases code size (compared to a pure shared secret-based approach).
Since various optimizations have not been utilized so far we believe that asymmetric cryptography using our
mbedTLS stack can be used with all processors in the Cortex M family, particularly in context of TLS/DTLS,
without noticable delay for most applications. For those applications that require very fast response times (for
example due to user interactions) the Cortex-M3 and M4 processors provide good performance at a low cost.
The new Cortex M7 will improve performance even further and thereby bridging the gap between M-class and
A-class processors.
We are interested to hear what performance data others have gathered using their crypto libraries, maybe
using different optimization techniques, and tests executed on different processors. We are also interested in
documenting widely used IoT design patterns (as reference designs), which would not only be useful for
performance comparisons of IoT systems but also for interoperability testing setups.
REFERENCES
[1] ARM, “Cortex-M Series,” Mar. 2015, http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/.
[2] S. Ford, “Announcing our plans for mbed v3.0,” Oct. 2014, http://developer.mbed.org/blog/entry/Announcing-our-plans-for-mbed-v30/.
[3] H. Tschofenig, J. Arkko, D. Thaler, and D. McPherson, “Architectural Considerations in Smart Object Networking,” Mar. 2015, RFC
7452, Request For Comments.
[4] D. Thaler and H. Tschofenig, “Architectural Considerations in Smart Object Networking,” Mar. 2015,
http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/92/slides/slides-92-iab-techplenary-2.pdf.
[5] H. Tschofenig and T. Fossati, “A TLS/DTLS Profile for the Internet of Things,” Mar. 2015, IETF draft (work in progress), draft-ietf-
dice-profile-10.txt.
[6] H. Tschofenig and M. Pegourie-Gonnard, “Presentation at the IETF92 Light-Weight Implementation Guidance (lwig) working group
meeting on Crypto Performance,” Mar. 2015, http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/92/slides/slides-92-lwig-3.pptx.
[7] ARM, “mbedTLS,” Mar. 2015, https://tls.mbed.org.
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