The Biopsychosocial model was first conceptualised by George Engel in 1977, suggesting that to understand a person's medical condition it is not simply the biological factors to consider, but also the psychological and social factors. The “biopsychosocial (BPS) model” emphasizes the interconnection between biological, psychological and socio-environmental factors. When this model is applied to health, it demonstrates the importance of maintaining wellness in all aspects of our lives. The biopsychosocial model is an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. The model specifically examines how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from health and disease, to human development. As well as being able to explain mental health in terms beyond the purely biomedical, it shows us there is potential to positively influence a person's mental health in the workplace. Why it is important for mental well-being. The biopsychosocial model encourages clinicians to explain phenomena such as depression by examining all relevant biological, psychological, and social factors that might be contributing to the development or maintenance of the disorder. The biopsychosocial model has been described both as a philosophy of clinical care and a guide for clinical practice [1]. It proposes that suffering, disease, or illness involve a host of factors from biological (tissues, structures, molecules) to environmental (social, psychological).The biopsychosocial model is an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. The model specifically examines how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from health and disease, to human development. The biopsychosocial model is a general model positing that biological, psychological (which includes thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social (e.g., socioeconomically, socioenvironmental, and cultural) factors, all play a significant role in health and disease.Which factors influence health, according to the biopsychosocial model? b. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.Biopsychosocial model helps primary care doctors to understand interactions among biological and psychosocial components of illnesses to improve the dyadic relationship between clinicians and their patients and multidisciplinary approaches in patient care. - The biopsychosocial approach to mental health looks at the way both internal and external factors influence our mental state. - This model acknowledges that we should look at the 'whole' patient and all of their circumstances when trying to support and understand their mental health.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
• TRENDS WITHIN MEDICINE, PSYCHOLOGY AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM HAVE COMBINED TO MAKE THE
EMERGENCE OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY INEVITABLE.
• HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE FIELD OF
PSYCHOLOGY IN PAST 50 YEARS

3. DEVELOPMENT…
• FOLLOWING FACTORS HAVE LED TO DEVELOPMENT
1. CHANGING PATTERNS OF ILLNESS 9. CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
2. ADVANCE IN TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH 10. PROSPECTIVE DESIGNS
3. IMPACT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 11. RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
4. EXPANDED HEALTH CARE SERVICES
5. INCREASE MEDICAL ACCEPTANCE
6. DEMONSTRATED CONTRIBUTION OF HEALTH
7. METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
8. EXPERIMENTS

4. 1. CHANGING PATTERNS OF ILLNESS
• ACUTE DISORDERS: TUBERCULOSIS, PNEUMONIA, OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• VIRAL AND BACTERIAL ATTACKERS
• CHRONIC ILLNESS: HEART DISEASE, CANCER, DIABETES ARE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO DISABILITY AND DEATH
• CHRONIC ILLNESS ARE SLOWLY DEVELOPING DISEASE AND CANNOT BE CURED ONLY MANAGED
• PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS ARE IMPLICATED AS CAUSES: I.E. PERSONAL HEALTH HABITS: DIET, SMOKING
IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEART DISEASE AND CANCER
• HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY EXPLORED THE CAUSES AND DEVELOP WAYS TO MODIFY THEM
• HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS HELP THE CHRONICALLY ILL ADJUST PSYCHOLOGICALLY AND SOCIALLY TO THEIR CHANGING
HEALTH
• HELP IN EASE FAMILY FUNCTIONING

5. 2. ADVANCE IN TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY IS CHANGING ALMOST DAILY ,NEW ISSUES ARISE
• DUE TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES IT IS POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY THE GENES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MANY DISORDERS
I.E. CANCER GENES HAVE BEEN UNCOVERED
• CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND GENETIC BASIS, (STUDENTS WHOSE MOTHER HAVE BREAST CANCER)
• CAN CONDUCT RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY THE RISK FACTORS OF DISEASES SUCH AS
• IMPACT OF HIGH FAT DIET,
• CARRIERS OF ILLNESS,
• TEST OF A FETUS FOR PRESENCE OF PARTICULAR LIFE THREATENING ILLNESS

6. 3. IMPACT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
• CLOSELY RELATED TO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
• STUDY OF FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION, AND CAUSES OF INFECTIOUS AND
NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES IN A POPULATION
• BASING ON INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
• MORBIDITY: CASES OF A DISEASE… STATISTICS
• MORTALITY: REFERS NUMBERS OF DEATHS DUE TO PARTICULAR
DISEASE

7. 4. EXPANDED HEALTH CARE SERVICES
•EXPANDED HEALTH SERVICES ARE CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF HEALTH
PSYCHOLOGY
•EXPENSES
•USER FRIENDLY HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
•NEARLY EVERY INDIVIDUAL IN USA HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM

8. 5. INCREASE MEDICAL ACCEPTANCE
• RECOGNIZED BY PHYSICIANS
• RECOGNITION OF THE CARE GIVERS
• CONSIDERATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS
• ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS IN CHANGING PATIENTS’ HEALTH HABITS

9. 6. DEMONSTRATED CONTRIBUTION OF
HEALTH
• DEVELOPED SHORT-TERM BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: MANAGING PAIN, MODIFYING BAD HEALTH HABITS
SUCH AS SMOKING, AND MANAGING THE SIDE EFFECTS OF TREATMENT (CHRONIC DISEASE)
• PREPARE PATIENTS FOR TREATMENT
• TAKE CONSENT
• DEMONSTRATE A STRONG TRACK RECORD

10. 7. METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
• METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARISING ISSUES
• INVESTIGATIONS
• TRAININGS
• RESEARCH

11. 8.EXPERIMENTS
• RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS
• SOCIAL SUPPORT GROUPS TO IMPROVE ADJUSTMENTS TO CANCER
• CAUSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

12. 9. CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
• CHANGE IN ONE VARIABLE CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN ANOTHER VARIABLE
• PEOPLE WHO ARE HIGHER IN HOSTILITY HAVE HIGHER RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

13. 10. PROSPECTIVE DESIGNS
• IT LOOK FORWARD… HOW GROUPS OF INDIVIDUAL CHANGE
• OR HOW A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES CHANGES WITH TIME
• HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS CONDUCTS STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE RISK FACTORS I.E. RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN DIET AND HEART DISEASE
• PARTICULARLY LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH, OBSERVE THE SAME PEOPLE OVERA LONG PERIOD OF TIME I.E.
IF MOTHER DEVELOPED BREAST CANCER, WHICH DAUGHTER WILL DEVELOP BREAST CANCER

14. 11. RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
• LOOKS BACKWARD IN TIMES, AND ATTEMPT TO RECONSTRUCT THE CONDITION THAT LED TO CURRENT
SITUATION I.E. RISK FACTORS THAT LED TO DEVELOP AIDS

15. THE MODERN CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
• MIND AND BODY TOGETHER DETERMINE HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTION OF BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL IS THAT HEALTHAND ILLNESS ARE
CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERPLAY OF BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, ANDSOCIAL FACTORS(ENGEL &
SCHWARTZ, 1982)

16. THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH
DEFINITION
• FOCUSES ON THE PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DISEASE AND ILLNESS
• IT IS MEDICAL MODEL OF CARE PRACTICED BY DOCTORS AND/OR HEALTH PROFESSIONAL AND
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIAGNOSIS, CURE AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES.

18. BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL VERSUS THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL
• BIOMEDICAL MODEL ASSUMES THAT ALL ILLNESS CAN BE EXPLAINED ON THE BASIS OF IRREGULAR
SOMATIC PROCESSES SUCH AS
• BIOMEDICAL IMBALANCES
• NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES
• PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PROCESSES ARE LARGELY INDEPENDENT OF THE DISEASE
• ASSUME THAT MIND AND BODY ARE DIFFERENT ENTITIES

19. BENEFITS
• REDUCTIONIST MODEL: IT REDUCES ILLNESS TO LOW-LEVEL PROCESS (DISORDERED CELLS AND
CHEMICAL IMBALANCE)
• IT EXPLAINS ILLNESS IN TERMS OF BIOLOGICAL MALFUNCTION RATHER THAN VARIETY OF FACTORS
• CLEARLY EMPHASIZES ILLNESS OVER HEALTH

20. BIO MEDICAL MODEL CON…….
• SHORT COMINGS
• WHY A PARTICULAR SET OF SOMATIC CONDITIONS AND NEED NOT INEVITABLY LEAD TO ILLNESS,
• I.E. IF SIX PEOPLE EXPOSED TO MEASLES, DO ONLY THREE DEVELOP THE DISEASE?
• PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ILLNESS.
• THESE ARE IGNORED BY THE BIO MEDICAL MODEL
• THAT IS WHY RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS HAVE INCREASINGLY ADOPTED A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL

21. BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
• BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OVERCOME THE DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMEDICALMODEL
• BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL MAINTAINS BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL ANDSOCIAL FACTORS THOSE ARE
ALL-IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE.
• AS SUCH BOTH MACRO LEVEL PROCESSES (EXISTENCE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT,PRESENCE OF DEPRESSION
ETC.).
• AND MICRO LEVEL PROCESSES (CELLULAR DISORDERS, CHEMICAL IMBALANCE) INTERACT TO PRODUCE
A STATE OF ILLNESS OR HEALTH.

23. BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL CON…….
• BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL MAINTAINS THAT HEALTH AND ILLNESS ARE CAUSED BY MULTIPLE FACTORS
AND PRODUCE MULTIPLE EFFECTS.
• MIND AND BODY CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED IN THE MATTER OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• EMPHASIZES ON BOTH HEALTH AND ILLNESS RATHER THAN REGARDING ILLNESS
• HEALTHBECOMESSOMETHINGTHATONE ACHIEVESTHROUGHATTENTIONTOBIOLOGICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL NEEDS RATHERTHANSOMETHINGTAKEN FOR GRANTED (WHO,1948)

24. BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL CON…………
• IF A 40 YEAR BUSINESS MAN HAS HEART ATTACK
• BIOMEDICAL APPROACH WILL EMPHASIZE REGULAR ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
• BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH WILL IDENTIFY
• HIS HEALTH PRACTICES
• EXERCISE
• TRAINING IN TECHNIQUES OF STRESS MANAGEMENT
• HELP HIM STOP SMOKING
• WILL LOOK AT HIS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
• SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH FAMILY
• GOALS FOR HIS REHABILITATION
HEALTHPSYCHOLOGISTSARE ATTHE CENTER OF THESEDEVELOPINGTRENDS