seminar presentation

1. IMPORTANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF
PARTHENOCARPIC LINES IN VEGETABLE
CROPS
TNAU
Horticulture College and Research Institute
Department of Vegetable Crops
Credit seminar (0+1)
Chairman Student
Dr. V. A. Sathiyamurthy,
Associate Professor (Horticulture),
K. Jagathesan
2016 53 402
II M Sc vegetable science

2. HC & RI, PKM 2
Members Dr. V. Lakshmanan,
Professor (Horticulture),
Department of Vegetable Crops,
HC & RI, Periyakulam.
Dr. P. Geetharani,
Professor (SS&T),
Department of Vegetable Crops,
HC & RI, Periyakulam.
Additional Member Dr. R. Velusamy
Associate Professor (Agril. Extn.),
Department of Social science
HC & RI, Periyakulam.
3 December 2017

3. Outline
Parthenocarpy
• Importance of parthenocarpy
• Causes for absence of pollination
• Mechanism of parthenocarpy
• Nature or genetic parthenocarpy
 Genetics of parthenocarpy
• Artificial parthenocarpy
Methods to induce parthenocarpy
• Environmental factor
• Phytohormones level
• Conventional breeding
• Biotechnological approaches
Demerits of parthenocarpy
Achievements
Conclusion
Future thrust
3HC & RI, PKM

4. Parthenocarpy
•Null-1902-coined parthenocarpy
•Parthenos-VIRGIN, Carpy-FRUIT
•Fruits without pollination and fertilization is called parthenocarpy.
- seedless.
(Bhojwani and Soh, 2001)
•Parthenogenesis refers to the development of an egg without
fertilization
(Armstrong, W.P. 1978)
HC & RI, PKM 43 December 2017

5. 5
Floral
developement
Senescence
Pollination
/Fertilization
Embryo , Endosperm
integument growth
Fruit + seed
development
Floral
developement
ovule
development
arrest
Post-Pollination
Floral
development
Fruit
development
without seed
Floral
developement
Pollination/
Fertilization
Defect in
embryo or
endosperm
development
Fruit
development
without seed
Floral
developement
ovule
development
arrest
Post-Pollination
Floral
development
Autonomous
Fruit and seed
development
FERTILIZATION STENOSPERMOCARPY PARTHENOCARPY APOMIXIS
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM

6. Importance
•Increased production under adverse environment
•Seedless fruits
•Improved quality
•Protected cultivation
•Reduced cost of cultivation
(Varoquaux et al., 2002)
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM 6

7. Causes for absence of pollination
•Male sterility
•Self incompatibility (Wheeler et al., 2001)
•Adverse environmental condition (Krug, 1997)
•Absence of pollinator and pollinizer
•Dioecious
7HC & RI, PKM3 December 2017

8. Mechanism of parthenocarpy
•Seed and fruit development control by phytohormones.
(Pandolfini, 2009)
•GA3, Auxin and Cytokinin involve signaling process after
fertilization for seed and fruit development.
(Fos et al., 2001)
•Increase endogenous hormones during parthenocarpic fruit set not
from source of seed.
(Tsao, 1980)
•Trigger the expression of auxin biosynthetic gene
(Carmi et al., 2003)
8HC & RI, PKM3 December 2017

9. Nature or genetic parthenocarpy
•Obligatory (genetic)
Parthenocarpic trait not influenced by external factors
eg. Ivy gourd
•Facultative
Adverse environmental condition
eg. Tomato, Brinjal
(Nitch, 1970; Gillaspy et al., 1993)
9HC & RI, PKM3 December 2017

10. Genetics of parthenocarpy
•Heritable in nature
•Tomato - Several single gene recessive (Fos et al., 2001)
•Eggplant - Single dominant gene (Kuno and yabe 2005)
•Capsicum - Single recessive gene (Tiwari et al., 2011)
•Cucumber - Additive - dominant epistatic gene and additive
- dominant polygenes (Yan et al., 2010)
•Genes controlling auxin and gibberellins biosynthesis,
SI (Fos et al., 2001)
HC & RI, PKM 103 December 2017

11. Artificial parthenocarpy
•Irradiated pollen
•Natural or synthetic auxin and
•Gibberellins
(Tsao, 1980)
11HC & RI, PKM3 December 2017

12. Methods to induce parthenocarpy
•Environmental factor
•Phytohormones level
•Conventional breeding
•Biotechnological approaches
HC & RI, PKM 123 December 2017

13. Environmental factors
• Adverse environmental condition is impaired fruit formation (Krug, 1997)
• Temperature stress induce parthenocarpic fruit in tomato (Sato et al., 2001)
HC & RI, PKM 13
High temperature
Reduce Carbohydrate availability
Flower abortion by Hexokinases
Available carbohydrate transfer to
sink
Eg. Tomato
3 December 2017

14. Formation of parthenocarpic fruit, undeveloped flower and aborted flowers
in tomato under moderately elevated temperature
suguru sato, mary M. peet
Dept. of Horticultural science; USA
Treatments
a. Optimal temperature – 28/22 ˚C
b. Higher temperature – 32/26 ˚C
HC & RI, PKM 143 December 2017

15. Cont…..
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a. Non linear correlation – seeded fruit Vs aborted Flowers OT
3 December 2017

16. HC & RI, PKM 16
a. Reduce of parthenocarpic fruit due to decrease available carbohydrate
Result:
Higher temperature 53% flower – parthenocarpic fruit
43% flower – transition phase
Cont….
3 December 2017

17. Phytohormones level
•Exogenous auxin application to flower induce parthenocarpy
(Gustason 1936)
•Auxin, GA, Cytokinin induce parthenocarpy
• Watermelon (Pak 1993)
• Cucumber (Kim et al., 1994)
• Sweet pepper (Heuvelink and Korner 2001)
• Kakrol (Chowdhury et al., 2001 )
• Teasle gourd (Mohammad et al., 2008)
HC & RI, PKM 173 December 2017

18. Conti…..Exogenous auxin
Auxin biosynthetic
gene (ovary)
iaaM gene
Tryptophan
2monoxigenase
Tryptophan to indole acetamide
IAA and
ammonia
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Blocking out flow of
auxin
Parthenocarpy
Chloroflurenol
(auxin transport inhibitor )
3 December 2017

19. 19
Apical
shoot
Inhibition of GAs
and IAAs
Transport Gas From
mature leaves to ovary
Parthenocarpic
fruit
Auxin (exogenous
application or enchnaced
the expression of iaaM
gene)
Decapitation
Gibberellin (exogenous
application or enchanced
the expression of Gas
synthesizing gene
HC & RI, PKM3 December 2017

20. Cont….
20
• (#) condition adverse to pollination repress the process of pollination
• (Gray line) – normal process of fruit and seed development does not occur
• (*) pat, a possible allele of a putative gene with homeotic function, is here
compared to down regulated homologues of SEP
HC & RI, PKM3 December 2017

21. Gibberellin Regulation of Fruit Set and Growth in Tomato
Juan Carlos Serrani, Rafael Sanjua´n, Omar Ruiz-Rivero
spain - 2007
• Response of unpollinated tomato ovaries to GA1, GA3, GA4, GA19, and GA20
(2,000 ng per lower) application. Fruits were collected 20 d after treatment
HC & RI, PKM 213 December 2017

22. Effect of Gibberellin and Auxin on Parthenocarpic Fruit Growth
Induction in the cv Micro-Tom of Tomato
Juan C. Serrani and Mariano Fos
Spain 2007
TRETMENTS
2, 4 D – 20 to 2000 ng / ovar
NAA – 200 to 2000 ng per ovary
IAA – 2000 ng per ovary
GA – 20 to 6000ng
GA on fruit growthAuxin dose on fruit weight

23. Conti….
• Dose of GA and 2,4 D
24
formation of
protuberance
additive effect by GA and 2,4 - D

24. HC & RI, PKM 253 December 2017

25. HC & RI, PKM 263 December 2017

26. Effects of Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) and Gibberellic Acid
(GA3) On Fruit Morphology, Parthenocarpy, Alkaloid Content
and Chlorophyll Content in Bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.
‘Makiling’)
Melissa F. Tolentino and Nina M. Cadiz
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines
Objective
induce thee parthenocarpy by
NAA and GA3
Treatment
Control, 20, 100 ppm and
NAA and GA3
• Spray at 5th leaf stage
HC & RI, PKM 353 December 2017

27. HC & RI, PKM 36
Result
NAA and GA3 induced parthenocarpy in bittergourd
Alkaloid content not change
3 December 2017

28. Application of Plant Growth Regulators on the Parthenocarpic Fruit
Development in Teasle Gourd (Kakrol, Momordica dioica Roxb.)
Yasuhiro CHO2,Yukio OZAKI3
Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Japan
2007
Objective
induce parhtenocarpy by auxin, GA, Cytokinin and inhibiots
Treatment
2,4 D, Fulmet , CPPU, NAA , GA3,TIBA, MH an control at the conc.
HC & RI, PKM 373 December 2017

29. HC & RI, PKM 383 December 2017

30. Conventional breeding
• Breeding approaches
Interspecific hybridization – mostly used (sterility)
Solanum esculentum X S. peruvianum (Lesley and Lesley, 1941)
S. habrochaites and S lycopersicum - IVT – line 1 (Zijlstra, 1985)
Intra specific hybridization
• Two fundamental step
i). Generating breeding population – parthenocarpy parental genotype
ii).select desirable individual progeny – with parthenocarpic and trait of
non parthenocarpic fruit
HC & RI, PKM 393 December 2017

31. Cont…..
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32. Breeding Parthenocarpic Pickling Cucumbers (Cucumis Sativus L.): Necessity, Genetical
Possibilities, Environmental Influences And Selection Criteria
O. M. B. De Ponti
Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding (IVT), Wageningen, the Netherlands
1997
• P 1 –slicing cucmber
• P2 – gynoecious
pickilng cucmber
• P3 - parthenocarpic
short fruited
cucumber
• P4 – slicing cucumber
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM 41

33. Development of the parthenocarpic eggplant cultivar
‘Anominori’
Takeo sato tatemi yoshidanational agriculture and ood research organization
(NARO) 2009
JARQ, Japan
Objective
to study the development and characteristic of anominori
Material and methods
Developmental Anominori
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34. Yield of anominori
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35. HC & RI, PKM 44
Fruits of AE-p08 upper left,
right
Anominori – lower right
- lower left
3 December 2017

36. INDUCTION OF PARTHENOCARPY IN WATERMELON
(Citrullus lanatus) CULTIVARS BY GAMMA IRRADIATION
H. R. MOUSSA and A. A. E. Salem
Radioisotopes Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
2009
HC & RI, PKM 453 December 2017
Gamma radiation – 75, 150, 300, 600, 800 Gy
67.9

37. HC & RI, PKM 463 December 2017

38. HC & RI, PKM 473 December 2017

39. HC & RI, PKM 483 December 2017

40. Gene regulation in parthenocarpic tomato fruit
Federico Martinelli1, Sandra L. Uratsu
Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 2,
University of California, Davis
2009
• Objective
To obtain the Parthenocarpic transgenic tomato plants (cv MicroTom) were
obtained by the regulation of genes for auxin synthesis (iaaM) or responsiveness
(rolB) driven by DefH9 or the INNER NO OUTER (INO) promoter.
iaaM - Agrobacterium tumefaciens
rolB - Agrobacterium rhizogenes
DefH9 - Anthirrhinum majus
INO
HC & RI, PKM 493 December 2017

41. HC & RI, PKM 503 December 2017

42. HC & RI, PKM 51
Wild-type and parthenocarpic
transgenic tomato fruit generated
with four different constructs (INO-
iaaM, DefH9-iaaM, INO-rolB, and
DefH9-rolB). No seeds are visible in
the parthenocarpic lines.
3 December 2017

43. Achievements
HC & RI, PKM 523 December 2017

44. Works in India
• Pant parthenocarpic cucumber 1
• Pant parthenocarpic cucumber 2
• Pointed gourd - IIVRPG-105 – Parthenocarpy (Germplasm)
• Project Title:
Breeding cucumber varieties / hybrids for resistance to biotic stresses
through marker assisted selection.
• Principal Investigator (PI): Pitchaimuthu M
Objective
• To evolve high yielding varieties / F1 hybrids resistance to downy, powdery mildew
and CGMMV diseases in cucumber
• To evolve tropical gynoecious and parthenocarpic slicing cucumber suitable for
poly house cultivation
• Development of molecular markers linked to downy mildew disease in cucumber
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM 53

45. Parthenocarpy line in Cucumber
•DPaC-6 IARI, New Delhi
•4 DPaC-9 IARI, New Delhi
•5 DPaC-10 IARI, New Delhi
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM 54

46. Demerits
•Misshapen the fruit
•Lack of Gelly portion
•Maintenance of next generation
•Source material
Agricultural Research Communication Centre
A.S. Dhatt* and Gagandeep Kaur
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM 55

47. Future thrust
•High level and stable parthenocarpy
•Combining several parthenocarpy genes
•Developing parthenocarpy in high value
crops
•Combining parthenocarpy with male
sterility
3 December 2017 HC & RI, PKM 56

48. Conclusion
HC & RI, PKM 573 December 2017