This document provides an overview of different parts of speech, including nouns. It defines nouns as words that represent people, places, animals or things. It describes the different types of nouns such as common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, concrete nouns, collective nouns, compound nouns, and gerund nouns. It also discusses countable vs uncountable nouns and the formation of singular and plural nouns. The document aims to explain the basic elements of language through an examination of nouns and their various classifications.

1. Course: ENGLISH-A
Instructor: Mr. Abbas Ali
Lecture No.02 January 3, 2023
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2. Parts of Speech
❑Definition:
The basic logical elements of a
language through we form
meaningful sentences is called
parts of speech.
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Noun
❑A noun is a word that represents a
person, place, animal or thing.
❑Everything we can see, can’t see,
touch, can’t touch or talk about is
represented by a word. That word
is called a "noun."
❑You might find it useful to think of
a noun as a “naming word.”
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Common Noun
❑Common nouns label general
person, place, thing or a group.
❑Common nouns are not capitalized
unless they appear at the start of
the sentence.
❑A common noun is present
everywhere.
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Proper Noun
❑A proper noun labels specific person, place,
or thing.
❑It's likely to be a personal name or a title.
❑Note: A proper noun always starts with
a Capital Letter
❑For example: Ali – New York – Grammar
Book
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6. How To Spot a Common Noun and a
Proper Noun?
❑A common noun
answers the question
"What is it?“
❑A proper noun answers
the question "What's its
name?“
❑Q: What is it?
❑Ans: It is a bridge.
❑The word "bridge" is a
common noun
❑Q: What's its name?
❑Ans: It is London Bridge.
❑The name "London Bridge" is
a proper noun
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Abstract Noun
❑Abstract nouns are things we
cannot see or touch
❑Its not knowable through the
senses
❑For Example:
❑Love, Hate, Care, Pain etc.
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Concrete Noun
❑Concrete nouns are the things
experienced through the sense of
sight, hearing, taste, smell and
touch.
❑For Example:
Fish, Smoke, Hammer etc.
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Concrete Noun
❑Collective nouns are words that
denote group or a unit of people,
thing or animals.
❑For example: team – pack – family
– class
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Compound Noun
❑Compound nouns are nouns
made up of more than one word
to present single concept
❑For example: court-martial,
pickpocket, water bottle,
classroom
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11. Gerund Noun
❑Gerunds are nouns that end "-
ing" and that represent actions.
❑Gerunds have verb-like
properties.
❑For example:
❑happily building a tower
❑quickly drawing the scene
❑In the examples above, the
gerunds are modified with
adverbs and have direct objects.
❑These are verb-like traits
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12. Countable and Uncountable Noun
❑Countable Noun
❑Anything that can be
counted, whether
singular or plural
❑For example: dog/dogs,
pie/pies, class/classes
❑Uncountable Noun
❑A non-countable /
uncountable noun is a
noun without a plural
form.
❑Cannot be counted
❑Uncountable nouns are
not individual objects,
they are always
singular
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13. Singular and Plural Nouns
❑Singular Noun
Refer to one person, place, thing or an
idea.
For example: cat, ship, hero
❑Plural Noun
Refer to more than one person, place,
person or thing.
For example: cats, ships, babies, heroes
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14. Formation (Singular → Plural) Nouns
❖ Add “s” to pluralize most count nouns.
House → houses
Mountain → mountains
Bag → bags
❖ Add “es” to pluralize count nouns ending in
“ss, ch, s, sh, or x.”
glass → glasses
beach → beaches
fax → faxes
❖ Numbers can be used with count nouns.
three hens
two boys
one idea
❖ Add “s or es” to nouns ending in o.
echo → echoes
video → videos
hippo → hippos
tomato → tomatoes
❖ Add “ies” to nouns ending in a consonant and “y.”
baby → babies
city → cities
❖ When a singular count noun is the subject in a
sentence, it must be used with the singular verb form.
The cover of that book tells us nothing
❖ The plural count noun is used with the plural verb
form.
The whales were swimming very close to shore.
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15. That’s All Folks!
Any Questions?
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