The document describes a study on the use of natural jute fibers as reinforcement for concrete cylinders externally wrapped with jute fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on 24 concrete cylinder specimens to assess the effect of JFRP wrapping thickness and inclusion of sisal fibers in the concrete. Results showed that JFRP confinement significantly increased the compressive strength and ductility of both plain concrete and sisal fiber reinforced concrete cylinders. Additionally, the inclusion of sisal fibers further enhanced the strength and efficiency of confinement under uniaxial compression loading. Models were proposed to predict the ultimate strength and strain of JFRP wrapped plain concrete and sisal fiber reinforced concrete cylinders.
Structural Engineering Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Based On Recyc...IJERA Editor
Glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on resin recovered from recycling plastic waste has been shown to possess mechanical properties satisfying normative requirements. This paper investigates the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP produced from resin recovered from recycled plastic wastes. A total of fifteen of beams of sizes 150 ×150 ×900mm and 100 × 100 × 500mm reinforced with GFRP made from recycled glass fibre reinforced polymer was tested. The flexural test results yielded lower ultimate load, lower stiffness and larger deflections at the same load when compared with the control steel reinforced beam. However, the ultimate flexural strength of beams, reinforced with GFRP from recycled resin was at least four times higher than that of the control unreinforced beam. This is in agreement, quantitatively and qualitatively, with the trend of these parameters in GFRP reinforced concrete based on virgin resins. The results therefore confirm the applicability for structural uses with the accompanying benefits of wealth creation, value addition and environmental sustainability.
1) The document describes an experimental investigation of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) bridge deck panels subjected to static and fatigue loading.
2) Testing of prototype GFRP composite bridge deck panels was conducted under simulated wheel loads, with two rectangular patch loads applied symmetrically.
3) The results showed that under buckling criteria, panels failed at 123.6 kN with a deflection of 7.538mm, and under local shear criteria panels failed at 113.8 kN with a deflection of 4.057mm. Panels also resisted up to 5 million fatigue cycles.
IRJET- Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Fiber Reinforced Poly...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams with fiber reinforced polymer composites. It reviews 11 previous studies that investigated using glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets to strengthen beams against flexural or shear failure. The document then describes an experimental study involving two sets of beams: one set weakened in flexure and strengthened with glass fiber sheets, and one set weakened in shear and strengthened with glass fiber sheets. The effects of fiber orientation and layering were examined. Beams strengthened in flexure had increased load capacity but were prone to shear-flexure failure. Beams strengthened in shear exhibited flexure failure with more warning. Bonding of fibers was intact until beam failure. Analytical models underpredicted load capacity compared to experiments
This document reviews 10 articles on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams. The articles studied parameters like CFRP orientation, anchorage techniques, beam dimensions, and fiber direction. Tests showed that CFRP increased beam shear capacity and flexural strength when anchored properly to prevent premature debonding. Larger beams saw less improvement from CFRP sheets due to size effects. Orienting CFRP fibers at 45 degrees perpendicular to cracks optimized shear strengthening.
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
This project report summarizes research on using glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars as an alternative to steel rebars in reinforced concrete. It includes an introduction outlining the benefits of GFRP rebars, a literature review summarizing 16 previous studies on various properties of GFRP rebars and reinforced concrete structures, and sections on objectives, methodology, and references. The literature review finds that GFRP rebars can successfully replace steel rebars under corrosive conditions but further research is needed to establish design methods, understand long-term durability, and evaluate different concrete and loading conditions.
Study Of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams With Fibre Reinforced ...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates to strengthen steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams.
2) Previous research has found that FRP sheets can increase the fatigue life and load capacity of reinforced concrete beams.
3) This study aims to examine how FRP laminates impact the flexural capacity, deformation characteristics, and ductility of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams under loading. Tests will be conducted on concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms to determine material properties.
Studying the Effect of Lateral Confinement on the Efficiency of Historic RC C...IJSRED
The document discusses a study on the effect of lateral confinement on the efficiency of historic reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Five RC columns were tested under axial load. The columns were divided into three groups: a control column without strengthening, two columns strengthened with basalt fiber for partial and total confinement, and two columns strengthened with carbon fiber for partial and total confinement. Test results showed that confining RC columns with different materials led to significant improvements in behavior, including increased ductility and strength. Columns confined with carbon fiber were found to be more effective at increasing load capacity compared to basalt fiber confinement. Overall, the study demonstrated that fiber confinement can enhance the performance of RC columns.
Structural Engineering Properties of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Based On Recyc...IJERA Editor
Glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on resin recovered from recycling plastic waste has been shown to possess mechanical properties satisfying normative requirements. This paper investigates the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP produced from resin recovered from recycled plastic wastes. A total of fifteen of beams of sizes 150 ×150 ×900mm and 100 × 100 × 500mm reinforced with GFRP made from recycled glass fibre reinforced polymer was tested. The flexural test results yielded lower ultimate load, lower stiffness and larger deflections at the same load when compared with the control steel reinforced beam. However, the ultimate flexural strength of beams, reinforced with GFRP from recycled resin was at least four times higher than that of the control unreinforced beam. This is in agreement, quantitatively and qualitatively, with the trend of these parameters in GFRP reinforced concrete based on virgin resins. The results therefore confirm the applicability for structural uses with the accompanying benefits of wealth creation, value addition and environmental sustainability.
1) The document describes an experimental investigation of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) bridge deck panels subjected to static and fatigue loading.
2) Testing of prototype GFRP composite bridge deck panels was conducted under simulated wheel loads, with two rectangular patch loads applied symmetrically.
3) The results showed that under buckling criteria, panels failed at 123.6 kN with a deflection of 7.538mm, and under local shear criteria panels failed at 113.8 kN with a deflection of 4.057mm. Panels also resisted up to 5 million fatigue cycles.
IRJET- Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Fiber Reinforced Poly...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams with fiber reinforced polymer composites. It reviews 11 previous studies that investigated using glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets to strengthen beams against flexural or shear failure. The document then describes an experimental study involving two sets of beams: one set weakened in flexure and strengthened with glass fiber sheets, and one set weakened in shear and strengthened with glass fiber sheets. The effects of fiber orientation and layering were examined. Beams strengthened in flexure had increased load capacity but were prone to shear-flexure failure. Beams strengthened in shear exhibited flexure failure with more warning. Bonding of fibers was intact until beam failure. Analytical models underpredicted load capacity compared to experiments
This document reviews 10 articles on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams. The articles studied parameters like CFRP orientation, anchorage techniques, beam dimensions, and fiber direction. Tests showed that CFRP increased beam shear capacity and flexural strength when anchored properly to prevent premature debonding. Larger beams saw less improvement from CFRP sheets due to size effects. Orienting CFRP fibers at 45 degrees perpendicular to cracks optimized shear strengthening.
Experimental Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded CFRP with...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) laminates, or plates, offer very high-strength potential; however, handling of long pieces of these flexible plates can present challenges under field conditions. The development of methods for splicing CFRP plates will enhance the versatility and Practicality of using these materials in field applications. This paper studies the efficiency of CFRP lap splice in externally bonded CFRP flexural strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Seven half-scale beams with different conditions were tested in two-point bending until failure. Two groups were tested; the first one includes control specimens: the first without CFRP strengthening, the second strengthened with full length and without splice, and the third with cutoff at middle of the beam. All specimens in the second group having cut-off at the middle and with lap splice lengths equal 300, 450, 600, 900 mm. respectively on each side of the cut-off. The study illustrates the effect of confinement on the first crack load, failure load, mid-span deflection, and strain in both reinforcement and CFRP. The failure load was also predicted analytically by CEB-FIP (1993), adopting the traditional sectional analysis for strain compatibility. Instead of strain measuring, three accurate bond-slip models are used to provide accurate prediction for the contribution of CFRP in the flexural capacity of the strengthened beam since all strengthened beams are failed by interfacial debonding of CFRP.
This project report summarizes research on using glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars as an alternative to steel rebars in reinforced concrete. It includes an introduction outlining the benefits of GFRP rebars, a literature review summarizing 16 previous studies on various properties of GFRP rebars and reinforced concrete structures, and sections on objectives, methodology, and references. The literature review finds that GFRP rebars can successfully replace steel rebars under corrosive conditions but further research is needed to establish design methods, understand long-term durability, and evaluate different concrete and loading conditions.
Study Of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams With Fibre Reinforced ...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates to strengthen steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams.
2) Previous research has found that FRP sheets can increase the fatigue life and load capacity of reinforced concrete beams.
3) This study aims to examine how FRP laminates impact the flexural capacity, deformation characteristics, and ductility of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams under loading. Tests will be conducted on concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms to determine material properties.
Studying the Effect of Lateral Confinement on the Efficiency of Historic RC C...IJSRED
The document discusses a study on the effect of lateral confinement on the efficiency of historic reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Five RC columns were tested under axial load. The columns were divided into three groups: a control column without strengthening, two columns strengthened with basalt fiber for partial and total confinement, and two columns strengthened with carbon fiber for partial and total confinement. Test results showed that confining RC columns with different materials led to significant improvements in behavior, including increased ductility and strength. Columns confined with carbon fiber were found to be more effective at increasing load capacity compared to basalt fiber confinement. Overall, the study demonstrated that fiber confinement can enhance the performance of RC columns.
Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
Effect of recycled polypropylene fiber on high strength concrete and normal s...drarafik
The document presents an experimental study that evaluated the performance of recycled polypropylene fiber (RPF) in normal and high strength concrete compared to a commercial polypropylene fiber (PPF). Test results found that RPF in dosages of 0.1-0.3% by volume can provide comparable mechanical performance to PPF, though it resulted in slightly lower compressive strength (10-20% reduction) but higher flexural strength (up to 27% increase) and lower elastic modulus (16% reduction). The use of both fiber types also reduced drying shrinkage of the concretes by 6-10% and increased their permeable pore void.
This document discusses the mechanical and tribological characterization of short fiber reinforced polymer composites. Two types of fibers were studied as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix: glass fibers and banana fibers. Composites with varying weight percentages of each fiber type were fabricated and tested. Their physical properties like density and void content were measured. Mechanical properties including microhardness, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were also evaluated using standard tests. The experimental results from these characterizations were reported and comparisons made between the glass fiber and banana fiber reinforced composites.
An Analytical Study on Static and Fatigue Analysis of High Strength Concrete ...Stephen Raj
In recent years FRP stands as a better alternative to restore and upgrade deficient structures. The deficiency may be due to change in design standards, improper construction practices (or) adverse environmental conditions. Under such circumstances, adoption of appropriate technique for restoring the structure becoming challenging task. The objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the static and fatigue response of HSC beams with externally bonded FRP laminates using ANSYS software. The modeling and analysis is done using the software for HSC beam. The beams were strengthened with FRP laminates. The models are provided with carbon types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. The available experimental data of HSC beam in flexure behavior is the source material of this analysis work. All the relevant data are taken from that source material. The static and fatigue load cases are applied and the results are discussed. The comparison is made between the available experimental results of HSC beam with analytical based results of HSC beam.
The document describes an experimental study that characterized and compared the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with either short glass fibers or short banana fibers. Composites with various fiber loadings were fabricated and their density, hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and erosion wear resistance were measured using standard tests. The results showed that while the banana fiber composites had lower strength properties than the glass fiber composites, their erosion wear resistance was better, indicating banana fibers' potential as a reinforcement material that could replace glass fibers in some applications.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Axial Capacity Enhancement of CFRP Confined Columns Made of Steel Fiber Reinf...IOSRJMCE
Results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) have been presented in this paper. A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRPconfined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Strengthening of RCC Beam using Waste PVC Fle...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study that tested reinforced concrete (RCC) beams strengthened with different materials to increase their flexural strength. 12 RCC beams were prepared and tested under flexure. Some beams were wrapped with waste PVC flex banners, some were wrapped with chicken mesh and flex banners, and some were wrapped with weld mesh and flex banners. The materials were bonded to the beams using different adhesives. It was found that beams wrapped with just flex banners saw a 6% increase in load capacity. Beams with chicken mesh and flex banners saw a 21% increase. Beams with weld mesh and flex banners saw the greatest increase of 147%. The study showed that commonly available waste materials can significantly
This document summarizes research on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites with varying fiber weight percentages (15-60%). Composites were produced using hand lay-up and tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. Test results showed the mechanical properties improved with increasing fiber content. Tensile strength increased from 28.25 to 78.83 MPa, flexural strength from 44.65 to 119.23 MPa, and impact energy from 3.50 to 6.50 Joules. Hardness increased from 31.5 to 47 BHN. The composite with 60% fiber content exhibited the best mechanical properties.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the vibration analysis of hybrid laminated composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) were combined with basalt fiber to form hybrid composites with 7 different stacking sequences. Tensile and vibration tests were conducted. The results showed that a hybrid composite with an outer layer of CFRP (H1) had higher tensile strength and modulus than other sequences. For vibration, a sequence with inner CFRP layers (H5) had the lowest natural frequency and highest damping ratio, indicating it could better reduce vibrations. In general, natural frequency decreased and damping increased with less CFRP and more basalt fiber. The study demonstrated hybrid composites can be designed to optimize vibration
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on drilling unidirectional bamboo fiber-reinforced green composites. The researchers developed bamboo fiber/polylactic acid composites using film stacking and hot compression molding. They experimentally studied the effect of feed rate, spindle speed, and drill geometry on drilling forces (thrust force and torque). They found that slot drills induce minimum forces compared to 8-facet and dagger drills. Drilling forces decreased at high spindle speeds and low feed rates. Analysis showed that drill geometry has a significant impact on drilling force signals and hole quality, with slot drills producing less damage.
TESTS ON L-SHAPE SHEAR AND SPLIT TENSILE ON HYBRID CONCRETE (HESF+PP) USING GFRPJournal For Research
To prevent segregation and bleeding in concrete a some decade ago started practicing of fiber addition in concrete this gave a good result M30 mix is considered for work with 1% of fiber addition i.e 0.5% of Polypropylene + 0.5% of Hooked end Steel Fiber, with 0.45 w/c ratio and 1.5% of super plasticizer for workability of concrete. Conducted various tests like Slump cone test, compressive test, spilt tensile test, flexural test, and shear test for concrete. Then FRP product E-Glass fabric or GFRP used for lamination purpose of 900 gsm to specimens then laminated specimens are also tested above mentioned experiment expect slump test. Results are compared after 28 days of curing with normal concrete to hybrid concrete and with GFRP to without GFRP lamination. Result has shown increase in strength with normal to hybrid concrete and also increase in with GFRP lamination when compared to without GFRP lamination.
Experimental Study of Strength Parameters of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
The document presents results from an experimental study investigating the strength parameters of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC). Concrete mixtures were created with combinations of polypropylene fibers and hooked steel fibers ranging from 0.5-2% by volume. Testing found that HFRC has higher impact strength, split tensile strength, and pullout strength compared to conventional concrete, with only marginal improvements in compressive strength. The optimum mixture was found to be 0.8% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber for workability and strength without superplasticizer, and 1.4% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber with superplasticizer.
This research work mainly investigates the local production of 12 built up GFRP I-beams using Hand Lay-Up production method (since up-till now there is no pultrusion industry in Egypt). Overall strength characteristics of these beams will determined experimentally and compared to those manufactured by the Pultrusion process. This comparison will help to estimate to how extent the locally manufactured beams (by Hand Lay-Up technique) can be used in full permanent structures (like pultruded beams) or at least used in light and temporary structures. In order to achieve this goal, the experimental study was divided into two stages: The first stage is to manufacture GFRP plates using glass fibers and polyester. Two types of plates were produced one for flange plates and the other for web plates. These two types of plates are different in fibers orientation of different layers within the plate thickness in order to reach the possible higher tensile and flexural strength for flange plates and possible higher shear strength for web plates. Longitudinal and transverse tensile, compressive, and flexural strength for these two types of plates were experimentally determined using coupons tests. The second stage is to produce built-up GFRP I-beams using the aforementioned plates and composite angles. The overall stiffness and modes of failure of these beams were experimentally determined. The obtained results were compared with those of pultruded I-beams manufactured in the United States by pultrusion process. Also three different connecting methods for the 12 tested beams were investigated, namely: Bonding – Bolting – Bolting/Bonding connecting techniques. Of course it is expected that some local fabrication parameters (like fiber and polymer properties available in the local market, labour, temperature, polymer curing …etc) are expected to affect the properties of the fabricated beams specially that these beams are manufactured manually.
Behavior Of Reinforce Fibrous Self Compacting Concrete Beam Strengthening Wit...IJMER
In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in
congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. SCC offers several
economical and technical benefits; the use of fibers extends its possibilities. Adjustment of the
water/cement ratio and super plasticizer dosage is one of the main key properties in proportioning of
SCC mixtures. Several tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, L-box were carried out to determine
optimum parameters for the self-compatibility of mixtures. In this article Nylon 300-e3 micro synthetic
fiber and Nylon Tuff macro synthetic fiber has used in combination and the effect of fiber inclusion on
the compatibility of hybrid fiber reinforcement concrete are studied. Both the Nylon fiber hybrid with
SSC and compared to Plan SSC, Hybrid SSC. The behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams
strengthened in flexure by means of different combinations of externally bonded hybrid Glass and
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP/CFRP) sheets has also studied.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
Effect of recycled polypropylene fiber on high strength concrete and normal s...drarafik
The document presents an experimental study that evaluated the performance of recycled polypropylene fiber (RPF) in normal and high strength concrete compared to a commercial polypropylene fiber (PPF). Test results found that RPF in dosages of 0.1-0.3% by volume can provide comparable mechanical performance to PPF, though it resulted in slightly lower compressive strength (10-20% reduction) but higher flexural strength (up to 27% increase) and lower elastic modulus (16% reduction). The use of both fiber types also reduced drying shrinkage of the concretes by 6-10% and increased their permeable pore void.
This document discusses the mechanical and tribological characterization of short fiber reinforced polymer composites. Two types of fibers were studied as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix: glass fibers and banana fibers. Composites with varying weight percentages of each fiber type were fabricated and tested. Their physical properties like density and void content were measured. Mechanical properties including microhardness, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were also evaluated using standard tests. The experimental results from these characterizations were reported and comparisons made between the glass fiber and banana fiber reinforced composites.
An Analytical Study on Static and Fatigue Analysis of High Strength Concrete ...Stephen Raj
In recent years FRP stands as a better alternative to restore and upgrade deficient structures. The deficiency may be due to change in design standards, improper construction practices (or) adverse environmental conditions. Under such circumstances, adoption of appropriate technique for restoring the structure becoming challenging task. The objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the static and fatigue response of HSC beams with externally bonded FRP laminates using ANSYS software. The modeling and analysis is done using the software for HSC beam. The beams were strengthened with FRP laminates. The models are provided with carbon types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. The available experimental data of HSC beam in flexure behavior is the source material of this analysis work. All the relevant data are taken from that source material. The static and fatigue load cases are applied and the results are discussed. The comparison is made between the available experimental results of HSC beam with analytical based results of HSC beam.
The document describes an experimental study that characterized and compared the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with either short glass fibers or short banana fibers. Composites with various fiber loadings were fabricated and their density, hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and erosion wear resistance were measured using standard tests. The results showed that while the banana fiber composites had lower strength properties than the glass fiber composites, their erosion wear resistance was better, indicating banana fibers' potential as a reinforcement material that could replace glass fibers in some applications.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Axial Capacity Enhancement of CFRP Confined Columns Made of Steel Fiber Reinf...IOSRJMCE
Results of the experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) have been presented in this paper. A total of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study, it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens. Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRPconfined cylinders were found to slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Strengthening of RCC Beam using Waste PVC Fle...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study that tested reinforced concrete (RCC) beams strengthened with different materials to increase their flexural strength. 12 RCC beams were prepared and tested under flexure. Some beams were wrapped with waste PVC flex banners, some were wrapped with chicken mesh and flex banners, and some were wrapped with weld mesh and flex banners. The materials were bonded to the beams using different adhesives. It was found that beams wrapped with just flex banners saw a 6% increase in load capacity. Beams with chicken mesh and flex banners saw a 21% increase. Beams with weld mesh and flex banners saw the greatest increase of 147%. The study showed that commonly available waste materials can significantly
This document summarizes research on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites with varying fiber weight percentages (15-60%). Composites were produced using hand lay-up and tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. Test results showed the mechanical properties improved with increasing fiber content. Tensile strength increased from 28.25 to 78.83 MPa, flexural strength from 44.65 to 119.23 MPa, and impact energy from 3.50 to 6.50 Joules. Hardness increased from 31.5 to 47 BHN. The composite with 60% fiber content exhibited the best mechanical properties.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the vibration analysis of hybrid laminated composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) were combined with basalt fiber to form hybrid composites with 7 different stacking sequences. Tensile and vibration tests were conducted. The results showed that a hybrid composite with an outer layer of CFRP (H1) had higher tensile strength and modulus than other sequences. For vibration, a sequence with inner CFRP layers (H5) had the lowest natural frequency and highest damping ratio, indicating it could better reduce vibrations. In general, natural frequency decreased and damping increased with less CFRP and more basalt fiber. The study demonstrated hybrid composites can be designed to optimize vibration
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on drilling unidirectional bamboo fiber-reinforced green composites. The researchers developed bamboo fiber/polylactic acid composites using film stacking and hot compression molding. They experimentally studied the effect of feed rate, spindle speed, and drill geometry on drilling forces (thrust force and torque). They found that slot drills induce minimum forces compared to 8-facet and dagger drills. Drilling forces decreased at high spindle speeds and low feed rates. Analysis showed that drill geometry has a significant impact on drilling force signals and hole quality, with slot drills producing less damage.
TESTS ON L-SHAPE SHEAR AND SPLIT TENSILE ON HYBRID CONCRETE (HESF+PP) USING GFRPJournal For Research
To prevent segregation and bleeding in concrete a some decade ago started practicing of fiber addition in concrete this gave a good result M30 mix is considered for work with 1% of fiber addition i.e 0.5% of Polypropylene + 0.5% of Hooked end Steel Fiber, with 0.45 w/c ratio and 1.5% of super plasticizer for workability of concrete. Conducted various tests like Slump cone test, compressive test, spilt tensile test, flexural test, and shear test for concrete. Then FRP product E-Glass fabric or GFRP used for lamination purpose of 900 gsm to specimens then laminated specimens are also tested above mentioned experiment expect slump test. Results are compared after 28 days of curing with normal concrete to hybrid concrete and with GFRP to without GFRP lamination. Result has shown increase in strength with normal to hybrid concrete and also increase in with GFRP lamination when compared to without GFRP lamination.
Experimental Study of Strength Parameters of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
The document presents results from an experimental study investigating the strength parameters of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC). Concrete mixtures were created with combinations of polypropylene fibers and hooked steel fibers ranging from 0.5-2% by volume. Testing found that HFRC has higher impact strength, split tensile strength, and pullout strength compared to conventional concrete, with only marginal improvements in compressive strength. The optimum mixture was found to be 0.8% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber for workability and strength without superplasticizer, and 1.4% steel fiber and 0.3% polypropylene fiber with superplasticizer.
This research work mainly investigates the local production of 12 built up GFRP I-beams using Hand Lay-Up production method (since up-till now there is no pultrusion industry in Egypt). Overall strength characteristics of these beams will determined experimentally and compared to those manufactured by the Pultrusion process. This comparison will help to estimate to how extent the locally manufactured beams (by Hand Lay-Up technique) can be used in full permanent structures (like pultruded beams) or at least used in light and temporary structures. In order to achieve this goal, the experimental study was divided into two stages: The first stage is to manufacture GFRP plates using glass fibers and polyester. Two types of plates were produced one for flange plates and the other for web plates. These two types of plates are different in fibers orientation of different layers within the plate thickness in order to reach the possible higher tensile and flexural strength for flange plates and possible higher shear strength for web plates. Longitudinal and transverse tensile, compressive, and flexural strength for these two types of plates were experimentally determined using coupons tests. The second stage is to produce built-up GFRP I-beams using the aforementioned plates and composite angles. The overall stiffness and modes of failure of these beams were experimentally determined. The obtained results were compared with those of pultruded I-beams manufactured in the United States by pultrusion process. Also three different connecting methods for the 12 tested beams were investigated, namely: Bonding – Bolting – Bolting/Bonding connecting techniques. Of course it is expected that some local fabrication parameters (like fiber and polymer properties available in the local market, labour, temperature, polymer curing …etc) are expected to affect the properties of the fabricated beams specially that these beams are manufactured manually.
Behavior Of Reinforce Fibrous Self Compacting Concrete Beam Strengthening Wit...IJMER
In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in
congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. SCC offers several
economical and technical benefits; the use of fibers extends its possibilities. Adjustment of the
water/cement ratio and super plasticizer dosage is one of the main key properties in proportioning of
SCC mixtures. Several tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, L-box were carried out to determine
optimum parameters for the self-compatibility of mixtures. In this article Nylon 300-e3 micro synthetic
fiber and Nylon Tuff macro synthetic fiber has used in combination and the effect of fiber inclusion on
the compatibility of hybrid fiber reinforcement concrete are studied. Both the Nylon fiber hybrid with
SSC and compared to Plan SSC, Hybrid SSC. The behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams
strengthened in flexure by means of different combinations of externally bonded hybrid Glass and
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP/CFRP) sheets has also studied.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
pc.23761.pdf
1. Behavior of Sisal Fiber Concrete Cylinders Externally
Wrapped With Jute FRP
Haozhi Tan,1
Libo Yan,2,3
Liang Huang,1
Ying Wang,4
Hang Li,1
Jia-yi Chen5
1
College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
2
Department of Organic and Wood-Based Construction Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig,
Hopfengarten 20, Braunschweig 38102, Germany
3
Department of Light and Environmentally-Friendly Structures, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI,
Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
4
China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410000,
China
5
School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
The use of environmentally friendly natural fibers as
building materials is benefit to achieve a sustainable
construction. This article performs a study on the use
of natural jute fibers as reinforcement of concrete and
natural sisal fibers in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites as concrete confinement, i.e. sisal
fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) composite column
wrapped by jute FRP (JFRP) (SFRC-JFRP). Uniaxial
compression test was conducted to assess the com-
pression performance of the composite columns as
axial structural member. A total of 24 specimens were
tested. The effects of JFRP wrapping thickness and
sisal fiber inclusion on the compressive performance
of the composite columns were investigated. Results
indicate that JFRP confinement significantly increases
the compressive strength and ductility of both PC and
SFRC with an increase in JFRP thickness. Besides, the
inclusion of sisal fiber further enhances the strength
as well as the efficiency of confinement under uniaxial
compression. Also, the models for ultimate strength
and ultimate strain of PC-JFRP and SFRC-JFRP
are proposed. POLYM. COMPOS., 00:000–000, 2015. V
C 2015
Society of Plastics Engineers
INTRODUCTION
Recently, natural fibers have been widely used as rein-
forcement in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
to replace carbon/glass fibers in engineering applications
[1]. Natural fibers, such as jute, sisal, flax, hemp, are low
cost fibers with low density and readily available. In addi-
tion, they maintain comparable mechanical properties to
those of glass fibers used as reinforcement [2, 3]. Ku
et al. [4] reported that the tensile strength of jute is up to
773 MPa which is very close to that of the glass fiber.
Thus, there is high possibility to use jute FRP (JFRP) to
replace glass FRP (GFRP) in engineering application.
Nowadays, the use of composites columns, especially
concrete wrapped with FRPs, has gained popularity in
high-rise buildings and high seismic risk regions due to
the high strength-to-weight ratio and increased deform-
ability [5]. Many authors have provided analytical models
aiming to describe the response of externally confined
specimens. Among this, design-oriented and analysis-
oriented stress–strain models developed by Lam and Teng
[6] and Teng et al. [7, 8] can be considered. A design-
oriented stress–strain model [6] is formulated including
the actual hoop strain in FRP jackets at rupture and the
significant strength improvement with the sufficient FRP
confinement [7]. An analysis-oriented stress–strain model
is developed for FRP confined concrete [8] considering
the interaction between the concrete core and the FRP
jacket. Regard to experimental studies, Xiao and Wu [9]
did axial compression test on concrete cylinders confined
Correspondence to: Liang Huang; e-mail: huangliangstudy@126.com
Contract grant sponsor: Science Foundation for Distinguished Young
Scholars of Hunan Province, China; contract grant number: 2015JJ1004.
DOI 10.1002/pc.23761
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).
V
C 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015
2. by carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite
jackets. It is found that CFRP composite jackets increased
the compression strength and ductility of concrete signifi-
cantly. Amir and Sami [10–12] studied the behavior of
axially loaded concrete-filled GFRP tubes. The results
indicated that concrete-filled GFRP tubes provide an
encouraging confinement and maintain a high level of
ductility. Mohamed et al. [13] investigated behavior of
concrete columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer
(GFRP and CFRP) tubes. They concluded that external
confinement of concrete by FRP tubes can significantly
enhance the strength, ductility and energy absorption
capacity of concrete.
Most of the research mentioned focused on G/CFRP,
to the best of authors’ knowledge, in the literature, for
natural FRP composites, only flax fibers in the form of
pre-fabricated tube were considered as confinement of
concrete [14–24], so far, no studies have dealt with con-
crete specimens confined with wrapping jute fibers. Com-
pared with conventional synthetic glass or carbon fibers,
jute and sisal fibers offer further advantages such as
lower cost, high impact resistance, high tensile and flex-
ural strength-to-weight ratios, high toughness and fracture
energy [25–27]. Among these fibers, sisal is of particular
interest because its composites have high impact strength
as well as moderate tensile and flexural properties com-
pared to other natural fibers [25–27]. Therefore, an exper-
imental investigation is performed to investigate the
compressive behavior of sisal fiber reinforced concrete
(SFRC) composite cylinders wrapped by jute FRP
(termed as SFRC-JFRP). The experimental results are
also compared with those on plain concrete (PC) compos-
ite cylinders wrapped by JFRP.
MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Materials
In this study, commercial bidirectional woven jute fab-
ric (480 g/m2
) was obtained from HAINING YUTEX Co.,
Ltd. The epoxy used was CH-1A, which is specifically
designed for use in a variety of resin infusion processes.
The properties of CH-1A are listed in Table 1.
Experimental Techniques
Three different layer arrangements of JFRP tube were
considered: one layer, three layers and five layers. Tensile
properties of JFRP composites were determined by a flat
coupon test on MTS machine according to ASTM D3039
[28]. The physical and mechanical properties of JFRP
composites are displayed in Table 2.
All specimens can be divided into two types: PC and
SFRC. The design of both types of concrete followed
ACI Standard 211.1 [29]. The water–cement ratio of the
concrete was 0.58. The maximum size of the coarse
aggregate was 18 mm. For SFRC, the sisal fibers had
been treated and cut into a length of 40 mm, which were
added to PC during mixing. The considered sisal fiber
weight content was 0.3% of the mass of the cement. For
each confined cylinder, the concrete was casted before
wrapping jute fiber sheets around it. The JFRP was made
by hand lay-up of unidirectional jute fiber sheets on
epoxy saturated surfaces with paintbrushes or rollers to
fully saturate the layers with epoxy. The overlap length
of JFRP was 300 mm. Two narrow jute fiber sheets were
wrapped around both ends of the JFRP sheets to avoid
the premature failure of the specimens. The major fabri-
cation procedure is shown in Fig. 1. Table 3 lists the
material properties of the concrete.
Compression Testing
A total of 24 cylindrical specimens were constructed
and tested under uniaxial compression to investigate the
compressive behaviour of SFRC-JFRP. Nine SFRCs were
wrapped by JFRP with one (1L-SFRC-JFRP), three (3L-
SFRC-JFRP) and five (5L-SFRC-JFRP) layers. For
comparison, 9 PCs were wrapped by JFRP with one (1L-
PC-JFRP), three (3L-PC-JFRP) and five (5L-PC-JFRP)
layers, as well as 3 PCs and 3 SFRC cylinders were used.
The test variables are JFRP plies and sisal fiber inclusion.
Test matrix of the specimens for this study is listed in
Table 4. In the table, ‘PC-JFRP’ indicates PC wrapped by
JFRP and ‘SFRC-JFRP’ indicates sisal fiber reinforced
concrete wrapped by JFRP, respectively. All the speci-
mens were tested using a high-stiffness compression test-
ing machine at the Structural Laboratory of Hunan
University. The concrete cylinders were tested under dis-
placement control mode with a constant rate of 0.25 mm/
min. The acquired data included the applied axial load, P,
axial deformation of concrete, and transverse and axial
strains of the JFRP. As shown in Fig. 2, to obtain data
without the influence, which included the possible imper-
fect contacts and the end confinement, as well as the fric-
tion between the ends of the specimens and the loading
platens, the axial deformation of the concrete was
TABLE 1. Properties of epoxy system.
Properties Epoxy system
Epoxy CH1-A
Mix ratio by weight Resin: Hardener 5 10:5
Viscosity at 25 8C (cP) 1200-1400
Density (g/cm3
) 1.02
TABLE 2. Physical and mechanic properties of JFRP composites.
Layers
FRP
thickness
(mm)
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Tensile
modulus
(GPa)
Tensile
strain
(E)
1 0.8 83.58 2.59 0.0319
3 2.4 90.43 2.67 0.0339
5 4.0 96.32 2.79 0.0348
2 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 DOI 10.1002/pc
3. measured for the middle portion with a gauge length of
150 mm, using two linear variable displacement trans-
ducers (LVDT). For each JFRP-confined specimen, four
hoop strain gauges with a gauge length of 10 mm and four
axial strain gauges with a gauge length of 20mm were
installed at the middle portion of the specimen (Fig. 3).
Note that despite the jacket was not directly bearing the
loading plates at the ends, some axial stress exists in the
JFRP due to the bond transfer between JFRP and concrete.
The axial stress in the JFRP composite is considered insig-
nificant compared to that in the concrete as well as the cir-
cumferential stress in the JFRP. Readings of the load,
strain gauges and LVDTs were achieved using a data log-
ging system and were stored in a computer.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the compression strengths of specimens
are listed in Table 5. The axial stress–strain relationship
and the failure modes of specimens are also shown in the
form of figures.
Plain concrete Specimens
Figure 4 shows the stress–strain relationship of the uncon-
fined PC and unconfined SFRC. It can be observed that the
average peak stress of SFRC is 21.0 MPa and a correspond-
ing deformation of 0.28%, which is larger than 19.6 MPa and
0.20% of PC. Besides, it was found that the failure pattern of
the PC was quite different from that of SFRC. After failed,
the PC core was completely crushed. However, SFRC core
was only damaged with macro-cracks but still integrally held
together by the sisal fibers. This phenomenon indicates that
sisal fiber inclusion can effectively restrict the propagation of
the cracks in the concrete core.
Specimen PC-JFRP
The axial compressive stress–strain curve of PC-JFRP
is displayed in Fig. 5. For one layer of JFRP, an obvious
increase in the bearing compressive load, compared to the
case of unconfined PC, is observed. The average peak
stress increased from 19.6 MPa to 23.2 MPa, with a cor-
responding strain of 0.58%, which is two times than the
strain of unconfined PC.
FIG. 1. Primary fabrication procedure of specimens.
TABLE 3. Material properties of the concrete.
Specimens
Average cube
compressive
strength (MPa)
Average prism
compressive
strength (MPa)
Average
Elastic
modulus (GPa)
PC 25.7 19.5 21.7
SFRC 26.8 20.3 22.5
DOI 10.1002/pc POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 3
4. Regard to three layers of JFRP wraps, specimens show
further increase in the strength to 26.56 MPa if compared
to 1L-PC-JFRP. Besides, the ultimate deformation is
1.08%, two times larger than that of 1L-PC-JFRP and
four times larger than that of unconfined PC. For the
cases of five layers, a further increase of peak load at
31.1 MPa is found. In this case, the ultimate strain
increases to 1.41%, almost five times larger than that of
unconfined PC. In this study, confinement effectiveness
of the confined concrete (defined as the ratio of the ulti-
mate compression strength of the confined PC or the con-
fined sisal fiber reinforced concrete to that of the peak
compression strength of PC) of the specimens are given
in Table 5. As can be seen, the confinement effectiveness
is 1.18, 1.36 and 1.59 respectively for the confined PC
specimen with one-layer, three-layer and five-layer JFRP
composites. It is clear that the increase of confinement
effectiveness is directly proportional to an increase in the
number of JFRP layers.
In terms of the shapes of curves, the curves showed in
the Fig. 5 can be easily divided into three parts, two
linear regions connected by a nonlinear transition region.
In the first linear part, the stress–strain behaviour of PC-
JFRP is similar to the corresponding unconfined PC. In
this stage, the stress increases dramatically with the
increase of strain. Despite that, the applied axial stress is
low, and lateral expansion of the confined PC is too small
to put the confinement of JFRP wraps in work. When the
applied stress approaches the peak strength, considerable
micro-cracks were propagated in concrete and the lateral
expansion significantly increased. At this time, the curve
FIG. 2. Test setup.
FIG. 3. Location of strain gauges. [Color figure can be viewed in the
online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
TABLE 4. Test matrix of the specimens considered in this study.
Specimen
group
No. of
specimens
No. of
fabric
layers
Core
diameter
D (mm)
Length
(mm)
PC 3 – 150 300
SFRC 3 – 150 300
1L-PC-JFRP 3 1 150 300
3L-PC-JFRP 3 3 150 300
5L-PC-JFRP 3 5 150 300
1L-SFRC-JFRP 3 1 150 300
3L-SFRC-JFRP 3 3 150 300
5L-SFRC-JFRP 3 5 150 300
4 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 DOI 10.1002/pc
5. enters the nonlinear transition stage and the confinement
of JFRP wraps start working. When the confinement of
JFRP wraps is fully activated, the strength and ductility
of concrete enhance considerably, this belongs to the third
part. At this part, the hoop tensile stress in the JFRP
wraps increases with the increase of axial stress. The fail-
ure of JFRP wraps occurs after the hoop stress exceeding
the ultimate tensile strength of JFRP wraps obtained from
the flat coupon tensile test.
Figure 6 shows the failure modes observed in the con-
fined PC-JFRP specimens: the failure of specimens under
uniaxial compression was initiated at the middle height of
the JFRP and progressed towards its top and bottom ends.
The rupture of external wraps was then occurred with a sud-
den cut of fibers along the length of the specimens. After
the failure of specimens, only a single crack was observed
and this crack propagated along the fiber direction.
Specimen SRFC-JFRP
Figure 7 shows the axial compressive stress–strain
relationship of SFRC-JFRP specimens. The failure mode
of SFRC-JFRP is displayed in Fig. 8. According to the
figures, the response and failure mode of SFRC-JFRP is
similar to that of PC-JFRP, except for the maximum com-
pressive bearing load and ultimate strain. For unconfined
sisal reinforce concrete SFRC, the peak load is 21.0 MPa,
which is slightly larger to that of unconfined PC. At the
same time, the ultimate deformation of SFRC is 0.38%,
which is slightly larger than that of unconfined PC as
well. For the cases of different layers SFRC-JFRP, Both
peak stress and corresponding strain show the same trend.
The maximum strength of 1, 3, 5 layers SFRC is 23.8
MPa, 28.2MPa, 34.3 MPa respectively, with the corre-
sponding strain 0.69%, 1.27% and 1.68%, respectively.
Table 5 shows that the confinement effectiveness of one-
layer, three-layer and five-layer JFRP confined SFRC
concrete is 1.21, 1.44 and 1.75, respectively. Compared
with the values of confinement effectiveness of PC con-
fined by the same layers of JFRP (i.e., 1.18, 1.36, and
1.59, respectively), it can be concluded that the sisal fiber
inclusion further improves the confinement effectiveness
of the concrete. Sisal fibers within concrete can bridge
the macro-cracks of the concrete and also provide an
effective secondary reinforcement for the crack control of
the concrete which in turn increase in the ultimate com-
pression stress of the confined concrete.
Confinement Performance
Coefficient of confinement is an important parameter to
investigate the compression properties of concrete
TABLE 5. Compressive parameters of the specimens.
Specimen type f0
co (MPa) eco (%) f0
cu (MPa) ecu (%) f0
cu
f0
co
fl;a (MPa) Ductilityecu=Eco
PC 19.6 0.28 – – – – –
SFRC 21.0 0.39 – – – – –
1L-PC-JFRP 19.6 0.28 23.2 0.58 1.18 0.89 2.07
3L-PC-JFRP 19.6 0.28 26.6 1.08 1.36 2.89 3.86
5L-PC -JFRP 19.6 0.28 31.1 1.42 1.59 5.14 5.07
1L-SFRC-JFRP 21.0 0.39 23.8 0.69 1.21 0.89 1.77
3L-SFRC-JFRP 21.0 0.39 28.2 1.27 1.44 2.89 3.26
5L-SFRC-JFRP 21.0 0.39 34.3 1.68 1.75 5.14 4.31
FIG. 4. Axial stress–strain behavior of unconfined specimens. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com.]
FIG. 5. Axial stress–strain behavior of PC-JFRP. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com.]
DOI 10.1002/pc POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 5
6. cylinders. Lam and Teng [6] have proposed the Eqs. 1a
and 1b to calculate the improvement of the wrapped con-
crete cylinders in compressive strength and ultimate strain.
f0
cc
f0
co
5 1 1 k1
fl;a
f0
co
(1a)
ecc
eco
5 1 1 k2
fl;a
f0
co
(1b)
where k1 is the confinement effectiveness coefficient and
k2 is strain enhancement coefficient. f0
co and f0
cc stand for
the peak compressive strength of the unconfined concrete
and confined concrete respectively. Eco and Ecc is the
axial strain for unconfined concrete and confined concrete
at the corresponding peak compressive strength. fl;a is the
lateral pressure between JFRP wraps and concrete and is
calculated using Eq. 2.
fl; a 5
2ffrpt
d
(2)
where ffrp is the JFRP material tensile strength in the
hoop direction. t is the thickness of the wrapped JFRP. d
is the diameter of the cylinder. The compressive parame-
ters of the specimens are displayed in Table 5.
As shown in Fig. 9a, the coefficient of the confinement
k1 of SFRC-JFRP is 2.475, which is larger than 1.861 of
PC-JFRP. This indicates that the effective confinement of
SFRC-JFRP is better than normal RC cylinders wrapped
by JFRP. This is due to that sisal fiber included in the
concrete effectively limits the lateral expansion of con-
crete core. Thus, the failure of JFRP wraps delayed, lead-
ing to the better confinement than normal RC cylinders
wrapped by JFRP. For the enhancement of the ultimate
strain k2, the value of SFRC-JFRP is 12.48, which is
smaller than 13.76 of PC-JFRP [Fig. 9b). This indicates
that sisal fiber included in the concrete does not increase
the enhancement of the ultimate strain. Therefore, the
proposed models for ultimate strength and ultimate strain
of PC-JFRP are shown in Eqs. 3a and 3b, while those of
SFRC-JFRP are expressed as Eqs. 4a and 4b:
FIG. 6. Typical failure mode of PC-JFRP. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
FIG. 7. Axial stress–strain behavior of SFRC-JFRP. [Color figure can
be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.
com.]
FIG. 8. Typical failure mode of SFRC-JFRP. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
6 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 DOI 10.1002/pc
7. f0
cc
f0
co
5111:861
fl;a
f0
co
(3a)
ecc
eco
51113:76
fl;a
f0
co
(3b)
f0
cc
f0
co
5112:475
fl;a
f0
co
(4a)
ecc
eco
51112:48
fl;a
f0
co
(4b)
Tables 6 and 7 show the comparison of experimental
ultimate strength of PC-JFRP and SFRC-JFRP with the
prediction obtained from the proposed models. In order to
investigate the accuracy of the proposed model, the model
accuracy classification proposed by Yan and Chouw [15]
is used in this article. Three categories of accuracy are
made. When the error is not bigger than 15%, it belongs
to good accuracy. If the error is bigger than 15% but not
bigger than 30%, it indicates the relative accuracy. How-
ever if the error is bigger than 30%, the model is inaccur-
acy. According to the results, the proposed strength
models of PC-JFRP and SFRC-JFRP have good accuracy.
Especially for SFRC-JFRP, the largest error is only 2.5%.
Regarding to strain models, SFRC-JFRP has better accu-
racy than that of PC-JFRP. Nevertheless, both PC-JFRP
and SFRC-JFRP strain models are accurate to predict the
ultimate strain. Tables 8 and 9 give the comparisons
between experimental and predicted ultimate strain of the
specimens.
Ductility
The axial strain ratio of the confined concrete to that of
the unconfined concrete is usually used to evaluate the
ductility of G/CFRP confined concrete [12]. The calculated
ductility of each specimen is displayed in Table 5. We can
easily get from the table that the ductility of PC-JFRP is
greater than SFRC-JFRP. For each different layer, the
FIG. 9. Confinement effect of concrete cylinders: (a) strength enhance-
ment (b) strain enhancement.
TABLE 6. Comparison of experimental results and proposed PC-JFRP
strength models.
Models
PC-JFRP
One-
layer Error
Three-
layer Error
Five-
layer Error
Test results 23.2 – 26.6 – 31.1 –
PC-JFRP 20.7 10.7% 23.1 13.2% 25.7 17.4%
Note: error5j (prediction)-test)/testj*100%
TABLE 7. Comparison of experimental results and proposed
SFRC-JFRP strength models.
Models
SFRC-JFRP
One-
layer Error
Three-
layer Error
Five-
layer Error
Test results 23.8 – 28.2 – 34.3 –
PC-JFRP 23.2 2.5% 28.2 0% 33.7 1.7%
TABLE 8. Comparison of experimental results and proposed PC-JFRP
strain models.
Models
PC-JFRP
One-
layer Error
Three-
layer Error
Five-
layer Error
Test results 0.58% – 1.08% – 1.42% –
PC-JFRP 0.46% 20.1% 0.84% 21.3% 1.29% 9.2%
TABLE 9. Comparison of experimental results and proposed SFRC-
JFRP strain models.
Models
SFRC-JFRP
One-
layer Error
Three-
layer Error
Five-
layer Error
Test results 0.69% – 1.27% – 1.68% –
PC-JFRP 0.60% 13.0% 1.06% 16.5% 1.58% 6.0%
DOI 10.1002/pc POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 7
8. ductility of PC-JFRP is 2.07, 3.86, and 5.07 for one-layer,
three-layer and five-layer, which is larger than 1.77, 3.26,
and 4.31 of the corresponding SFRC-JFRPs. Therefore,
sisal fiber inclusion decreased the ductility of concrete cyl-
inders. This is due to that the sisal fiber included in the
concrete core could not provide the deformation ability to
the whole specimen. Besides, the ductility of the specimens
increased with more layers of wrapping JFRP. For PC-
JFRP, the ductility of three-layer specimen is 1.86 times
larger than one-layer specimen. The ductility of five-layer
specimen is even 2.45 times larger than one-layer speci-
men. We can get the same situation in SFRC-JFRP as
well. The ductility of one-layer specimen is only 54.3% of
the ductility of three-layer specimen and 41.1% of the duc-
tility of five-layer specimen.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the compressive behaviour of PC and
SFRC cylinders wrapped by natural jute fabric reinforced
polymer (JFRP) was experimentally investigated. Based
on the test results and analysis, the following conclusions
were drawn:
1. JFRP wrapping increases the compressive strength of both
PC and SFRC significantly with an increase in JFRP
layers, i.e. the increase in ultimate compressive strength
for one, three, and five layer JFRP is 18.4%, 35.7%, and
58.7%, respectively. Besides, the inclusion of sisal fiber
further enhances the strength of the member, i.e. com-
pared with the PC, one, three, and five layer JFRP con-
fined PC, the increase is 2.6%, 6.0%, 10.3% for the
corresponding SFRC specimen, respectively.
2. For stress–strain relationship, both PC-JFRP and JFRP-
SFRC specimens under compression behave bi-linear
manner connected by a nonlinear transition region, which
is similar to the typical stress–strain curves of glass or
carbon FRP confined concrete.
3. Sisal fiber inclusion can effectively reduce the propaga-
tion of the cracks in the concrete core for both PC and
JFRP confined PC specimens.
4. Sisal fiber included in the concrete increases the efficiency
of confinement, but does not increases the ultimate strain.
5. Sisal fiber inclusion cannot enhance the ductility, while
the increasing layers improve the ductility of the FRP
wrapping concrete cylinders.
6. The proposed models can predict the ultimate strength
and ultimate strain of PC-JFRP and SFRC-JFRP consid-
ered in this study accurately.
In general, this study shows the feasibility of jute fabric
reinforced polymer composites as external reinforcement
materials of concrete and sisal fiber as reinforcement
within concrete as axial structural members. In the follow-
ing, studies on the feasibility of JFRP as flexural strength-
ening materials of concrete beams and as axial/flexural
strengthening materials of masonry structures will be
investigated. In addition, to have a better understanding of
JFRP and sisal fibers as construction and building materi-
als, their durability will be considered.
NOMENCLATURE
CFRP Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
FRP Fiber reinforced polymer
JFRP Jute FRP
LVDT Linear variable displacement transducers
PC Plain concrete
SFRC Sisal fiber reinforced concrete
REFERENCES
1. E. Zini and M. Scandola. Poly. Compos., 32, 1905 (2011).
2. L. Yan, N. Chouw, and K. Jayaraman, Mat. Des., 71, 17 (2015).
3. L. Yan, N. Chouw, and K. Jayaraman, Compos. Part B:
Eng., 56, 296 (2014).
4. H. Ku, H. Wang, N. Pattarachaiyakoop, and M. Trada,
Compos. Part B: Eng., 42, 856 (2011).
5. K. Karimi, M.J. Tait, and W.W. EI-Dakhakhni, Compos.
Struct., 23, 583 (2011).
6. L. Lam and J.G. Teng, Constr. Build. Mater., 17, 471 (2003).
7. J.G. Teng, T. Jiang, L. Lam, and Y. Luo, J. Compos.
Constr., 13, 269 (2009).
8. J.G. Teng, Y.L. Huang, L. Lam, and L. Ye, J. Compos.
Constr., 11, 201 (2007).
9. Y. Xiao and H. Wu, J. Mater. Civil. Eng., 12, 139 (2000).
10. Z.F. Amir and H.R. Sami, ACI Struct. J., 98, 280 (2001).
11. Z.F. Amir and H.R. Sami, ACI Struct. J., 98, 451 (2001).
12. Z.F. Amir and H.R. Sami, ACI Struct. J., 100, 499 (2003).
13. S. Mohamed, A.T. Houssam, and Z.J. Li, ACI Struct. J., 96,
500 (2011).
14. L. Yan, N. Chouw, and K. Jayarman, Constr. Build. Mater.,
55, 299 (2014).
15. L. Yan and N. Chouw, J. Compos. Mater., 47, 2133 (2013).
16. L. Yan and N. Chouw, Mater. Des., 52, 801 (2013).
17. L. Yan and N. Chouw, J. Compos. Mater., 48, 1595 (2014).
18. L. Yan and N. Chouw, Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 1118 (2013).
19. L. Yan and N. Chouw, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 32, 1
(2013).
20. L. Yan and N. Chouw, Thin-Walled Struct., 82,159 (2014).
21. L. Yan, S. Su, and N. Chouw, Compos. Part B., 80, 343 (2015).
22. L. Yan, N. Chouw, and K. Jayaraman, Mater. Des., 71, 17
(2015).
23. L. Yan, A. Duchez, and N. Chouw, J. Reinf. Plast. Com-
pos., 32, 273 (2013).
24. L. Yan and N. Chouw, Constr. Build. Mater., 40,1118
(2012).
25. S.A.R. Hashmi, R.S. Rajput, A. Naik, and N. Chand, Poly.
Compos., 36, 214 (2015).
26. M.J. Pawar, A. Patnaik, and R. Nagar, Polym. Compos., (2015).
27. G. Raghavendra, K.A. Kumar, M.H. Kumar, B. RaghuKumar,
and S. Ojha, Polym. Compos., (2015).
28. ASTM, Standard Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Poly-
mer Matrix Composites Materials, ASTM D3039 (2008).
29. ACI 211.1-91, Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions
for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete, Farmington
Hills, Michigan, American Concrete Institute (1991).
8 POLYMER COMPOSITES—2015 DOI 10.1002/pc