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pembelajaran farmakodinamik dan farmakokinetik.pptx
- 2. Farmakodinamik Farmakodinamik adalah subdisiplin farmakologi yang mempelajari efek biokimia, fisiologo dan mekanisme kerja obat. Farmakodinamik menjelaskan interaksi antara obat terhadap tubuh dan efek konsentrasinya. Secara umum obat harus berikatan dengan reseptor untuk memberikan efek (Buku Ajar Farmakologi (2023), 19) Fase farmakodinamik, fase pada saat obat telah berinteraksi dengan reseptor dan siap memberikan efek farmakologi, sampai efek farmakologi diakhiri.
- 3. Farmakokinetik Farmakokinetik merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari kinetika absorpsi, distribusi dan eliminasi ( yakni ekskresi dan metabolisme ) obat pada manusia atau hewan dan Absorpsi, distribusi, biotransformasi ( metabolisme ) dan eliminasi suatu obatdari tubuh merupakan proses dinamis yang kontinu dari saat suatu obat dimakan sampai semua obat tersebut hilang dari tubuh. Laju terjadinya proses-proses ini mempengaruhi onset, intensitas, dan lamanya kerja obat di dalam tubuh (Staff pengajar farmakologi, 2006). Fase farmakokinetik, adalah fase yang meliputi semua proses yang dilakukan tubuh, setelah obat dilepas dari bentuk sediaannya yang terdiri dari absorbsi, distribusi, metabolisme dan ekskresi.
- 4. Pernedaan farmakokinetik dan farmakodinamik Farmakokinetik Farmakodinamik Pengaruh organisme hidup terhadap obat Pengaruh obat terhadap organisme hidup Penanganan obat oleh organisme hidup Studi tentang absorpsi, distribusi, metabolisme dan Studi tentang tempat dan mekanisme kerja serta efek fisiologi dan biokimia obat pada organisme hidup ekskresi
- 5. fase ini merupakan fase penyerapan obat pada tempat masuknya obat selain itu faktor absorpsi ini akan mempengaruhi jumlah obat yang harus diminum dan kecepatan perjalanan obat didalam tubuh. merupakan fase penyebaran atau distribusi obat didalam jaringan tubuh. Faktor distribusi ini dipengaruhi oleh ukuran dan bentuk obat yang digunakan, komposisi jaringan tubuh, distribusi obat dalam cairan atau jaringan tubuh, ikatan dengan protein plasma dan jaringan. Proses yang dialami obat dalam tubuh Fase distribusi Fase absorbsi
- 6. fase ini dikenal juga dengan metabolisme obat, dimana terjadi proses perubahan struktur kimia obat yang dapat terjadi didalam tubuh dan dikatalisis olen enzim. merupakan proses pengeluaran metabolit yang merupakan hasil dari biotransformasi melalui berbagai organ ekskresi. Kecepatan ekskresi ini akan mempengaruhi jecepatan eliminasi atau pengulangan efek obat dalam tubuh. Proses yang dialami obat dalam tubuh Fase ekskresi Fase biotransformasi
- 7. Prinsip-Prinsip Farmakodinamika Mekanisme Kerja Obat Obat menimbulkan efek melalui interaksi dengan reseptor pada sel organisme. Interaksi obat dengan reseptornya dapat menimbulkan perubahan biokimiawi sebagal respon khas dari obat tersebut. Interaksi obat Interaksi obat adalah pengaruh obat terhadap obat lain didalam tubuh. Interaksi obat dapat terjadi pada farmakokinetik, farmakodinamik dan interaksi gabungan. Reseptor sel Reseptor adalah molekul yang menerima sinyal kimia dari luar sel. Ketika sinyal kimia tersebut berikatan dengan reseptor, maka terjadi beberapa bentuk respon seller, misal perubahan aktivitas listriksel.Reseptor berlokasi di membran sel, sitoplasma dan nukleus
- 8. Prinsip-Prinsip Farmakodinamika Intaraksi obat-resptor Interaksi obat dengan reseptor adalah pembentukan komplek obat reseptor.Komplek obat reseptor terbentuk dan berapa besar terbentuk bergantung pada affinitas obat terhadap reseptor. Kemampuan obat untuk menimbulkan rangsang dan membentuk komplek dengan reseptor disebut aktivitas intrinsik. Efek terapeutik Tidak semua obat mampu memberikan efek menyembuhkan penyakit, beberapa obat dibuat hanya untuk meniadakan atau meringankan gejala penyakit.
- 10. Absorbsi Absorpsi adalah perpindahan obat dari tempat pemberian menuju sirkulasi sistemik. Untuk memasuki aliran sistemik, obat harus dapat melintasi membran sel/barrier (sel usus halus, pembuluh darah, sel glia di otak, sel saraf). Membran ini dapat dilewati dengan mudah oleh zat-zat tertentu, namun ada juga zat yang sukar dilewati, sehingga membran ini seringkali disebut sebagai membran semipermeable.
- 11. Bentuk sediaan Jenis membran sel Rute pemberian total luas permukaan tempt absorpsi Aliran darah ketempat absorbs waktu kontak permukaan absorpsi Faktor yang mempengaruhi proses absorbs:
- 12. Distribusi Distribusi obat adalah proses obat dihantarkan dari sirkulasi sistemik ke jaringan dan cairan tubuh.Distribusi obat tergantung pada beberapa faktor, salah satunya aliran darah. Pada awal distribusi, obat mengikuti aliran darah menuju jaringan/organ yang memiliki perfusi tinggi dengan darah seperti jantung, paru-paru, ginjal dan hati. selingga cepat terjadi keseimbangan dengan sirkulasi sistemik.
- 13. Pada tahap selanjutnya, obat akan terdistribusi ke jaringan lemak, tulang, otot, kulit dan jaringan ikat lain yang mempunyai perfusi lebih rendah. Pada tahapan ini, obat dapat terakumulasi dalam jaringan akibat perbedaan pH, ikatan dengan komponen intraseluler atau partisi ke dalam lemak. Obat yang terakumulasi di dalam jaringan ini dapat digunakan sebagai cadangan dalam jumlah bear dan akan mempertahankan konsentrasi obat dalam plasma, karena sifatnya yang reversibel.
- 14. Metabolisme Metabolisme adalah suatu biotransformasi obatsecara kimia menjadi metabolitnya di dalam tubuh.Organ metabolisme utama adalah liver. Metabolismeobat memiliki tujuan dasar yaitu mengubah zat aktifmenjadi tidak aktif, dan zat yang tidak larut airmenjadi lebih larut air, sehingga Capat dengan mudahdiekskresikan melalui urine.
- 15. Ekskressi/eliminasi Ekskresi adalah pengeluaran obat dari tubuh terutama melalui ginjal ginjal bersama urine, melaluiempedu ke dalam usus bersama tinja, melalui keringat, kulit dan air susu ibu, serta dikeluarkan dalam bentuk metabolit maupun bentuk asalnya.
- 16. Filtrasi di glomerulus Ekskresi pada ginjal melalui tiga tahap: #1 Sekresi aktif ditubuler Reabsorbsi tubuler #2 #3
- 17. —Someone Famous “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.”
- 18. The slide title goes here! Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: ● They’re simple ● You can organize your ideas clearly ● You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation
- 19. General characteristics Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: ● They’re simple ● You can organize your ideas clearly ● You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation
- 20. Company You can enter a subtitle here 01
- 21. Company You can enter a subtitle here 01
- 22. A picture is worth a thousand words
- 23. A picture is worth a thousand words
- 24. Maybe you need to divide the content Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon Venus Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and its atmosphere is poisonous
- 25. Our offices You can enter a subtitle here 02
- 26. Our offices You can enter a subtitle here 02
- 27. A picture always reinforces the concept Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of long texts
- 28. Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text. Your audience will appreciate it A picture always reinforces the concept
- 29. Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text. Your audience will appreciate it A picture always reinforces the concept
- 30. Awesome words
- 31. Awesome words
- 32. Awesome words
- 33. Percentages Oxygen on Earth 21% 95% Carbon in Mars
- 34. Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Venus is the second planet from the Sun 35% 65% Enterprises E-commerce Areas of expertise
- 35. Use a graph to show your data Venus Mars Jupiter To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and replace it 32% 78% 45%
- 36. Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System Venus is the second planet from the Sun Earth is the only planet that harbors life Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Competitor A Competitor C Competitor B Competitor D Our competitors
- 37. Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Service #1 Service #2 Service #3 Service #4 Service #5 Our services
- 38. Reviewing concepts is a good idea Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s terribly hot Mars Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Jupiter It’s the biggest planet in the Solar System Saturn Saturn is the ringed planet and a gas giant Neptune Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun
- 39. Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Specialty C Specialty A Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Specialty B Venus is the second planet from the Sun Earth is the third planet from the Sun Specialty D Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Our specialties Specialty E Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Specialty F
- 40. Use a graph to show your data To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here Venus Mars Jupiter 45.7% 50% 4.3%
- 41. Our clients Earth Earth is the only planet that has life Mercury Mercury is a close planet to the Sun Venus Venus has really high temperatures Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here 100 0 25 50 75 Mars Mars Mars
- 42. Infographics make your idea understandable... Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Jupiter is the biggest planet Venus is terribly hot
- 43. How our system works Pluto Pluto is now seen as a dwarf planet Ceres is in the main asteroid belt Ceres The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite The Moon
- 44. Business chart Venus has a beautiful name Idea A Mars is actually a cold place Idea B Saturn has several rings Idea C Ceres is in an asteroid belt Idea D Mercury is the smallest planet in the entire Solar System A successful business Earth is where we all live on Earth Jupiter is the biggest planet Jupiter Neptune is far away from us Neptune The Moon is Earth’s satellite The Moon
- 45. Mass (earths) Diameter (earths) Gravity (earths) Mercury 0.06 0.38 0.38 Mars 0.11 0.53 0.38 Saturn 95.2 9.4 1.16 This is a table
- 46. Business meeting Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Introduction Speech 2 Activity 3 Tech 3 Speech 5 Speech 1 Activity 2 Speech 3 Activity 4 Tech 4 Activity 1 Tech 1 Tech 2 Speech 4 Activity 5
- 47. Conclusions Conclusion 1: Write a conclusion here Conclusion 2: Write a conclusion here Conclusion 3: Write a conclusion here
- 48. 386,000 km Distance between Earth and the Moon
- 49. This is a map Venus has a beautiful name Jupiter is the biggest planet Mars is a cold place to live on
- 50. Our locations The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite Design office The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System Headquarters Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt Admin office
- 51. A timeline always works well We all live on Earth Jupiter is a big planet Mars is a cold place Venus is very hot Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
- 52. Continue your timeline We all live on Earth Jupiter is a big planet Mars is a cold place Venus is very hot Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
- 53. Another slide with three columns Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System Venus Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Mars
- 54. 1981 Mercury is the smallest planet of them all 1961 Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings 1969 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all
- 55. 4,498,300,000 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
- 56. <200% Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
- 57. 333,000 Distance between Earth and the Moon 9h 55m 23 s The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s Jupiter’s rotation period 360,000 km
- 58. Important words Because key words are great for catching your audience’s attention
- 59. Our team Maria You can speak a bit about this person here Luis You can speak a bit about this person here Ana You can speak a bit about this person here
- 60. Our team Ana Alvarado You can speak a bit about this person here Adam Williamson You can speak a bit about this person here
- 61. Desktop mockup You can replace the image on the screen with your own work. Just delete this one, add yours and center it properly
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- 70. Premium resources Did you like the resources on this template? Get them for free at our other websites. PHOTOS ● Smiley woman at work medium shot ● Businessman and a businesswoman ● Young man using laptop with coffee cup and digital tablet on kitchen counter ● Industrial designers working on 3d model ● Empowered business women working ● Medium shot empowered business woman ● Teamwork concept with business people ● Low angle womens team meeting ● Group of businesspeople looking at business plan in the office ● Close-up of a woman examining document ● Smiling young woman working at laptop in office ● Ethnic young employee working at laptop ● Front view women working together ICONS ● Mentoring and Training | Lineal
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- 77. JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL PHASE 1 Task 1 Task 2 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE PHASE 1 PHASE 2 Task 1 Task 2 Task 1 Task 2
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- 87. Add the title here Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Text 6 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 “Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place” “Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System” “Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun” “Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings” “Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is terribly hot” Premium infographics
- 88. “Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System” TITLE 1 “Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place” “Jupiter is the biggest planet in the entire Solar System” “Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings” 75% Premium infographics 75%
- 92. Goals & Results Premium Icons