A think piece from Team Consulting, the medical product development experts.
Features two articles:
> Usability validation is a "game of words, not a game of numbers"
> Which shade of beige? The importance of Visual Language in medical devices
WORRELL is a medical device design firm that has partnered with global industry leaders since 1976. In 2007, WORRELL China was established to provide user-centric design services for companies developing medical devices and healthcare products for emerging markets. WORRELL offers expertise in areas such as research and strategy, design, engineering, and human factors to help clients with all stages of the medical device design process.
This document provides information about an undergraduate project by Rafiandra Widhiansyah to design a medicine case for elderly users. Through user research including interviews and usability testing of existing products, Rafiandra identified needs for a medicine box that could organize multiple medications and remind users to take their medicine. A low-fidelity prototype was developed and evaluated before recommendations for redesign. A second project summary describes the design of a mobile application, Coassdent, to help dental assistants connect with patients to fulfill program requirements.
Upfront Communication Makes for Better Medical Device Manufacturing - Tom Bla...marcus evans Network
Tom Black a speaker at the marcus evans Medical Device Manufacturing Summit Fall 2012 and the Medical Device R&D Summit Fall 2012, on how being prepared and having an innovative outlook can bring about further opportunities in the medical device manufacturing industry.
Interview with: Tom Black, Vice President, Original Equipment Manufacturer & International Divisions Sales and Marketing, B. Braun Medical Inc.
Benchmark Research & Safety, Inc. is a multifaceted consulting firm that provides innovative solutions to enhance safety, performance, and satisfaction. They employ human factors practitioners, scientists, researchers, project managers, and software programmers to meet client needs. There are five reasons to choose Benchmark: 1) they take a comprehensive approach to solution development; 2) their staff has diverse backgrounds; 3) they have broad work experience in areas like usability, safety, and web development; 4) they focus on cost-effective solutions; 5) their solutions meet current needs and anticipate future requirements.
The document discusses rethinking the one-size-fits-all approach to medical device design. It argues that designing devices that better target the physical and emotional needs of different patient groups could improve compliance. It provides three examples (John, Tom, Mary) to demonstrate how the same device core could be customized through variations in form factor, features, aesthetics and other design elements to better suit different users' needs and lifestyles. The document advocates considering real users' needs early in the design process to identify reasonable customization opportunities while balancing regulatory and cost factors.
Academic Journal : Linking Empathy with ProfitStuart Lamb
This document summarizes an article that explores the relationship between customer experiences with call centers and company profitability. The article presents research using data from Harding & Yorke's ERIC Program, which measures customer experience, and financial data from AMADEUS. The research found a strong relationship between certain dimensions of customer experience, as measured by ERIC, and company profitability, as measured by ROCE. The article concludes that investigating this relationship could help companies determine if their call center management is focused on the right attributes to improve profitability.
UltraVirgo Creative provided health-focused design and branding services in 2010. They believe that smart design can improve access to and understanding of vital health information by providing clarity, education, authenticity, and personal connections. Examples of their work included rebranding a nursing home to modernize elder care, creating informational graphics for an insurance company, designing an annual report for a new healthcare merger, and developing identities for internal divisions of a pharmaceutical company.
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
It contains :
- Notes on Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology of respiratory system
- Cardinal symptoms in respiratory diseases
- Diagnostic procedures
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
WORRELL is a medical device design firm that has partnered with global industry leaders since 1976. In 2007, WORRELL China was established to provide user-centric design services for companies developing medical devices and healthcare products for emerging markets. WORRELL offers expertise in areas such as research and strategy, design, engineering, and human factors to help clients with all stages of the medical device design process.
This document provides information about an undergraduate project by Rafiandra Widhiansyah to design a medicine case for elderly users. Through user research including interviews and usability testing of existing products, Rafiandra identified needs for a medicine box that could organize multiple medications and remind users to take their medicine. A low-fidelity prototype was developed and evaluated before recommendations for redesign. A second project summary describes the design of a mobile application, Coassdent, to help dental assistants connect with patients to fulfill program requirements.
Upfront Communication Makes for Better Medical Device Manufacturing - Tom Bla...marcus evans Network
Tom Black a speaker at the marcus evans Medical Device Manufacturing Summit Fall 2012 and the Medical Device R&D Summit Fall 2012, on how being prepared and having an innovative outlook can bring about further opportunities in the medical device manufacturing industry.
Interview with: Tom Black, Vice President, Original Equipment Manufacturer & International Divisions Sales and Marketing, B. Braun Medical Inc.
Benchmark Research & Safety, Inc. is a multifaceted consulting firm that provides innovative solutions to enhance safety, performance, and satisfaction. They employ human factors practitioners, scientists, researchers, project managers, and software programmers to meet client needs. There are five reasons to choose Benchmark: 1) they take a comprehensive approach to solution development; 2) their staff has diverse backgrounds; 3) they have broad work experience in areas like usability, safety, and web development; 4) they focus on cost-effective solutions; 5) their solutions meet current needs and anticipate future requirements.
The document discusses rethinking the one-size-fits-all approach to medical device design. It argues that designing devices that better target the physical and emotional needs of different patient groups could improve compliance. It provides three examples (John, Tom, Mary) to demonstrate how the same device core could be customized through variations in form factor, features, aesthetics and other design elements to better suit different users' needs and lifestyles. The document advocates considering real users' needs early in the design process to identify reasonable customization opportunities while balancing regulatory and cost factors.
Academic Journal : Linking Empathy with ProfitStuart Lamb
This document summarizes an article that explores the relationship between customer experiences with call centers and company profitability. The article presents research using data from Harding & Yorke's ERIC Program, which measures customer experience, and financial data from AMADEUS. The research found a strong relationship between certain dimensions of customer experience, as measured by ERIC, and company profitability, as measured by ROCE. The article concludes that investigating this relationship could help companies determine if their call center management is focused on the right attributes to improve profitability.
UltraVirgo Creative provided health-focused design and branding services in 2010. They believe that smart design can improve access to and understanding of vital health information by providing clarity, education, authenticity, and personal connections. Examples of their work included rebranding a nursing home to modernize elder care, creating informational graphics for an insurance company, designing an annual report for a new healthcare merger, and developing identities for internal divisions of a pharmaceutical company.
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
It contains :
- Notes on Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology of respiratory system
- Cardinal symptoms in respiratory diseases
- Diagnostic procedures
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
This document provides an overview of drug delivery to the respiratory system via the nasal cavity. It discusses the advantages of nasal drug delivery such as avoiding first-pass metabolism and rapid drug absorption. The document covers the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity, mechanisms of nasal absorption, factors influencing absorption, and various strategies to improve nasal absorption including permeation enhancers, prodrug approaches, and structural modification of drugs. The theories of mucoadhesion and formulation approaches for nasal delivery are also summarized.
This document summarizes different drugs used to treat asthma and related conditions. It discusses:
1) Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil, which are used prophylactically to inhibit mast cell mediator release and reduce exercise-induced asthma symptoms. Side effects include throat irritation.
2) Methylxanthines like theophylline which work by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, relaxing smooth muscle. They have various effects in the body and drug interactions can affect metabolism.
3) Beta-agonists which are short or long-acting and work by binding beta receptors to relax airways. Corticosteroids are also discussed which reduce inflammation in asthma.
targeted drug delivery system to respiratory systemAnusha Golla
The document presents information on targeting drugs to the lungs for pulmonary drug delivery. It begins with an introduction and overview of lung anatomy. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of pulmonary drug delivery, mechanisms of particle deposition in the airways, and various systems used to target the lungs including microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. The document provides details on different dosage forms for pulmonary delivery such as metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes with examples of marketed pulmonary drug products.
The document discusses respiratory drugs used to treat bronchial asthma. It describes the pathogenesis of asthma and mechanisms of different drug classes including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, and other drugs. Bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, and antimuscarinics work to relax airway smooth muscle. Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs reduce airway inflammation. Newer targeted therapies also show promise in treating asthma.
The document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of the respiratory system as delivering oxygen to cells, eliminating carbon dioxide from the body, and regulating blood pH. It then discusses various components of lung function including ventilation, distribution, diffusion, and perfusion. It provides details on common respiratory drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and methylxanthines. It also covers adverse effects and guidelines for treating conditions like asthma and acute bronchitis.
Bronchodilators relax smooth muscle in the respiratory tract to open airways and decrease airflow resistance. Albuterol sulfate is a common bronchodilator that works by stimulating beta2 receptors to cause bronchodilation and vasodilation. It is used to prevent and relieve bronchoconstriction in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. Expectorants like Robitussin work by enhancing respiratory tract fluid output to thin mucus and promote coughing up of mucus plugs. Antitussives like codeine act on the cough center in the brain to suppress coughing and allow for rest, though they do not stop coughs completely. Both expectorants and antitussives can cause side
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and inflammation by blocking histamine. First generation types cause more sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflexes. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like albuterol and ipratropium open airways for COPD/asthma. Xanthines like theophylline also dilate airways and vessels.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics thin mucus to ease coughing up secretions. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking histamine. First generation causes more side effects like sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflex. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like xanthines and beta-agonists open constricted airways. Theophylline is a xanthine that stimulates respiration but needs monitoring to avoid toxicity.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics help clear secretions by loosening mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5) Drugs for
The document discusses using user personas to guide the design of a healthcare portal. It describes conducting research including interviews with 43 users from 4 countries to develop 9 personas representing the goals and needs of key user groups such as radiologists, administrators, and patients. The personas are used to ensure the portal design meets user needs and supports critical tasks.
[Case Study] Physician, Know Thy User: Using Personas to Target Content and U...Scott Abel
Presented by Joe Sokohl at Documentation and Training Life Sciences, June 23-26, 208 in Indianapolis.
Ever have a project fail? You met with your project team, you talked with the customer, you reviewed technical requirements. But did you talk to your users? Just as one diagnosis doesn’t fit all patients, one application’s approach doesn’t work for all users. Know who accesses your information and uses your applications. Only then choose your features. Using a case study of a multinational project covering four countries, 10 business units, and tens of thousands of content elements, we’ll explore personas, scenarios, and other user-centered techniques. We’ll look at identifying users as well as segregating content according to users and regulatory needs.
What was involved in this cases study?
First we analyzed the 10 business units and their approaches and definitions of business goals. Next we analyzed industry standards for medical devices and their usage.
But that wasn’t enough. We interviewed 40 people in 4 countries, and created an information architecture prototype. We then tested this prototype in hospitals, doctors’ offices, and on site where medical devices were in use.
Based on this contextual inquiry, we refined the architecture and our understanding of the users. Decisions were then made on what type of content would be both appropriate and legal for each user and in each country.
Only with a solid understanding of the users and their goals could we define a flexible, extensible, and usable information and content architecture.
This document discusses six healthcare trends and why user experience matters for addressing them. It provides definitions of usability and user experience, arguing that user experience is broader and requires understanding user needs from the start. The six trends are: 1) increased adoption of electronic medical records, 2) increased patient engagement, 3) mobile health becoming mainstream, 4) moving towards accountable care, 5) rise of retail health clinics, and 6) increased care at home solutions. For each trend, the document discusses challenges and how user-centered design can help address them.
Design Thinking: 5 Steps to Healthy Healthcare AppsJeffery Belden
The document outlines a 5-step design thinking process for developing healthy healthcare apps: learn, define, ideate, build, and iterate. It provides examples of each step applied to a project aimed at improving blood pressure tracking and treatment decisions through a patient-physician app. Key activities described include empathizing with users, generating and refining ideas through prototyping, and validating concepts with users through an iterative process. The goal is to match technology to user needs through collaboration and user-centered design.
The role of industrial designers has evolved significantly from focusing on aesthetics and ergonomics to becoming more involved in the front-end development process, defining user experiences, product architecture, and how products fit within technology and branding strategies. In the medical industry specifically, designers now play a critical role in ensuring usability and that products meet user needs in order to comply with regulatory standards. As consumers become more involved in managing their own healthcare, industrial design will continue to evolve towards a more user-centered approach that focuses on creating coherent experiences from first-use to disposal across apps, packaging, and instructions.
ACC 411 Final Project Scenario Assume you are an audito.docxbartholomeocoombs
ACC 411 Final Project Scenario
Assume you are an auditor at an accounting firm. Your team is getting ready to start a financial audit of
Robbins Network
Solution
s (RNS). You will start with the initial review and audit preparation.
You know the following information about RNS.
Objectives of the Engagement
Audit of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Business and Industry Conditions
RNS sells and installs computers and networking hardware and software, and provides information
technology consulting to businesses. It is currently developing its own computer networking software to
sell to customers.
RNS’s success depends on attracting and retaining personnel with a high level of technical expertise who
are able to provide a broad range of services. The market for staff is highly competitive.
The market for computers and networking products is extremely competitive. RNS’s main competitors
are companies like Dell, Hewlett Packard, and Apple. RNS also competes with local and regional resellers
that provide similar products and consulting services directly to customers. To be competitive, RNS has
relied on its ability to provide its customers with state-of-the-art products in a timely manner. Because
the company does not have the buying power of some of its competitors, it generally must charge a
higher price for its products, but it is also able to provide a higher level of service and expertise to its
customers to compensate for the higher price.
The market for computer products and technology services is sensitive to economic conditions.
Economic indicators predict the U.S. economy will be relatively stagnant for the next few years, with the
annual growth in spending for information technology products and services expected to be 1 percent
per year for the next three years. In the past year, RNS has decided to increase sales by relaxing credit
rules to provide credit to customers with slightly higher credit risk.
Ownership and Management
RNS is a closely held company owned by six stockholders. Two stockholders are active members of the
company’s board of directors. None of the other owners take an active part in the management of the
business.
Objectives, Strategies, and Business Risks
RNS’s primary business objectives are to increase sales, services, and consulting revenues by five
percent and increase net income by seven percent each year for the next three years. Strategies to
achieve those objectives include:
New software development
Aggressive marketing of products and services through increased advertising
Sales to customers with a higher credit risk profile
The primary business risks associated with the company’s strategies include the following:
The U.S. economy may suffer a significant downturn.
Competitors may engage in predatory pricing to gain market share.
Increased advertising expenditures may not produce desired result.
The document discusses intuitive healthcare technology and how it can be implemented effectively. It provides examples of how different organizations have used technologies like tablets, digital pens, voice recognition software and surface computing to improve clinician efficiency and patient safety and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right technology for the intended users and tasks, and considering a balanced approach using multiple complementary technologies instead of focusing on one platform alone.
Ahead of the marcus evans Evolution Summit 2023, read here an interview with Erwin De beuckelaer discussing how utilising and harmonising digital measures in clinical trials will transform the pharma industry.
This document provides an overview of ANSYS Advantage magazine volume IX issue 1 from 2015. The summary includes:
1) ANSYS is dedicated to developing engineering simulation software to enable rapid and innovative product design. Their technology helps customers in demanding markets ensure product integrity and drive business success through innovation.
2) The magazine's lead article discusses how the healthcare industry is adopting simulation to address challenges like rising costs and the need for safe, reliable solutions. Simulation allows testing concepts virtually before physical prototypes.
3) Other articles describe how customers in fields like ophthalmology, medical devices, hearing aids, and more are using simulation to improve product performance and safety while reducing costs and time to market.
This document provides an overview of ANSYS Advantage magazine volume IX issue 1 from 2015. The summary includes:
1) ANSYS is dedicated to developing engineering simulation software to enable rapid and innovative product design and ensure products will succeed. They have over 40 years of experience working with demanding customers.
2) The magazine focuses on how various industries are using simulation for healthcare applications, including ophthalmology, medical devices, hearing aids, regulations, cardiology, and pharmaceuticals.
3) Short articles also discuss other applications of simulation like construction ventilation, fluid dynamics, antennas, nanoparticles, and GPU acceleration of CFD simulations.
MANAGEMENT TRAINEE PROGRAM PROJECTS AND OUTCOMES-brand and communicationSwati Iyer
The document summarizes a research project on customer brand perception of Aster clinics. The research analyzed awareness, appeal, and retention of branding tools like kiosks, TVs, and brochures across 6 Aster clinics. A survey of 400 patients found kiosk content needed improved visibility and language. TV branding in one clinic was very effective. Brochures needed better availability. Suggestions included free WiFi, giveaways, and airing past doctor interviews. The research evaluated branding tools and provided ideas to increase relevance and impact.
Creativ-Ceutical is an international consulting firm that provides strategic pricing, market access, health economics, and outcomes research services to life sciences companies. They help clients develop pricing and reimbursement strategies, determine clinical and economic value, and select appropriate research methods. Their multidisciplinary team has experience across various therapeutic areas and healthcare systems. Creativ-Ceutical aims to combine strong technical expertise with strategic advice to help clients maximize the value and market access of their products.
The Potential of Digital and Remote Care Post-Pandemic-Iain Ansell, Team Cons...marcus evans Network
Ahead of the marcus evans Medical Device Manufacturing Summit 2021, Iain Ansell discusses the future of digital health and how manufacturers can ensure connected devices are user centric
Aerosol Therapy Market Competitive Research And Precise Outlook 2023 To 2030subishsam
The research firm Contrive Datum Insights has just recently added to its database a report with the heading global Aerosol Therapy Market .Both primary and secondary research methodologies have been utilised in order to conduct an analysis of the worldwide Aerosol Therapy Market . In order to provide a comprehensive comprehension of the topic at hand, it has been summed up using appropriate and accurate market insights. According to Contrive Datum Insights, this worldwide comprehensive report is broken up into several categories in order to present the data in a way that is understandable, succinct, and presented in a professional manner.
This document provides an overview of drug delivery to the respiratory system via the nasal cavity. It discusses the advantages of nasal drug delivery such as avoiding first-pass metabolism and rapid drug absorption. The document covers the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity, mechanisms of nasal absorption, factors influencing absorption, and various strategies to improve nasal absorption including permeation enhancers, prodrug approaches, and structural modification of drugs. The theories of mucoadhesion and formulation approaches for nasal delivery are also summarized.
This document summarizes different drugs used to treat asthma and related conditions. It discusses:
1) Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil, which are used prophylactically to inhibit mast cell mediator release and reduce exercise-induced asthma symptoms. Side effects include throat irritation.
2) Methylxanthines like theophylline which work by inhibiting phosphodiesterases, relaxing smooth muscle. They have various effects in the body and drug interactions can affect metabolism.
3) Beta-agonists which are short or long-acting and work by binding beta receptors to relax airways. Corticosteroids are also discussed which reduce inflammation in asthma.
targeted drug delivery system to respiratory systemAnusha Golla
The document presents information on targeting drugs to the lungs for pulmonary drug delivery. It begins with an introduction and overview of lung anatomy. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of pulmonary drug delivery, mechanisms of particle deposition in the airways, and various systems used to target the lungs including microspheres, liposomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. The document provides details on different dosage forms for pulmonary delivery such as metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes with examples of marketed pulmonary drug products.
The document discusses respiratory drugs used to treat bronchial asthma. It describes the pathogenesis of asthma and mechanisms of different drug classes including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, and other drugs. Bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, and antimuscarinics work to relax airway smooth muscle. Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs reduce airway inflammation. Newer targeted therapies also show promise in treating asthma.
The document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of the respiratory system as delivering oxygen to cells, eliminating carbon dioxide from the body, and regulating blood pH. It then discusses various components of lung function including ventilation, distribution, diffusion, and perfusion. It provides details on common respiratory drugs like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, and methylxanthines. It also covers adverse effects and guidelines for treating conditions like asthma and acute bronchitis.
Bronchodilators relax smooth muscle in the respiratory tract to open airways and decrease airflow resistance. Albuterol sulfate is a common bronchodilator that works by stimulating beta2 receptors to cause bronchodilation and vasodilation. It is used to prevent and relieve bronchoconstriction in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. Expectorants like Robitussin work by enhancing respiratory tract fluid output to thin mucus and promote coughing up of mucus plugs. Antitussives like codeine act on the cough center in the brain to suppress coughing and allow for rest, though they do not stop coughs completely. Both expectorants and antitussives can cause side
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and inflammation by blocking histamine. First generation types cause more sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflexes. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like albuterol and ipratropium open airways for COPD/asthma. Xanthines like theophylline also dilate airways and vessels.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics thin mucus to ease coughing up secretions. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5
The document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1) Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking histamine. First generation causes more side effects like sedation.
2) Antitussives suppress cough reflex. Benzonatate and codeine are examples.
3) Bronchodilators like xanthines and beta-agonists open constricted airways. Theophylline is a xanthine that stimulates respiration but needs monitoring to avoid toxicity.
4) Expectorants and mucolytics help clear secretions by loosening mucus. Acetylcysteine is a mucolytic.
5) Drugs for
The document discusses using user personas to guide the design of a healthcare portal. It describes conducting research including interviews with 43 users from 4 countries to develop 9 personas representing the goals and needs of key user groups such as radiologists, administrators, and patients. The personas are used to ensure the portal design meets user needs and supports critical tasks.
[Case Study] Physician, Know Thy User: Using Personas to Target Content and U...Scott Abel
Presented by Joe Sokohl at Documentation and Training Life Sciences, June 23-26, 208 in Indianapolis.
Ever have a project fail? You met with your project team, you talked with the customer, you reviewed technical requirements. But did you talk to your users? Just as one diagnosis doesn’t fit all patients, one application’s approach doesn’t work for all users. Know who accesses your information and uses your applications. Only then choose your features. Using a case study of a multinational project covering four countries, 10 business units, and tens of thousands of content elements, we’ll explore personas, scenarios, and other user-centered techniques. We’ll look at identifying users as well as segregating content according to users and regulatory needs.
What was involved in this cases study?
First we analyzed the 10 business units and their approaches and definitions of business goals. Next we analyzed industry standards for medical devices and their usage.
But that wasn’t enough. We interviewed 40 people in 4 countries, and created an information architecture prototype. We then tested this prototype in hospitals, doctors’ offices, and on site where medical devices were in use.
Based on this contextual inquiry, we refined the architecture and our understanding of the users. Decisions were then made on what type of content would be both appropriate and legal for each user and in each country.
Only with a solid understanding of the users and their goals could we define a flexible, extensible, and usable information and content architecture.
This document discusses six healthcare trends and why user experience matters for addressing them. It provides definitions of usability and user experience, arguing that user experience is broader and requires understanding user needs from the start. The six trends are: 1) increased adoption of electronic medical records, 2) increased patient engagement, 3) mobile health becoming mainstream, 4) moving towards accountable care, 5) rise of retail health clinics, and 6) increased care at home solutions. For each trend, the document discusses challenges and how user-centered design can help address them.
Design Thinking: 5 Steps to Healthy Healthcare AppsJeffery Belden
The document outlines a 5-step design thinking process for developing healthy healthcare apps: learn, define, ideate, build, and iterate. It provides examples of each step applied to a project aimed at improving blood pressure tracking and treatment decisions through a patient-physician app. Key activities described include empathizing with users, generating and refining ideas through prototyping, and validating concepts with users through an iterative process. The goal is to match technology to user needs through collaboration and user-centered design.
The role of industrial designers has evolved significantly from focusing on aesthetics and ergonomics to becoming more involved in the front-end development process, defining user experiences, product architecture, and how products fit within technology and branding strategies. In the medical industry specifically, designers now play a critical role in ensuring usability and that products meet user needs in order to comply with regulatory standards. As consumers become more involved in managing their own healthcare, industrial design will continue to evolve towards a more user-centered approach that focuses on creating coherent experiences from first-use to disposal across apps, packaging, and instructions.
ACC 411 Final Project Scenario Assume you are an audito.docxbartholomeocoombs
ACC 411 Final Project Scenario
Assume you are an auditor at an accounting firm. Your team is getting ready to start a financial audit of
Robbins Network
Solution
s (RNS). You will start with the initial review and audit preparation.
You know the following information about RNS.
Objectives of the Engagement
Audit of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Business and Industry Conditions
RNS sells and installs computers and networking hardware and software, and provides information
technology consulting to businesses. It is currently developing its own computer networking software to
sell to customers.
RNS’s success depends on attracting and retaining personnel with a high level of technical expertise who
are able to provide a broad range of services. The market for staff is highly competitive.
The market for computers and networking products is extremely competitive. RNS’s main competitors
are companies like Dell, Hewlett Packard, and Apple. RNS also competes with local and regional resellers
that provide similar products and consulting services directly to customers. To be competitive, RNS has
relied on its ability to provide its customers with state-of-the-art products in a timely manner. Because
the company does not have the buying power of some of its competitors, it generally must charge a
higher price for its products, but it is also able to provide a higher level of service and expertise to its
customers to compensate for the higher price.
The market for computer products and technology services is sensitive to economic conditions.
Economic indicators predict the U.S. economy will be relatively stagnant for the next few years, with the
annual growth in spending for information technology products and services expected to be 1 percent
per year for the next three years. In the past year, RNS has decided to increase sales by relaxing credit
rules to provide credit to customers with slightly higher credit risk.
Ownership and Management
RNS is a closely held company owned by six stockholders. Two stockholders are active members of the
company’s board of directors. None of the other owners take an active part in the management of the
business.
Objectives, Strategies, and Business Risks
RNS’s primary business objectives are to increase sales, services, and consulting revenues by five
percent and increase net income by seven percent each year for the next three years. Strategies to
achieve those objectives include:
New software development
Aggressive marketing of products and services through increased advertising
Sales to customers with a higher credit risk profile
The primary business risks associated with the company’s strategies include the following:
The U.S. economy may suffer a significant downturn.
Competitors may engage in predatory pricing to gain market share.
Increased advertising expenditures may not produce desired result.
The document discusses intuitive healthcare technology and how it can be implemented effectively. It provides examples of how different organizations have used technologies like tablets, digital pens, voice recognition software and surface computing to improve clinician efficiency and patient safety and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right technology for the intended users and tasks, and considering a balanced approach using multiple complementary technologies instead of focusing on one platform alone.
Ahead of the marcus evans Evolution Summit 2023, read here an interview with Erwin De beuckelaer discussing how utilising and harmonising digital measures in clinical trials will transform the pharma industry.
This document provides an overview of ANSYS Advantage magazine volume IX issue 1 from 2015. The summary includes:
1) ANSYS is dedicated to developing engineering simulation software to enable rapid and innovative product design. Their technology helps customers in demanding markets ensure product integrity and drive business success through innovation.
2) The magazine's lead article discusses how the healthcare industry is adopting simulation to address challenges like rising costs and the need for safe, reliable solutions. Simulation allows testing concepts virtually before physical prototypes.
3) Other articles describe how customers in fields like ophthalmology, medical devices, hearing aids, and more are using simulation to improve product performance and safety while reducing costs and time to market.
This document provides an overview of ANSYS Advantage magazine volume IX issue 1 from 2015. The summary includes:
1) ANSYS is dedicated to developing engineering simulation software to enable rapid and innovative product design and ensure products will succeed. They have over 40 years of experience working with demanding customers.
2) The magazine focuses on how various industries are using simulation for healthcare applications, including ophthalmology, medical devices, hearing aids, regulations, cardiology, and pharmaceuticals.
3) Short articles also discuss other applications of simulation like construction ventilation, fluid dynamics, antennas, nanoparticles, and GPU acceleration of CFD simulations.
MANAGEMENT TRAINEE PROGRAM PROJECTS AND OUTCOMES-brand and communicationSwati Iyer
The document summarizes a research project on customer brand perception of Aster clinics. The research analyzed awareness, appeal, and retention of branding tools like kiosks, TVs, and brochures across 6 Aster clinics. A survey of 400 patients found kiosk content needed improved visibility and language. TV branding in one clinic was very effective. Brochures needed better availability. Suggestions included free WiFi, giveaways, and airing past doctor interviews. The research evaluated branding tools and provided ideas to increase relevance and impact.
Creativ-Ceutical is an international consulting firm that provides strategic pricing, market access, health economics, and outcomes research services to life sciences companies. They help clients develop pricing and reimbursement strategies, determine clinical and economic value, and select appropriate research methods. Their multidisciplinary team has experience across various therapeutic areas and healthcare systems. Creativ-Ceutical aims to combine strong technical expertise with strategic advice to help clients maximize the value and market access of their products.
The Potential of Digital and Remote Care Post-Pandemic-Iain Ansell, Team Cons...marcus evans Network
Ahead of the marcus evans Medical Device Manufacturing Summit 2021, Iain Ansell discusses the future of digital health and how manufacturers can ensure connected devices are user centric
Aerosol Therapy Market Competitive Research And Precise Outlook 2023 To 2030subishsam
The research firm Contrive Datum Insights has just recently added to its database a report with the heading global Aerosol Therapy Market .Both primary and secondary research methodologies have been utilised in order to conduct an analysis of the worldwide Aerosol Therapy Market . In order to provide a comprehensive comprehension of the topic at hand, it has been summed up using appropriate and accurate market insights. According to Contrive Datum Insights, this worldwide comprehensive report is broken up into several categories in order to present the data in a way that is understandable, succinct, and presented in a professional manner.
Perception Analyzer is an interactive response instrument that enables various market research organizations, research professionals to bring forth instant, honest and unbiased feedback from a group through the use of wireless hand-held device. The device communicates wirelessly with the console over a selected radio frequency. The system can be used in various places such as small focus group facilities and conference rooms, or in large conference centers.
Evidence-based design: definition and application in the healthcare setting Innovations2Solutions
This paper will define evidence-based design and identify outcomes of evidence-based design in healthcare. Two examples will be provided of areas where evidence can – and should – be integrated into healthcare facility design, in order to optimally support healthcare workers and patients.
Clear Language report for Draft_White_Paper_PGHD_Policy_FrameworkDon Taylor
Consumer health technologies have increased the availability of patient-generated health data (PGHD) that can empower patients and provide benefits to clinicians and researchers. However, challenges remain in incorporating PGHD into clinical and research workflows due to a lack of technical infrastructure, guidance on use, and evidence of benefits. Developing a policy framework with enabling actions for stakeholders could help advance the appropriate capture, use, and sharing of PGHD to improve care delivery and research.
Clear Language report for Draft_White_Paper_PGHD_Policy_FrameworkDon Taylor
1) The document provides a clear language report for a draft white paper on a PGHD (patient-generated health data) policy framework. It identifies areas in the white paper that use passive voice, long sentences, and have a high reading level.
2) Key opportunities for PGHD include empowering patients to capture and share their health data to better manage their health. Challenges include a lack of technical infrastructure to support PGHD intake and a lack of guidance on incorporating PGHD into clinical workflows.
3) Enabling actions are needed across the healthcare ecosystem to advance the use of PGHD, including increased funding for programs studying PGHD's impact and developing guidance for integrating P
Voicebrook Quickens Pathology Transcription Turnaround for Enhanced Patient CareGenevieve Fraser
Voicebrook provides speech recognition and reporting solutions for pathology laboratories to optimize workflow and improve patient care. Their primary product, VoiceOver, allows pathology technicians and physicians to complete reports by voice in one step, placing results directly into the system of record without transcription delays. Voicebrook focuses on change management and ongoing support to ensure successful adoption of their solutions. They have strong partnerships with Nuance Communications and pathology software vendors.
The document discusses trends observed in medical device design in 2016. Key trends discussed include increased automation, miniaturization of devices, and use of 3D and 4K visualization technologies. 3D printing and additive manufacturing are also discussed as becoming more prevalent in medical applications. In terms of usability, simplicity, touchscreen interfaces, and customizable devices are highlighted. Aesthetic trends discussed include drawing inspiration from consumer products to create familiarity, use of contrasting black and white designs, and inclusion of brighter colors.
Similar to Patient centred approaches to respiratory drug delivery (20)
Team Consulting won the Design Project of the Year award for their work developing an emergency ventilator called EVA 1.5 to address the urgent need for additional ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were asked to develop, manufacture, and deliver safety critical ventilators in just six weeks, when it usually takes years. By identifying an existing ventilator design from Diamedica and adapting it, along with an agile development process, they were able to design, test, and transfer the EVA 1.5 ventilator to manufacture within the tight six week timeframe. This unprecedented effort to develop a critical medical device from scratch so quickly through collaborative work was a remarkable technical success given the urgent situation
The advantages of a connected device can be explored through the different categories of needs, by trialling a range of solutions and considering a framework of manageable steps.
The document discusses surgical haemostats, which are used to manage bleeding during surgery. It describes both passive haemostats that rely on physical processes like absorption to stop bleeding, as well as active haemostats that exploit the body's clotting cascade. Newer generations of haemostats are improving formulation and delivery methods. Powder-based products are increasing due to advantages like ease of use. Delivery devices are also advancing, such as spray devices that can target bleeding sites accurately while avoiding risks of air embolisms. Further innovations are expected to improve safety, efficacy and convenience of haemostats.
The document discusses "Design Drivers", which are provocative headings and imagery used to define aspirations and provide a vision for product design. Design Drivers help structure ideas generated during brainstorming and provide goals to measure designs against. They describe what is wanted from a product in an emotive way to inspire divergent thinking beyond just meeting requirements. Examples discussed include drivers for a wearable injector like "invisible beneath clothing" and for a device worn on the skin like "comfortable against the skin". Design Drivers are useful for agreeing on a design vision, establishing design direction, and keeping projects on track.
The document summarizes lessons learned from failures in medical device design and development. It discusses several examples of medical device failures that led to major improvements, including the sinking of the Titanic which improved maritime safety regulations. The document outlines seven key lessons for engineers based on case studies of medical device failures: 1) conduct extensive background research; 2) establish and understand user requirements; 3) don't rush the device development process; 4) design for ease of manufacturing and assembly; 5) take a risk based approach; 6) plan for post-market evaluation; and 7) promote a culture of learning from failures.
Three documents discuss superstitions related to the number 13 and bad luck. The first discusses a study finding higher transport accident injuries on Friday the 13th despite fewer vehicles. The second describes the superstition of crossing fingers for good luck. The third discusses cyclists wearing the number 13 upside down to avoid bad karma if assigned that number in a race.
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream. It describes how the BBB is formed by tightly joined endothelial cells that line brain capillaries and only allow certain molecules like oxygen and nutrients to pass through. While this protects the brain, it also makes it difficult to deliver drugs to treat neurological diseases. New strategies are being explored to trick or temporarily alter the BBB to allow drug molecules to cross into the brain, but effectively delivering drugs remains a major challenge.
The document discusses the important role that excipients play in drug formulations. Excipients make up the majority of a drug's composition and are responsible for functions like improving drug stability, delivery, and absorption. Some key points made include:
- Excipients can improve drug heat or freeze resistance to eliminate the need for cold storage of vaccines. Excipients are also used to modify drug release and targeting.
- Viral vectors modified to deliver growth factors could treat neurodegenerative diseases by reaching specific brain cells, though challenges remain in regulating therapeutic actions.
- Nanoparticle drug carriers using excipients like albumin or chitosan can improve targeted delivery of chemotherapy or statins to tumors or
- The document discusses various prototyping methods and advises seeking expert advice from a prototyping company rather than relying solely on 3D printing.
- It describes traditional prototyping methods like vacuum casting and CNC machining that can produce prototypes closer to the final product than 3D printing alone by adding details like colors, finishes, and mechanical functions.
- The author argues that while 3D printing enables quick prototypes, other methods from experienced prototyping companies are still needed to fully evaluate design aspects like colors, finishes, interactions, and durability testing before final production.
Analytical engineering uses both theoretical and empirical methods to inform product design decisions. Theoretical methods include mathematical modeling and simulation, while empirical methods involve physical testing and measurement. Early in design, theoretical tolerance analysis is used, while later empirical metrology data from prototypes is combined with simulation to validate models. For complex issues like component deflection under load, a hybrid approach using initial modeling followed by targeted physical testing and model validation is most effective. Combining methods alleviates limitations of any single approach and ensures high quality data at all stages of design.
The document discusses the process of industrialization, which is the stage of product development where prototypes are transformed into commercial products ready for mass production. Industrialization involves developing manufacturing methods, processes, and ensuring production specifications accurately translate functional requirements. It is a complex stage that requires coordination between design, manufacturing, and quality teams. The resources and time needed for industrialization are often underestimated. The document provides several rules of thumb for successful industrialization, including following quality management systems, documenting a manufacturing strategy plan, involving manufacturing teams early in the design process, and focusing on high-risk components.
Thinking Human by Julian Dixon, PMPS Inhalation Technology SupplementTeam Consulting Ltd
As medical device companies strive to make their products more user-friendly, it becomes clear that listening to the end user is an important part of the process. Through small-scale studies and human factor analysis, inhalers can be developed that are simple and easy to use.
ONdrugDelivery - The advantages of designing high-resistance swirl chambers f...Team Consulting Ltd
In this article, David Harris, Head of Respiratory Drug Delivery, Team Consulting, taps into a powerful combination of detailed anatomical and functional understanding of the human respiratory system, pulmonary drug delivery technology and formulation expertise, and mathematical modelling techniques, in order to put forward the case for high-resistance swirl chambers in dry-powder inhalers, and a rational strategy for optimising the design and thus maximising therapeutic efficacy.
We think it is important to think ahead and to consider what issues the medical industry will be facing in the future.
As we near 2015 we’ve decided to use this as a half-way point. In this infographic we’ve reflected on significant global changes over the last 15 years and looked at the forecasts for the next 15. The result is a glimpse of what challenges healthcare will face in 2030. Can we do anything today to change the future? Or if we accept this vision of the future what do we need to do now to best prepare?
In an issue of IPT (Innovations in Pharmaceutical Technology) magazine, Team Consulting's David Harris explores the benefits of dry powder inhalers for a range of new therapeutic areas, outside of traditional asthma and COPD treatments.
If you were to tell some people that one of the most frustrating aspects of the development of a drug delivery device would be the little clicks that it makes as part of its operation, they would probably think you had lost your sense of priority.
Device developers know this - whether human factors experts or industrial designers, mechanical engineers, or risk analysis teams - yet this aspect of device design, like many others, is frequently not given the attention it deserves. So why is a click so important?
Designing for battery-powered and battery-packed medical devices, EPD&T, Dec ...Team Consulting Ltd
Team's Jonathan Oakley writes about designing the 'graceful shutdown'. When power starts to run out in a medical device it is important to think about which parts of the system are affected and at what stage.
First published in EPD&T in December 2013 http://www.epdtonthenet.net/
The document discusses using mathematical modeling and sensitivity analysis to troubleshoot product design issues. It describes how sensitivity analysis can help identify which design aspects most impact performance when physical testing all design variations is impractical. It provides an example of using these methods to investigate failures in an auto-injector device late in production. Combining mathematical modeling, finite element analysis, and Taguchi experimental design principles allowed efficiently conducting a sensitivity analysis to determine potential causes and solutions.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Patient centred approaches to respiratory drug delivery
1. Patient-centred
approaches to
respiratory drug
delivery
Inside:
- Usability validation is “a game of
words, not a game of numbers”
- Which shade of beige? The
importance of Visual Language in
medical devices
2. Helping clients bring innovative
medical products to market
We are experts in medical product design and development. Working
closely with our clients we apply our expertise in engineering, human
factors, industrial design and technology consulting to identify concepts
and take them from the drawing board to clinical trials, and then on to
commercial launch.
Because all we do is design medical products, we understand the regulations
and constraints that we all work within. We believe that this in-depth
knowledge of the sector leaves us free to focus on using our creativity and
rigour to solve problems and design the best possible products for our
clients.
At Team we believe it is the way we work with our clients that is key to our
success. We pride ourselves on the quality and independence of our advice,
and the strength of our relationships, which are based on integrity, honesty
and trust.
For more information:
- Visit www.team-consulting.com
- Call us on +44(0)1799 532 700
- Email info@team-consulting.com
- Follow us on twitter @team_medical
Team Consulting is accredited to ISO 9001:2008 and 13485:2003.
2 Patient-centred approaches to respiratory drug delivery
3. Usability validation is “a game of
words, not a game of numbers”
By Julian Dixon,
Head of User Research
At the end of March I was invited by Stephen Eason, This view may surprise many of us in the pharmaceutical
Director of Device Development at Vectura, to join him in industry. But it is a reality of human factors work that we
presenting to the IPAC-RS 2011 conference, which had a have recognised for many years. Numbers are important in HF
particular focus on patient needs and concordance. and they must be presented clearly and accurately – for
example, the frequency of occurrence of a particular use-error
During our presentation Stephen reviewed the published in a user trial is a number that matters a great deal. But there
research around inhaler usage, which highlighted some well- are many reasons why the numbers are only the start of the
known, but always striking figures, such as: matter.
• “In actual pulmonary clinical practice, the majority of Firstly, in our usability validation of drug delivery devices we
patients were unable to use a pMDI correctly (75%)” 1 will be concerned with justifying claims of the expected non-
occurrence of potential use-errors and statistically justifying
• “Nearly one in three patients (30.9%) used DPIs an estimate of a very-near-zero failure rate cannot practically
ineffectively in a study of 224 newly referred outpatients” 2 be done – we would need to observe thousands of users. But
secondly, even if we were to conduct a vast usability study in
• “Failure to correctly perform essential steps for reliable lung the pursuit of sufficient statistical power, a HF study can
delivery with the Aerolizer®, Turbohaler® and Diskus® was never be a perfectly valid assessment of what will happen in
found in 17%, 23% and 24% of patients, respectively” 3 the ‘real world’. The numbers will not mean exactly what they
might seem to mean. The events observed in our studies must
Stephen’s conclusion was that this evidence provided us with be unpicked, challenged, discussed qualitatively and, as far as
a benchmark of between 25% and 33% of DPI users who are possible, their causes uncovered – whether they lie in the
using their inhalers ‘incorrectly’. Clearly, this suggests that as psychology of the user, the design of the device or its
OINDP device developers we face a challenge: to design and instructions. Only then can we support our claims of
produce more usable inhalers. acceptable usability.
I then stood up to talk about how we can rise to this Hence a game of words, not numbers. The numbers cannot
challenge – using ANSI/AAMI HE75:2009 as a sound guide to provide a full picture, important as they are. It is the intense
what human factors (HF) activities to do, and when they qualitative investigation of what we observed that is key.
should be used through the development process. I argued
that when applied correctly, analytical and empirical HF If you’d like a copy of our presentation slides from IPAC-RS
techniques do help us to achieve our objective of safe and 2011 or would like to discuss the topic of human factors in
appealing devices. more detail then please get in touch directly.
Following our presentation, Ron Kaye from the FDA stood up Julian Dixon
and discussed the Agency’s evolving process for assessing the julian.dixon@team-consulting.com
usability of drug delivery devices and, in particular, its + 44 (0)1799 532746
expectations regarding how companies should validate the
usability of their device.
It was during his presentation that Ron stated his view that
usability validation is “a game of words, not a game of
numbers”.
(1) Handling of inhaler devices in actual pulmonary practice: metered-dose inhaler versus dry powder inhalers, Khassawneh et al; Respiratory
Care 2008
(2) Dry powder inhalers: factors associated with device misuse, Sigfried Wieshammer and Jens Dreyhaupt, RDD 2009
(3) Inhalation technique and variables associated with misuse of conventional metered-dose inhalers and newer dry powder inhalers in
experienced adults, Melani et al; Annals of allergy, asthma and immunology 2004
3
4. Which shade of beige?
The importance of Visual
Language in medical devices
By David Robinson,
Design Consultant
As consumers we know that the way a product looks and
feels is important to purchasing decisions and that it plays Understanding the
a significant role in determining the emotional connection
between us and the product. In the medical sector this
conflicts and constraints
emotional connection could provide many benefits to the
manufacturer and, crucially, the patient.
of the medical sector
We, at Team, believe that combining a considered Visual All reputable industrial design firms understand the discipline
Language with excellent technical design enables us to of Visual Language. However, product design within the
produce robust, usable and ultimately satisfying medical medical sector presents a number of unique challenges and
products that form a strong emotional connection with the constraints, which in turn demand a high level of rigour.
user or patient.
Over the years of designing and developing medical devices
Firstly, what do we mean by ‘Visual Language’? To us Visual we’ve established a robust toolset and approach to Visual
Language is the construction of visual stimuli to convey a Language. Using this toolset and supporting guidance material
specific message, meaning and/or concept. This could be the provides us with the freedom to be creative without
form, colour, label (graphical elements) and surface finish or introducing unnecessary risk. By understanding the impact of
even other qualities such as the smell, material quality and regulation, technical constraints (like DFMA for example), and
weight. As a designer you can use these tools to craft multi- usability throughout the development stages we are able to
sensory experiences that evoke a positive emotional response avoid design cul-de-sacs and expensive redesigns.
from the user and create semantic signals that guide the
user’s interactions with the product. For the purpose of this After all, if you don’t understand the constraints how can you
article I’m focusing on the importance of establishing an develop market-leading medical devices that make a positive
emotional connection between the product and user, before connection with the user? Below I’ve highlighted a few of the
talking about the process of developing a Visual Language. regular constraints that we come across during the
development of a medical device:
Usability
During the development of a medical product it’s important
that a Visual Language mapped onto a product does not
distract from the intended method of use. We adhere to the
HE75 standard from the outset and go through stringent user
testing and human factors analysis to validate any key
aesthetic decisions that might compromise usability.
Materials
Not many materials have been certified for use in medical
applications and an even smaller number can be used for
prolonged drug contact. We continue to evaluate the market
and build a library of materials for different medical
applications.
Despite performing the same function, these
products evoke different reactions: high quality
and cleanliness versus disposability and low quality
4 Patient-centred approaches to respiratory drug delivery
5. Colours iPod?’. To develop medical devices with the same kind of
Colour is a critical element to Visual Language. Colour appeal as consumer products would suggest the impossible -
subconsciously triggers emotions, memories, ideas and that we need to drastically shorten development timelines and
thoughts based on past experience. Colours can be used to reduce the regulatory approval cycle to keep up with key
create positive imagery among users instantly1. A broad range design trends and fads. However, by eliminating unnecessary
of colour guidance material supported by scientific research visual stimuli and using styling elements that do not adhere to
allows us to select colours appropriate to the user fads gives the design a classic Visual Language that is less
requirements rather than relying on subjective opinions. likely to age.
We are working closely with colour manufactures to define a Mass-market appeal
standard colour range whose ingredients have been In many cases medical devices need to appeal to a wide cross
biologically evaluated to medical standards (such as ISO section of society, transcending social, demographic or
10993). This enables us to select colours that are already geographic factors, all with different perspectives on values
approved for medical use, therefore speeding up the and messages. Consultation with stakeholders and users will
development process when compared to creating custom give key insights into visual stimuli that may appeal or repel
colours. users. This information may be contradictory so it’s important
to create a balance between wants so as not to alienate users.
Label designs (graphical elements)
Medical labelling and packaging is subject to stringent Disposability
regulations from government agencies, which dictate: print We hear from users regularly that medical devices need to
size, print colour, syntax and content layout. By understanding look and be robust and safe, however, in many cases they need
these regulatory constraints we are in a position to to be disposable and therefore cheap to manufacture. This
incorporate brand elements without impacting on the contradiction can be overcome through understanding the
effectiveness of the label. various materials and finishes available, and specifying and
designing a device that will be inexpensive to manufacture
Future-proofing and meet user expectations in terms of quality. >
A diabetes type 1 sufferer wrote an open letter to Apple’s
Steve Jobs that was posted on the popular diabetesmine.com
community site asking ‘why can’t an insulin pump look like an
Our work in the sector has enabled us to create a number of reference boards for the symbolistic properties of colour, hue
and saturation, and the regulatory constraints on labels and packaging.
(1) A, Wright, The beginners guide to colour psychology, 1 Dec 1998
5
6. As an example, in any UK supermarket you can buy own-brand
The impact of Visual Ibuprofen at as low as £0.28 for 16 tablets, however, the
Language on the user’s Nurofen equivalent for 16 tablets is £1.50. When out of the
box, the tablets look identical and are almost identical,
emotional connection however Nurofen’s brand forms an emotional connection with
the consumer and they trust it will deliver the therapeutic
benefit expected.
User compliance is of utmost concern to everybody. You
might have the most effective drug in the world or the The power of branding in the mind of the patient and the
most efficient device but if the user doesn’t use it correctly healthcare professional is important when it comes to
(either wilfully or accidentally) or at all, then the success of increasing compliance and loyalty, or when you want to
a prescribed treatment is adversely affected. differentiate your product.
A considered Visual Language can ensure that the medical
device creates a positive emotional connection with the user Negative messages
or patient by reinforcing certain messages either linked to the Whether you intend to or not, your product is communicating
‘brand’ (such as trust) or to the materials used (such as messages that the user takes in consciously or sub-
sterility, safety or cleanliness). These factors can play a role in consciously. It is important that you control these messages
ensuring the patient complies with their treatment. and not overlook their impact.
Not thinking about how aesthetic design decisions impact on
Positive messages the emotional connection can have some serious unintended
Think about how a VW, Apple, Ferrari, Philips or Tesco product consequences, such as emotional rejection, which can
makes you feel. They all create different images in your mind, adversely affect adherence and compliance.
providing reassurance and certain assumptions of quality,
reliability, cost and simplicity. Even before we’ve purchased a
product from one of the above, we form opinions on how it
works, how it makes us feel and how it makes us look to
others. Generating positive perceptions about your product or
drug can, as studies2 have revealed, generate a placebo effect.
(2) A Branthwaite, Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches, British medical journal,16 May 1981
6
2 Patient-centred approaches to respiratory drug delivery
7. Commercial, design for manufacture, regulatory requirements
Defining the Visual Embodiments Visual User
message direction specification research
created to assess the Visual Language. These embodiments can
Establishing a Visual be sketches, 2D/3D renderings and models. They help to
Language capture the visual specification and ensure that the product
design is heading in the right direction.
Over the years of medical product development we’ve
established a reliable process to help our clients create an Visual specification
appropriate Visual Language. Our approach allows us to Following the steps set out before, a visual specification that
remove subjective opinions on appearance and put some communicates the key building blocks of the aesthetic as a
theory behind our decisions on the way a product should guide can be created. This guide can be referred to throughout
look. the complex and detailed product engineering phase to ensure
the final product is as close to the original visual specification
as possible. This reference material can be used to create a
Defining the message succinct family of products or to align branding material. The
Consultation with the client and key stakeholders gives us visual specification must exist as a fluid document that
insight into the messages and values that the product needs responds to the development programme, rather than a rigid
to convey, which can come from an existing brand, company set of rules that constrain the product development process.
brand, product family or it could be a new brand. What is
important at this stage is to understand the target market and
what Visual Language is appropriate for the user. The opinion
User research
of the patient or user is the primary focus. With devices, like The visual or physical embodiments are evaluated with key
inhalers, time should be taken to understand the condition stakeholders to gain feedback on the Visual Language and to
and the treatment regime. In terms of hospital or lab make sure that none of the design decisions made on the
equipment, the environment in which it will be operated appearance of the product conflict with the usability or safety
needs to be considered. Does the product need to stand out or of the device.
project a message of high quality? Does it need to look
comforting and safe, whilst blending into the background? Our deep knowledge of the medical sector, coupled with our
Each of these answers is unique to each client and product. skills in industrial design and human factors, has resulted in
us becoming a global authority on the use of Visual
Language in medical products. Our clients are already
Visual direction taking advantage of our experiences to ensure that their
At this point in the process a series of Visual Language boards products are not only innovative from a formulation or
are created (see below). These boards use visual stimuli to functional perspective, but also innovative in how they
convey the attributes and messages defined in the first stage. build a positive emotional connection with the user or
These boards contain products from various sectors (such as patient.
consumer electronics and automotive) providing inspiration
from a diverse range of sources and piecing visual elements
together to create a distinct appearance. David Robinson
david.robinson@team-consulting.com
+ 44 (0)1799 532773
Embodiments
A range of different aesthetic directions are chosen and
mapped onto the product. These visual embodiments are
Visual Language boards
7
8. Visual Language Case Study
The client wanted an aesthetic that communicated the key
attributes of the inhaler:
• Sophisticated yet simple-to-use technology
• Robust and reliable
• Hygienic.
As we were developing a DPI platform that was appropriate for the
broadest range of therapies and user groups, the final embodiment
needed to support marketing to potential licensees, who could in turn
map their own brand aesthetic onto the inhaler.
Team Consulting Ltd. Tel: +44 (0)1799 532 700
Abbey Barns, Duxford Road Fax: +44 (0)1799 532 701
Ickleton, Cambridge Email: info@team-consulting.com
CB10 1SX, UK Web: www.team-consulting.com
MAY 2011