ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the main cause of morbidity in most countries. The probability of complications and age determine antibiotics administration. Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is one of the side effects of antibiotics. The aim: The study of the prevalence rate of AAD and the characteristics of its development in children with ARI. Materials and methods: The study included 75 children aged from 1 to 12 y diagnosed with ARI, who were treated with age-specific doses of antibiotics. The influence of children's anamnesis, parents' health on the development of AAD was studied with odds ratio calculation (OR). Results: In general, AAD incidence was 52%. The highest frequency 59.3% was observed in children under 3 y. AAD most often developed in children treated with amoxicillin - 92%. The greatest dependence of AAD development was connected with breastfeeding less than 6 months - OR was 7.65, preterm birth - 2.9, functional GIT disorders in anamnesis - up to 3.14, allergy - 2.33. The risk of AAD development increased with the age of parents more than 35 y - 5.03, at the age of parents less than 18 and older than 35 y - 4.09, parents' allergies - 3.74 and parents smoking - 2.43. Conclusions: The most important factors of AAD development on antibiotics therapy in children with ARI are breastfeeding less than 6 months, functional GIT disorders and allergic conditions in anamnesis. Suboptimal age and parents' health (GIT disorders, allergic conditions and unhealthy habits) also increase the risk of AAD development. KEY WORDS: Antibiotic associated diarrhea, children
As in the past, MPCA will again present an immunization update on influenza vaccines. Both Seasonal Flu vaccine and H1N1 flu vaccine will be included in this presentation.
The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying to focus on the current outbreak of and explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID 19. Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30567/covid19-a-scoping-review/sameer-pawar
Does Liuzijue Qigong affect anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulm...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Anxiety is a common comorbidity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but no well-recognized method can provide effective relief. Liuzijue Qigong (LQG) is a traditional Chinese fitness method, based on breath pronunciation. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of LQG to relieve anxiety in COPD patients and to explore the factors that influence anxiety, including whether LQG is effective during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Methods: We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. A total of 60 patients with stable COPD were randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups were given routine medical treatment, and the patients in the pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) group were given an extra intervention in the form of LQG, performed for 30 minutes each day for 12 weeks. Data collection was performed at baseline and 12 weeks (during the COVID-19 epidemic). The primary outcomes were the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores, and the secondary outcomes were relevant information during the epidemic and analyses of the related factors that influenced SAS scores during the COVID-19 outbreak. Results: Compared with baseline, patients in both groups demonstrated varying degrees of improvements in their SAS scores (all P < 0.01). An analysis of covariance, adjusted for baseline scores, indicated that the SAS scores improved more dramatically in the PR group than in the control group (F = 9.539, P = 0.004). During the outbreak, the SAS scores for sleep disorder were higher than all other factors, reaching 1.38 ± 0.67, and the scores for “I can breathe in and out easily” for the PR group were lower than the scores for the control group (Z = −2.108, P = 0.035). Significant differences were identified between the two groups for the categories “How much has the outbreak affected your life”, “Do you practice LQG during the epidemic” and “Do you practice other exercises during the epidemic” (all P < 0.05). Compared with current reports, LQG had a relatively high adherence rate (80.95%). A multiple linear regression analysis revealed multiple predictors for SAS scores during the outbreak: group (b = −3.907, t = −3.824, P < 0.001), COPD assessment test score (b = 0.309, t = 2.876, P = 0.006), SAS score at baseline (b = 0.189, t = 3.074, P = 0.004), and living in a village (b = 4.886, t = 2.085, P = 0.043). Conclusion: LQG could effectively reduce the risks of anxiety among COPD patients, even during the COVID-19 outbreak. For those COPD patients with high COPD assessment test and high baseline SAS scores or who live in villages, we should reinforce the management and intervention of psychological factors during the epidemic.
As in the past, MPCA will again present an immunization update on influenza vaccines. Both Seasonal Flu vaccine and H1N1 flu vaccine will be included in this presentation.
The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying to focus on the current outbreak of and explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID 19. Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30567/covid19-a-scoping-review/sameer-pawar
Does Liuzijue Qigong affect anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulm...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Anxiety is a common comorbidity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but no well-recognized method can provide effective relief. Liuzijue Qigong (LQG) is a traditional Chinese fitness method, based on breath pronunciation. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of LQG to relieve anxiety in COPD patients and to explore the factors that influence anxiety, including whether LQG is effective during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Methods: We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. A total of 60 patients with stable COPD were randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups were given routine medical treatment, and the patients in the pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) group were given an extra intervention in the form of LQG, performed for 30 minutes each day for 12 weeks. Data collection was performed at baseline and 12 weeks (during the COVID-19 epidemic). The primary outcomes were the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores, and the secondary outcomes were relevant information during the epidemic and analyses of the related factors that influenced SAS scores during the COVID-19 outbreak. Results: Compared with baseline, patients in both groups demonstrated varying degrees of improvements in their SAS scores (all P < 0.01). An analysis of covariance, adjusted for baseline scores, indicated that the SAS scores improved more dramatically in the PR group than in the control group (F = 9.539, P = 0.004). During the outbreak, the SAS scores for sleep disorder were higher than all other factors, reaching 1.38 ± 0.67, and the scores for “I can breathe in and out easily” for the PR group were lower than the scores for the control group (Z = −2.108, P = 0.035). Significant differences were identified between the two groups for the categories “How much has the outbreak affected your life”, “Do you practice LQG during the epidemic” and “Do you practice other exercises during the epidemic” (all P < 0.05). Compared with current reports, LQG had a relatively high adherence rate (80.95%). A multiple linear regression analysis revealed multiple predictors for SAS scores during the outbreak: group (b = −3.907, t = −3.824, P < 0.001), COPD assessment test score (b = 0.309, t = 2.876, P = 0.006), SAS score at baseline (b = 0.189, t = 3.074, P = 0.004), and living in a village (b = 4.886, t = 2.085, P = 0.043). Conclusion: LQG could effectively reduce the risks of anxiety among COPD patients, even during the COVID-19 outbreak. For those COPD patients with high COPD assessment test and high baseline SAS scores or who live in villages, we should reinforce the management and intervention of psychological factors during the epidemic.
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
All Kinds of Impact Analysis of Prolonged Lockdown or Quarantine by Taking Ba...ijtsrd
Covid 19 infection around the world is a huge challenge. The quarantine we are experiencing because of covid 19 has forced people from many parts of the globe to lead unexpected lives. Nowadays, quarantine has become a major public health intervention and is being used repeatedly whenever new emerging infectious diseases threaten to spread across the entire population. The consequence of implementing early and prolonged quarantine during this pandemic can be measured as lost productivity. This literature aimed to determine whether information about the effects of quarantine could change an individual's concern about covid 19. It investigated the associations between long period of quarantine and the problems created by it. The study provides an overview of the observed and the possible effects that may show up in the coming days. Ishtiak Ahammed Tanvir "All Kinds of Impact Analysis of Prolonged Lockdown or Quarantine by Taking Bangladesh as an Example" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31417.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/31417/all-kinds-of-impact-analysis-of-prolonged-lockdown-or-quarantine-by-taking-bangladesh-as-an-example/ishtiak-ahammed-tanvir
Statement on the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United StatesDana Asbury
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020 (“NHAS 2020”) is a critically important and compelling review of the status of our nation’s response to the HIV epidemic in America and an action plan for the continuing fight.
SNAPSHOT ON INFLUENZA VACCINE ,Dr. Sharda Jain Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Jyoti ...Lifecare Centre
MAGIC OF VACCINATIONS
With the exception of clean drinking water, vaccines are the most effective intervention in reducing and preventing infectious diseases World Health Organisation (WHO),
Anxiety is natural response to any stressful situation. Pandemic can trigger the level of stress and anxiety among people. Present study attempted to assess the level of anxiety among adult in the Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. On line survey was conducted with structured questionnaire, a total of 374 responses were received. Non-probability snowball sampling was adopted to collect the data. The anxiety level identified in this study was moderate to mild level. More than 58% had mild level of anxiety and 14% had severe anxiety. 28% of them expressed moderate amount of anxiety. It shows that there is need to create awareness and address the psychological problems during COVID- 19 pandemic lockdown.
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
In this presentation, I look at The Hygiene Hypothesis, or the idea that preventing children from coming into contact with germs will make them more prone to certain illnesses.
Seasonal influenza - current perspective with special reference to India - au...Gaurav Gupta
This presentation is more for the general doctors, including Ob/gyn, medical specialists etc. and was formulated as a presentation for Chandigarh Nursing Home Association meeting in Aug 2011 using material provided by Chiron/ Novartis
The whole world is suffering from the corona virus, a global pandemic, which has captured world attention to the immune system. As the world scrambles to find a cure for Covid-19, health experts have suggested boosting the body’s immunity. Immune system defense against bacteria, virus and other organisms may help minimize the effects and hasten the recovery from the disease. Covid-19 still has a troublingly high mortality rate. A person with a strong immune system and good body health should be able to recover from severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections without any complications because the immune system produced antibodies. Immunity will be “our savior” against the virus. The idea is that if you don’t have a potent weapon to combat the enemy, a strong and effective shield is the best bet to protect yourself. There are still millions of people in the world at risk due to old age, weak immune system and pre-existing medical issue. Turmeric plays a major role to boost the immune system and a potent immunomodulatory agent that can help the population to prevent the covid-19 infection. Based on these facts A Natural immunomodulatory agent CURCUMET CAPSULES has been Developed by R&D Centre, Lactonova Nutripharm (P) Ltd, HYDERABAD. The present paper Reviews the Role of CURCUMET CAPSULES, A Natural immunomodulatory agent helps to prevent covid-19 infection.
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE TREATMENT OF ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN BY USING BAC...Alexander Smiyan
ABSTRACT Introduction: Rotavirus infection is a leading place in the structure of acute intestinal infections in children. Rotavirus is excreted in 40-60 % of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis all over the world. Every year, 2 million patients are hospitalized with a severe form of RVI, 25 million need medical help from a doctor and 111 million cases are treated at home. The aim: The purpose of our study was to optimize the treatment of rotavirus infection in children by using Bacillus clausii. Materials and methods: There were 65 children with a rotavirus infection under supervision. The control group was consisted of 28 practically healthy children. The study of humoral immunity was carried out on the basis of determining the serum content of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A, and secretory immunoglobulin A in coprofiltrate. In the process of treatment, the children were divided into two groups: the first received standard treatment, the second group were added to standard treatment with a probiotic drug (Bacillus clausii). Results: In children with RVI with modified treatment main symptoms were reduced compared with the children receiving standard treatment, (p <0.001). In patients with rotavirus infection in the acute period of the disease, a decrease in the concentration of IgA (p < 0.001) and an increase in IgM (p < 0.001) in serum and a decrease in sIgA (p < 0.001) in coprofiltrate was observed in comparison with children in control group. In the period of reconvalescence in children after the traditional treatment, it wasn't revealed normalization of the immunoglobulins. Patients receiving a probiotic drug in addition to traditional treatment it was revealed normalization of the parameters of serum immunoglobulins A, M, G and sIgA in coprofiltrate. Conclusions: So, the probiotic drug containing Bacillus clausii has a positive effect on the humoral immune system in children with rotavirus infection. KEYWORDS: rotavirus, humoral immunity, children, IgA, sIgA, IgM, IgG
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
All Kinds of Impact Analysis of Prolonged Lockdown or Quarantine by Taking Ba...ijtsrd
Covid 19 infection around the world is a huge challenge. The quarantine we are experiencing because of covid 19 has forced people from many parts of the globe to lead unexpected lives. Nowadays, quarantine has become a major public health intervention and is being used repeatedly whenever new emerging infectious diseases threaten to spread across the entire population. The consequence of implementing early and prolonged quarantine during this pandemic can be measured as lost productivity. This literature aimed to determine whether information about the effects of quarantine could change an individual's concern about covid 19. It investigated the associations between long period of quarantine and the problems created by it. The study provides an overview of the observed and the possible effects that may show up in the coming days. Ishtiak Ahammed Tanvir "All Kinds of Impact Analysis of Prolonged Lockdown or Quarantine by Taking Bangladesh as an Example" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31417.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/31417/all-kinds-of-impact-analysis-of-prolonged-lockdown-or-quarantine-by-taking-bangladesh-as-an-example/ishtiak-ahammed-tanvir
Statement on the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United StatesDana Asbury
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020 (“NHAS 2020”) is a critically important and compelling review of the status of our nation’s response to the HIV epidemic in America and an action plan for the continuing fight.
SNAPSHOT ON INFLUENZA VACCINE ,Dr. Sharda Jain Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Jyoti ...Lifecare Centre
MAGIC OF VACCINATIONS
With the exception of clean drinking water, vaccines are the most effective intervention in reducing and preventing infectious diseases World Health Organisation (WHO),
Anxiety is natural response to any stressful situation. Pandemic can trigger the level of stress and anxiety among people. Present study attempted to assess the level of anxiety among adult in the Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. On line survey was conducted with structured questionnaire, a total of 374 responses were received. Non-probability snowball sampling was adopted to collect the data. The anxiety level identified in this study was moderate to mild level. More than 58% had mild level of anxiety and 14% had severe anxiety. 28% of them expressed moderate amount of anxiety. It shows that there is need to create awareness and address the psychological problems during COVID- 19 pandemic lockdown.
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
In this presentation, I look at The Hygiene Hypothesis, or the idea that preventing children from coming into contact with germs will make them more prone to certain illnesses.
Seasonal influenza - current perspective with special reference to India - au...Gaurav Gupta
This presentation is more for the general doctors, including Ob/gyn, medical specialists etc. and was formulated as a presentation for Chandigarh Nursing Home Association meeting in Aug 2011 using material provided by Chiron/ Novartis
The whole world is suffering from the corona virus, a global pandemic, which has captured world attention to the immune system. As the world scrambles to find a cure for Covid-19, health experts have suggested boosting the body’s immunity. Immune system defense against bacteria, virus and other organisms may help minimize the effects and hasten the recovery from the disease. Covid-19 still has a troublingly high mortality rate. A person with a strong immune system and good body health should be able to recover from severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections without any complications because the immune system produced antibodies. Immunity will be “our savior” against the virus. The idea is that if you don’t have a potent weapon to combat the enemy, a strong and effective shield is the best bet to protect yourself. There are still millions of people in the world at risk due to old age, weak immune system and pre-existing medical issue. Turmeric plays a major role to boost the immune system and a potent immunomodulatory agent that can help the population to prevent the covid-19 infection. Based on these facts A Natural immunomodulatory agent CURCUMET CAPSULES has been Developed by R&D Centre, Lactonova Nutripharm (P) Ltd, HYDERABAD. The present paper Reviews the Role of CURCUMET CAPSULES, A Natural immunomodulatory agent helps to prevent covid-19 infection.
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE TREATMENT OF ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN BY USING BAC...Alexander Smiyan
ABSTRACT Introduction: Rotavirus infection is a leading place in the structure of acute intestinal infections in children. Rotavirus is excreted in 40-60 % of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis all over the world. Every year, 2 million patients are hospitalized with a severe form of RVI, 25 million need medical help from a doctor and 111 million cases are treated at home. The aim: The purpose of our study was to optimize the treatment of rotavirus infection in children by using Bacillus clausii. Materials and methods: There were 65 children with a rotavirus infection under supervision. The control group was consisted of 28 practically healthy children. The study of humoral immunity was carried out on the basis of determining the serum content of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A, and secretory immunoglobulin A in coprofiltrate. In the process of treatment, the children were divided into two groups: the first received standard treatment, the second group were added to standard treatment with a probiotic drug (Bacillus clausii). Results: In children with RVI with modified treatment main symptoms were reduced compared with the children receiving standard treatment, (p <0.001). In patients with rotavirus infection in the acute period of the disease, a decrease in the concentration of IgA (p < 0.001) and an increase in IgM (p < 0.001) in serum and a decrease in sIgA (p < 0.001) in coprofiltrate was observed in comparison with children in control group. In the period of reconvalescence in children after the traditional treatment, it wasn't revealed normalization of the immunoglobulins. Patients receiving a probiotic drug in addition to traditional treatment it was revealed normalization of the parameters of serum immunoglobulins A, M, G and sIgA in coprofiltrate. Conclusions: So, the probiotic drug containing Bacillus clausii has a positive effect on the humoral immune system in children with rotavirus infection. KEYWORDS: rotavirus, humoral immunity, children, IgA, sIgA, IgM, IgG
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
Common antibiotics prescribed for acute respiratory tract infected children i...iosrphr_editor
Background: Acute respiratory infection is a common disease in children. Most cases were due to upper respiratory tract infection. Early intervention and prompt treatment of acute respiratory infections are the easiest ways to prevent complications. Objective of the study: to determine the indications, frequency, and types of antibiotics used in hospitalized paediatric patients Messellata General Hospital , Messellata, Libya and to evaluate whether the prescribed antibiotics were based on the isolation of organism and their sensitivity. Study Design: Descriptive observational hospital based study. Results and discussion: A total of 200 child patients were included over 6 months of study period, in whom antibiotics were prescribed at the time of admission. The majority were between < 2 and 8 years of age. Fever was the commonest symptom. Out of 200 encounters for patients with various acute respiratory infections, acute pharyngotonsillits were (62.5%), followed by acute laringitis (26.5%). Acute pneumonia represented by (11%) of the total acute respiratory infection cases. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acute pharyngotonsillitis among children patients (40.8% of prescriptions), followed by cephalosporins (36.0%) and aminoglycosides (23.2%). A high percentage (59.1%) of children patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia was treated with cephalosporins, whereas (27.3%) of children patients with acute pneumonia were treated with penicillins. However, only (13.6%) of children patients with acute pneumonia often treated with aminoglycosides antibiotics. In case of acute laryngitis, the antibiotic prescription rates were as follow: Penicillins (58.5%), Cephalosporis (30.2%) and aminoglycosides (11.3%).
Common antibiotics prescribed for acute respiratory tract infected children i...iosrphr_editor
Background: Acute respiratory infection is a common disease in children. Most cases were due to upper respiratory tract infection. Early intervention and prompt treatment of acute respiratory infections are the easiest ways to prevent complications. Objective of the study: to determine the indications, frequency, and types of antibiotics used in hospitalized paediatric patients Messellata General Hospital , Messellata, Libya and to evaluate whether the prescribed antibiotics were based on the isolation of organism and their sensitivity. Study Design: Descriptive observational hospital based study. Results and discussion: A total of 200 child patients were included over 6 months of study period, in whom antibiotics were prescribed at the time of admission. The majority were between < 2 and 8 years of age. Fever was the commonest symptom. Out of 200 encounters for patients with various acute respiratory infections, acute pharyngotonsillits were (62.5%), followed by acute laringitis (26.5%). Acute pneumonia represented by (11%) of the total acute respiratory infection cases. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acute pharyngotonsillitis among children patients (40.8% of prescriptions), followed by cephalosporins (36.0%) and aminoglycosides (23.2%). A high percentage (59.1%) of children patients diagnosed with acute pneumonia was treated with cephalosporins, whereas (27.3%) of children patients with acute pneumonia were treated with penicillins. However, only (13.6%) of children patients with acute pneumonia often treated with aminoglycosides antibiotics. In case of acute laryngitis, the antibiotic prescription rates were as follow: Penicillins (58.5%), Cephalosporis (30.2%) and aminoglycosides (11.3%).
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is the result of an autoimmune response to pharyngitis caused by
infection with group A Streptococcus. The long-term damage to cardiac valves caused by ARF,
which can result from a single severe episode or from multiple recurrent episodes of the illness, is
known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality in
resource-poor settings around the world. Although our understanding of disease pathogenesis has
advanced in recent years, this has not led to dramatic improvements in diagnostic approaches,
which are still reliant on clinical features using the Jones Criteria, or treatment practices. Indeed,
penicillin has been the mainstay of treatment for decades and there is no other treatment that has
been proven to alter the likelihood or the severity of RHD after an episode of ARF. Recent
advances — including the use of echocardiographic diagnosis in those with ARF and in screening
for early detection of RHD, progress in developing group A streptococcal vaccines
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
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TableI. Prevalence antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Total
A n tib io tic-asso ciate d diarrhea , n/N /% 16/27/59,3 14/29/48,3 9/19/47,4 39/75/52
Note: n - number ofcases; N- total number in groups; % - percent.
TableII. Characteristics ofstudy groups.
G roup1d Group 1 Group 2d Group 2 Group 3d Group 3
16 11 14 15 9 10
Boys, ab s/% 10/62,5 6/54,5 8/57,1 6/40,0 4/44,4 5/50,0
A ge , y, M ± m 1,01±0,16 1,29±0,23 4,64±0,34 4,33±0,33 10,11±1,03 10,9±0,85
W eigh t, kg, M ± m 9,29±0,58 10,57±0,76 16,44±1,25 17,63±0,65 29,23±4,59 32,9±3,55
H e igh t, cm , M ± m 69,50±3,37 77,09±2,95 106,57±2,54 105,47±2,50 138,11±5,76 147,5±5,28
Note: M ±m - Mean and Mean Error, abs/% - absolute value ofthe characteristic/percent ofthe characteristic.
cific doses of antibiotics. The children were divided into
3 groups depending on age, group 1 - children aged from
2 months to 3 years old, group 2 - children aged from 4
to 6 years old, group 3 - children aged from 7 to 12 years.
Each group was divided into 2 subgroups depending on the
presence or absence of AAD signs. Antibiotic-associated
diarrhea was defined as 3 or more cases ofloose stool after
antibiotic administration [5].
The influence ofsome factors ofchildren’s anamnesis, the
peculiarities of parents’health, their age and some habits
on AAD development in a child on the background ofARI
and antibiotic therapy were studied.
The obtained results were processed by descriptive sta
tistics methods calculating average error share, mean, its
error, obtaining of odds ratio (OR), calculation of signifi
cance test x2, F-test (F), Student’s t-test (r).
R ESU LTS
The incidence rate of antibiotic-associated diarrhea was
52% for all examined patients (Table I). There was a ten
dency to large values in infants, although there was no
significant difference in the study groups. The highest
frequency - 59.3% was noted in the children of group 1
under the age of 3years old. The lowest value was recorded
in the patients of group 3 - 47.4%. The further analysis of
OR value showed that the age-dependent value less than
1 year and AAD development in group 1 was 1.75 at p =
0.69. The calculation of analogous dependence for three
groups revealed the value of OR as 2.17 at p = 0.34.
AAD most often developed in children who were treated
with antibiotics of penicillin line. We have treated 92% of
patients with amoxicillin, who later developed symptoms
of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. We have detected 86%
of ADD cases in children who were treated with third
generation cephalosporins. The incidence rate of AAD at
macrolides therapy was the lowest - 25% of patients who
took these antimicrobial drugs.
The assessment ofgender composition showed a tenden
cy for boys to prevail in groups 1 and 2 among children
with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Table II). At the same
time, these differences were not significant. The maximum
number ofboys was in the group 1d, where they constituted
62.5%. The group 2d included less number ofboys - 57.1%.
At the same time, the girls predominated in the group 3d.
The indices of physical development did not have signifi
cant differences in the study groups either depending on
age or presence or absence ofdiarrhea. Nevertheless, there
was a tendency to large values of mass and height in the
groups of AAD children.
The value of odds ratio was studied to determine the
dependence of some anamnesis features and development
of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Fig. 1). The values of
OR were determined for preterm birth, previous signs
of functional diarrhea and/or vomiting, intestinal colic,
allergy and also breastfeeding less than 6 months. The
highest value of OR was obtained for a pair of breastfeed
ing less than 6 months and AAD development - 7.65. The
influence value ofpreterm birth on AAD development was
2.9. The presence offunctional disorders in anamnesis also
increased the risk of AAD development from 2.7 to 3.14
units. The value of dependence of AAD development on
allergy was somewhat less - 2.33. All these values were
significant.
The next group ofindices included the hereditary history
peculiarities, age and lifestyle of the parents of the studied
children (Fig. 2). The greatest value of OR was determined
for pairs of parents’ age and AAD development. At the
parents’ age over 35 years old the frequency of AAD in
creased by 5.03 units. Odds ratio at the age of less than 18
years old was 2.91, but its value was not significant. The
indices combination of parents’age less than 18 years old
and older than 35 years old increased the risk of AAD
development by 4.09 times. The presence of allergic con
ditions also increased the probability of AAD. In this case,
OR was 3.74 units. In fact, the risk of AAD in children in
the study groups increased by the same value at periodic
bowel disorder in parents’anamnesis.
The influence of parents’ smoking and alcohol on the
risk AAD development in children ofthe study groups was
80
5. PECULIARITIES OF ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY...
Comparison pair OR (95% Cl) P
Premature vs AAD — 1-------- 2.9 (0,91 -9,24) 0,04
F u n ctio n al Diarrhea - — 1-------- 2,7 (0,98-7,42) 0,03
and/or Vomiting vs AAD
Infant Colic vs AAD — 1------ 3,14 (1,22-3,08) 0,01
Allergy vs AAD * ----- 2.33 (0,91-5,95) 0,038
B reas tfee d in g -------- •-------------- 7,65- (1,99-29,32) 0,0004
less 6 m vs AAD
-----------1— — 1— HH-— h
0.1 0.5 1 5 10 20 30
Comparison pair OR (95% Ct) P
Parents stool
disorders vs AAD
—•------ 3,42 (1,35-8.64) 0.013
Parents allergy vsAAD 3,74 (1.79-7.79} 0,0006
ParentsAge less
18 y vs AAD
—4----- 2,91 (0.56-14,94) 0.18
ParentsAge more
35 y vs AAD
----- ___ 5,03 (1,38-18,32) 0.007
ParentsAge less
I8y and mane 35y vs AAD “ *---- 4,09 (1.49-11,2) 0.003
Parents smoking
vs AAD •
2,43 (1,19-4.98) 001
ParentsAlcoggJ ----- ^
vs AAD
f
0,76
f f 1
(0,39-1.48) 0.4
1
0.1 0,5 5
1 i 1
10 20 30
Fig. 1. Effect of selected
anamnesis characteristics on
development ofthe antibiotic
associated diarrhea
Fig.2.Effectofselected parents'
anamnesis characteristics on
development of the antibiotic
associated diarrhea
studied. The index in the pair ofsmoking - AAD appeared
to be 2.43, while OR for the pair alcohol consumption -
AAD was only 0.76 units.
D IS C U S SIO N
Our data showed that the incidence rate of antibiotic-as
sociated diarrhea was 52% in all examined children. This
complies with the data of other researchers. The literature
indicates that AAD frequency can be from 5 to 60% [5, 6,
7, 8]. The dependence of AAD development on age is also
mentioned by some authors [9] for 2-year-old children
and younger. At the same time, other researchers deny the
existence of such connection [10]. Our data did not show
any significant differences as to age, although such trend
existed, especially for children under 1year old according
to odds ratio. The possibility of such influence can be de
termined by the formation of intestinal microflora, which
is modulated by breastfeeding, mother’s diet and intro
duction of complementary feeding in infants [11, 12, 13].
Among the antibiotics, amoxicillin most often caused
the development of AAD, less often - cephalosporins and
macrolides. The literature also indicates that amoxicillin
with clavulanic acid often caused the development ofAAD
which is confirmed by our data [7, 9, 10].
The most significant increase in risk of AAD develop
ment was observed atbreastfeeding less than 6months. The
role of breastfeeding in the development of microbiome
and immune system is extremely important and crucial
[14, 15]. It has been established that breast milk has its own
microbiota [16]. Not onlyits direct transfer to a child is pos
sible, but also the indirect influence of other factors on the
microflora formation ofa child such as pro- and prebiotics,
oligosaccharides, immunoglobulin, immunomodulation
81
6. Sergii V. Popov et al.
factors. Moreover, the effect ofbreastfeeding can be traced
up to the age of 3 [11]. In this regard, the composition of
microflora in children at breast and formula feeding is
different [17, 18], which can determine the probability of
antibiotic-associated diarrhea development.
An important factor in AAD development was preterm
birth, OR was 2.9 units. Some scientists suggest that the
peculiar features of a baby’s intestinal microbiome are
formed during intrauterine growth under the influence of
microflora composition ofuterine cavity, amniotic fluid, in
some cases having an influence on preterm birth.[19, 20,
21, 22]. The peculiarities of condition, care, diseases and
feeding of premature babies influence the mechanisms of
microflora formation, which, possibly, leads to its greater
sensitivity to antibiotics.
The duration of breastfeeding and preterm birth could
affect the indices of physical development in children
with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. They did not differ
significantlyfrom those in children without AAD, although
there was a tendency to higher weight and height in all
study groups.
A number of events of a child’s life were identified, the
presence of which increased the risk of antibiotic-asso
ciated diarrhea development. The presence of functional
disorders such as diarrhea and vomiting increased the
risk of AAD development. The cases of intestinal colic
in anamnesis increased the risk of AAD development to
greater degree. The pathogenesis of functional disorders
development is connected not only with the dissociation
“brain-intestine” relationship, but also with the changes in
CNS activity, microbiota composition and immune status
[23] . It is indicated that microbiota regulates and partic
ipates in the metabolism of micro- and macronutrients
[24] .In addition, it is a virtual endocrine organ [25]. Thus,
the features of formation and composition of microflora
determine the level and characteristics of gastrointestinal
tract functioning, including the development ofpatholog
ical conditions. This also proves our finding that allergic
conditions have significant influence on AAD development
in children. It is indicated that differences in microbiota
composition during neonatal period may precede the
development of allergic conditions [26, 27] and, in fact,
determine their development.
The parents’ health, the peculiarities of life style also
influenced AAD development. The significant relationship
was observed between parents’ allergic conditions and
bowel disorders with the probable development of antibi
otic associated diarrhea in a child. The role of hereditary
factors in the formation of diseases is widely recognized.
The results ofhuman microbiota studies show its significant
genetic predetermination, especially at initial stages, but
also throughout life, which is realized through inflamma
tory reactions and immune response condition [27, 28].
The role of hereditary factors could be confirmed by the
influence of age factor of parents on AAD development.
At the age less than 18 and over 35 years old of both par
ents at child’s birth, the probability of AAD development
increased.
The presence of bowel disorders in a child and parents
and their connection with AAD may indicate the role of
hereditary factors in disorders formation ofaxis connection
“brain-intestine” [23, 29]. Probably, preterm birth also plays
a certain role in dissociation of this connection.
Also, the dependence of some parents’unhealthy habits on
theriskofAAD developmentin achildwasfound. Inparticular,
the influence of alcohol and smoking was studied. Smoking
increased by2 times the probabilityofantibiotic associated di
arrhea in a child. Perhaps, this influencewas mediatedthrough
the duration offeeding in socially disadvantaged families.
C O N C LU SIO N S
The most important factors of antibiotic-associated diar
rhea development in children with ARI are breastfeeding
less than 6 months as well as signs of previous functional
disorders and allergic conditions.
A number of features of parents’health - bowel disor
ders, allergic conditions, suboptimal age ofparents at child’s
birth, unhealthy habits - increase the risk of developing
antibiotic associated diarrhea in children with ARI.
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The article was carried out in theframework of research
work “Regionalfeatures of the state of health and levels of
morbidity among children” [0117U004937], the term of
implementation till 2020, the head professor Olexander
Smiyan, is carried out at Sumy State University
Authors’contributions:
According to the order of the Authorship.
Conflict of interest:
The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
C O R R ESP O N D IN G A U TH O R
Sergii Popov
Medical Institute,
Sumy State University
31, Sanatornaya st, 40018, Sumy, Ukraine
tel: +380668129367
e-mail: sergevit66lex@gmail.com
Received: 21.08.2018
Accepted: 19.12.2018
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