Parts of speech
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This document provides an overview of parts of speech in the modern Greek language. It discusses the main inflected parts of speech - nouns, articles, adjectives, pronouns and verbs. For each part of speech, it provides examples of declension showing how case, number and gender are marked. It notes that nouns decline for three genders, two numbers and four cases. Similarly, adjectives and pronouns are inflected for case, number and gender. The document provides a detailed conjugation table for the first conjugation of Greek verbs.
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Parts of speech
- 1. Modern greek grammar based on open educational resources
- 2. powerpoint slides by Dimitra Kapnia Twitter: @dkapnia
- 4. What are parts of speech?
- 5. What are parts of speech? "parts of speech" is a traditional term for the categories in which words of many languages are classified, according to their functions in sentences. In contemporary linguistics, the term part of speech has generally been discarded in favor of the term "word class“. Further reading http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/partsspeechterm.htm. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech
- 6. parts of speech in modern greek language There are 10 basic parts of speech in modern greek language. Some of them are inflected and some non-inflected
- 7. Inflected parts of speech 1.article: άρθρο-árθro. (θ=th) 2.Noun : ουσιαστικό- usiastikó 3. adjective: επίθετο- epíθeto. (θ=th) 4. pronoun: αντωνυμία- antonimía 5.verb: ρήμα- ríma 6. participle:* μετοχή- metoxí *Participle may be either inflected or non-inflective
- 8. Non-Inflected parts of speech 7.preposition: πρόθεση- próthesi 8.adverb: επίρρημα- epírima 9.conjunction: σύνδεσμος-sínδesmos 10.interjection: επιφώνημα- epifónima *6.Participle may be either inflected or non-inflective
- 9. Inflected parts of speech An overview
- 10. Inflected parts of speech: a summary 1.article-definite article Generally, definite article is used before a noun Case, number and gender are marked on definite article Πτώσεις-Ptósis Grammatical cases Eνικός αριθμός Enikós ariθmós Singular Πληθυντικός αριθμός pliθintikós ariθmós Plural masc femin neut masc femin neut Ονομαστική-onomastikí Nominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”? ο [o] η [i] το [to] οι [i] οι [i] τα [ta] Γενική-Jenikí Genetive indicates the possesor. It also demonstrates various grammatical relations, others than possesion. Genetive Answers to the question ¨whose¨? του [tu] της [tis] του [tu] των [ton] Των [ton] των [ton] Αιτιατική-Etiatikí Accusative indicates the direct object of a verb Το(ν) [ton] τη(ν) [tin] το [to] τους [tus] τις [tis] τα [ta] Κλητική-klitikí Vocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed - - - - - -
- 11. 2.noun The Greek nominal system displays inflection for three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative). The distribution of grammatical gender across nouns is largely arbitrary and need not coincide with natural sex. Case, number and gender are marked on noun An example is following
- 12. Πτώσεις- Ptósis Grammatical cases Eνικός αριθμός Enikós ariθmós Singular Πληθυντικός αριθμός pliθintikós ariθmós Plural masc femin neut masc femin neut Ονομαστική onomastikí Nominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”? Ο μαθητής O maθitís Pupil Η μαθήτρια I maθítria Pupil Το παιδί To peδí Child-kid Οι μαθητές I maθités pupils Οι μαθήτριες I maθítries pupils Τα παιδιά Ta peδiá Children-kids Γενική-Jenikí Genetive indicates the possesor. It also demonstrates various grammatical relations, others than possesion. Genetive Answers to the question ¨whose¨? του μαθητή Tu maθití της μαθήτριας Tis maθítrias του παιδιού Tu peδiú των μαθητών Ton maθitón Των μαθητριών Ton maθitrión των παιδιών Ton peδión Αιτιατική Etiatikí Accusative indicates the direct object of a verb Το(ν) μαθητή To maθití τη(ν) μαθήτρια Ti maθítria το παιδί To peδí τους μαθητές Tus maθités Τις μαθήτριες Tis maθítries τα παιδιά Ta peδiá Κλητική klitikí Vocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed μαθητή maθití μαθήτρια Maθítria παιδί peδí μαθητές Maθités μαθήτριες Maθítries παιδιά Peδiá
- 13. 3. Adjective The Greek nominal system displays inflection for three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative).Usually, adjectives precede nouns, though some of them may stand as nouns themselves. Case, number and gender are marked on adjective. An example is following
- 14. Πτώσεις- Ptósis Grammatical cases Eνικός αριθμός Enikós ariθmós Singular Πληθυντικός αριθμός pliθintikós ariθmós Plural masc femin neut masc femin neut Ονομαστική onomastikí Nominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”? Ο καλός Ο kalós Nice-good Η καλή I kalí Nice-good Το καλό To kaló Nice-good Οι καλοί I kali Nice-good Οι καλές I kalés Nice-good Τα καλά Ta kalá Nice-good Γενική-Jenikí Genetive indicates the possesor. It also demonstrates various grammatical relations, others than possesion. Genetive Answers to the question ¨whose¨? του καλού Tu kalú της καλής Tis kalís του καλού Tu kalú των καλών Ton kalón Των καλών Ton kalón των καλών Ton kalón Αιτιατική Etiatikí Accusative indicates the direct object of a verb Το(ν) καλό Ton kaló τη(ν) καλή Tin kalí το καλό To kaló τους καλούς Tus kalús Τις καλές Tis kalés τα καλά Ta kalá Κλητική klitikí Vocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed καλέ kalé καλή kalí καλό kaló καλοί kalí καλές kalés καλά kalá
- 15. 4. pronoun a pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form, that is a type of function word or expression that expresses the same content as another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. They are divided in eight (8) groups Personal, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative, indefinite, Relative and correlative, intensive, contrastive. In Greek, most pronouns, can be used as determiners. Case, number and gender may be marked on pronoun. Personal pronouns mark a person ( I, you, he, etc). In some of pronouns lack some cases. An example is following. Personal pronoun.emphatic form
- 16. Πτώσεις- Ptósis Grammatical cases Eνικός αριθμός Enikós ariθmós Singular Πληθυντικός αριθμός pliθintikós ariθmós Plural First person Second person Third person Masc fem neut First person Second person Third person Masc fem neut Ονομαστική onomastikí Nominative indicates The subject. Answers to the question “who”? εγώ eγó Εσύ esí αυτός aftós αυτή afftí αυτό aftó εμείς,emís εσείς esís αυτοί aftí αυτές aftés αυτά aftá Γενική-Jenikí Genetive indicates the possesor. It also demonstrates various grammatical relations, others than possesion. Genetive Answers to the question ¨whose¨? εμένα eména εσένα esí αυτού aftú αυτής aftís αυτού aftú εμάς emás εσάς esás αυτών aftón αυτών aftón αυτών aftón Αιτιατική Etiatikí Accusative indicates the direct object of a verb εμένα eména Εσένα eséna αυτόν aftón αυτήν aftón αυτό aftó εμάς emás εσάς esás αυτούς aftús αυτές aftés αυτά aftá Κλητική klitikí Vocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed
- 17. 5.verb Verb expresses the way in which the subject acts. In Greek verbs, the person (I- you- he, she, it) is implied! The citation form of the Greek verb is denoted by the 1st person singular of the simple present tense. Τhere are 2 types of conjugation, 2 voices (active and mediopassive) and three moods : Indicative (Oristiki - Οριστική ) Subjunctive (Ipotaktiki – Υποτακτική) Imperative (Prostaktiki - Προστακτική ) Sentence’s order : Subject-Verb - Object. The order is variable: for example V-S-O, O-V-S. Greek verb has 8 tenses. Ενεστώτας ： Enestótas。Present Παρακείμενος ：Parakímenos。present perfect Παρατατικός ：Paratatikós。imperfect Αόριστος ：Aóristos。Aorist, indefinite, past simple Υπερσυντέλικος ：Ipersidélikos。past perfect Μέλλοντας εξακολουθητικός ：Mélodas eksakoluθitikós。future continuous μέλλοντας στιγμιαίος： mélodas stiγmiéos。simple future μέλλοντας συντελεσμένος ：mélodas sidelesménos。future simple perfect Tenses describe 2 things. a. time of action (present, past, future) b. aspect, that is: imperfect, perfective, perfect
- 18. Α κλίση-first conjugation Ενικός/πληθυντικός Singular/plural Ενεστώτας: Ενεργητική φωνή Ενεστώτας: Μέση/παθητική φωνή Α’ πρόσωπο Ενικός First person singular Γράφω Gráfo- i write Γράφομαι Gráfome‘-i am being written Β πρόσωπο ενικός Second person singular Γράφεις Gráfis-you write Γράφεσαι Gráfome- i am being written Γ πρόσωπο ενικός Third person singular Γράφει Gráfi-he writes Γράφεται Gráfete-You are being written Α πρόσωπο πληθυντικός First person plural Γράφουμε Gráfume –we write Γραφόμαστε Grafómaste-We are being written Β πρόσωπο πληθυντικός Second person plural Γράφετε Gráfete-you write Γράφεστε Gráfeste-You are being written Γ πρόσωπο πληθυντικός Third person plural Γράφουν Gráfun-they write Γράφονται Gráfonte-They are being written
- 19. 6.participle A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun or noun phrase and thus plays a role similar to that of an adjective or adverb Greek Participle may be either inflected or non-inflective. Actually in greek there is no gerund. Non- inflected, active present participle is used instead , so some linguists mention it as "gerund". They call it “the greek gerund".
- 20. Examples of greek gerund Η αδελφή μου ήρθε τρέχοντας να μου πει τα νέα My sister came running to tell me the news. Βγήκε έξω τραγουδώντας He came out singing Passive participles are inflected like adjectives
- 21. 7.preposition A preposition is placed immediately before a noun phrase in order to indicate the relation of this phrase to some other phrase. A phrase introduced by a preposition is known as a prepositional phrase The main greek prepositions are: από: apó =from, since, than για: γia =for, about μέχρι: méxri, until, up to με: me= with σαν: san =like σε: se= to, into, at, in
- 22. 8.adverb An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, or sentence. Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (like adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.
- 23. Types of adverb only a few examples manner: πώς (pós= how), κάπως(kápos= somehow ) Place: επάνω ( epáno= up), κάτω (káto=down), κάπου (kápu=somewhere) Time: πότε (póte=when), ποτέ (poté= never), χθες (xθés=yesterday) Quantity: πόσο (póso=how much), τόσο(tóso=that much) Various : ναι (ne=yes), ίσως (ísos=perhaps), όχι (óçi=no) Further studying http://www.greekgrammar.eu/verbs.php http://www.foundalis.com/lan/greek.htm
- 24. 9.conjunction a conjunction connects words, sentences, phrases or clauses. Greek conjunctions are divided in 13 groups Some examples και ké= and αλλά alá= but óμως ómos=however
- 25. 10.interjection an interjection is used to express an emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker. There are plenty of interjections in greek language Examples «Αχ..» «α!» « ε!» «Άου!» «πω-πω…» «όπα!» Occasionally, some nouns, adjectives, adverbs, even verbs may function as interjections Examples Έλα! Άντε! Κρίμα! Ζήτω !
- 26. Further studying http://users.sch.gr/ipap/Ellinikos%20Politismos/Yliko/Yliko%20nea.htm http://www.greekgrammar.eu/verbs.php http://www.foundalis.com/lan/greek.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη, «Νεοελληνική Γραμματική» http://eranistis.net/wordpress/2013/07/03/%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE- %CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85- %CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7-%CF%84%CF%81/ David Holton, Peter Mackridge, Irene Philippaki-Warburton, “Greek as essential grammar of modern language”
- 27. Thanks for watching @dkapnia