Part iii group5 report

Table of contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.2 Methodology ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.3 Job Distribution ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.0 Background Information of the Site
2.1 Historical Background of Melaka ................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2 Demographics ............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3 Festivals and celebrations ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.1 Chinese New Year
2.3.2 Thaipusan
2.3.3 Palm Sunday
2.3.4 Malacca Carnival
2.3.5 Mid Autumn Festival
2.4 Malaccan culture and heritage ...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.4.1 Baba and Nyonya
2.4.2 Portugese
2.5 Site observations ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5.1 Jalan Hang Kasturi
2.5.2 Landmarks
2.5.3 Street Art
3.0 Fui Chew Association
3.1 Migration of thw Chinese Ethnic Clans Associations in Malaya .................................................................................................................................
3.1.1 Migration of South Chinese to Malaya
3.1.2 History of Chinese Associations
3.2 Roles & Functions of Chinese Ethnic Clans Associations in Malaysia .......................................................................................................................
3.2.1 Mechanism of Chinese Association
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0.1 List of figures and tables ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... i
Table of contents

3.3 History of Fui Chew Association in Malaysia ..............................................................................................................................................................
3.4 Fui Chew Association in Melaka .................................................................................................................................................................................
3.5 Current Occupancy of 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi, Melaka. ............................................................................................................................................
4.0 Architecture Styles
4.1 Overview of Melaka Shophouses .........................................................................................................................................................................................
4.2 Evolution of Melaka Shophouses Style ................................................................................................................................................................................
4.2.1 Dutch style
4.2.2 Southern Chinese Style
4.2.3 Early Shophouse style
4.2.4 Early Transitional style
4.2.5 Early Strait Eclectic style
4.2.6 Late Strait Eclectic style
4.2.7 Art Deco style
4.2.8 Early Modern style
4.3 Major Materials Introduced Accordance to Style and Time ..................................................................................................................................................
4.4 Various Styles seen in Jalan Hang Kasturi ...........................................................................................................................................................................
4.5 Southern Chinese Eclectic Features of 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi ...........................................................................................................................................
5.0 Spatial Organizations
5.1 Spatial Organization and its Function .........................................................................................................................................................................
5.1.1 Ground Floor
5.1.2 First Floor
5.2 Properties of Spaces ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.2.1 Public and Private Area
5.2.2 Building’s Circulation
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6.0 Architecture Analysis & Environmental Analysis
6.1 Building Orientation ....................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.2 Massing and Heirarchy ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
6.3 Environmental Studies ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
6.3.1 Natural Ventilation
6.3.2 Natural Lighting
6.3.3 Drainage
6.4 Architecture Principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.4.1 Juxtaposition of styles
6.4.2 Juxtaposition and balance between oriental philosophies
6.4.3 Unit to whole
6.4.4 Symmetry
7.0 Architecture Features
7.1 Roof ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.1.1 Roof Type
7.1.2 Roof Ridges
7.1.4 Roof Tiles
7.1.5 Roof Eaves
7.2 Walls ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.2.1 Parapet Walls
7.2.4 Internal Partitions
7.2.5 Gable and Gable Ends
7.3 Openings ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.3.1 Doors
7.3.2 Shutters and Windows
7.3.3 Air Vents
7.3.4 Prefabricated Air Vents
7.3.5 Air-wells
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7.4 Floors and Staircase ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.4.1 Type of flooring and materiality
7.4.2 Types of staircase found
7.5 Ceiling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.5.1 Ground Floor
7.5.2 First floor
7.5.3 Exposed Tiles, Purlins and Rafters
7.5.4 Mugoujia
7.6 Columns and beams ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.6.1 Exterior columns
7.6.2 Interior columns
7.6.4. Balcony timber beams
8.0 Ornamentations
8.1 Carvings .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.1.1 Crab
8.1.2.Guardian lions
8.1.3 Birds and Florals
8.2 Jian Nian ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.3 Use and symbolism of colour .....................................................................................................................................................................................
8.3.1 Red
8.3.2 Yellow or Gold
8.3.3 Green
8.3.4 Blue
8.3.5 White
8.4 Altar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.5 Doorknob ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.6 Corbels .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.7 Maze ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8.8 Palace Lantern ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
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9.0 Materials
9.1 Materials Used ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.1 Concrete ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.2 Timber .....................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.3 Plaster .....................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.4 Granite .....................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.5 Cardboard drywalls ..................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.6 Clay .........................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.7 Terracotta .................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.8 Glass .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.9 Zinc ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
9.1.10 Other Metals ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
9.2 Materials Scedule .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
10.0 Current and Future Outlook
10.1 Dilapidation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................
10.2 Conservation efforts
10.2.1 Maintaining original walls
10.2.2 Maintaining original tiling
10.2.3 Maintaining ornamentation
10.2.4 Preserving timber
10.2.5 Use of paint
10.3 Conservation and Preservation Concept and Principles ..........................................................................................................................................
10.4 Conservation and Preservation Objectives ..............................................................................................................................................................
10.5 Future Outlook ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
11.0 Conclusion
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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12.1 Appendix
12.1 Interview Information Extraction ..............................................................................................................................................................................
12.2 Photobook ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
12.3 Scaled Drawings ....................................................................................................................................................................................................
12.4 Glossary
12.5 References
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List of figures and illustrations
List of figures
Figure 1 Photo of ground floor facade of Fui Chew Association taken in 1989
Figure 2 Taking photos of details using measuring tape
Figure 3 Using plumbline to determine section line
Figure 4 Retreiving information with the help of employees during working hours
Figure 5 Conducting interviews with employee
Figure 6 Records of association displayed at gallery
Figure 7 Taking scale-photos of details with rulers
Figure 8 Records of association displayed at gallery
Figure 9 Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing located near the new museum devoted to Zheng He. (2007 photo by Peter Pang, Released into the public domain by the author)
Figure 10 Hang-Li-Po's Well near "China Bukit Hill" in Melaka.(2007 by Rudolph A. Furtado)
Figure 11 Fort of Malacca,The life of Ferdinand Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the globe (1891 by Guillemard, Hill, Ruth and Parr )
Figure 12 The remarkably in tact remains of Francis Xavier are on display every 10 years in Goa (2014 from BBC)
Figure 13 A tourist attraction in Malacca, this Japanese graveyard is dated with grave stones from 1911 to 1940 with a total of around 40 Japanese layed to rest here
(2013 by Wisatan Budaya dan Warisan)
Figure 14 Malacca Warrior Monument for the Chinese Victims of Anti-Japanese Occupation, Malacca Town, Central Malacca, Malacca, Malaysia. Constructed in 1948 by
the Malayan Federation (2015 by Chongkian)
Figure 15 St Peter’s Church photographed as seen in a vintage postcard
Figure 16 Map of The Straits of Malacca 1854, with map of Malacca highlighted in yellow.
Figure 17 Demographics of Malacca vs Malaysia as of 2016 based on race
Figure 18 Demographics of Malacca based on religious faith
Figure 19 Language literacy amongst locals of Malacca focusing on English, Malay, Tamil and others
Figure 20 Figure Distribution of Malaccans by age
Figure 21 Figure Distribution of Malaccans by ocupation
Figure 22 Figure Live performances and thousands of spectators at Jonker Walk (2011 by Justin Klein)
Figure 23 Figure Procession lead by standard of Holy Eucharist and Mater Dolorosa began from St Peter’s Church in Malacca (29/3/2010 by Maleisie News)
Figure 24 Figure An Indonesian dancer perfoming among the ruins of St. Paul’s Church during Melaka Art & Performance Festival (2014 by Tamara Thiessen)
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Figure 25 Peranakan Family Portrait circa 1910
Figure 26 A group of Kirstang people in their traditional dress, where women were the saia, red or white clothing as well kercheifs around their heas and men who wear
jackets with bowties and fedoras.
Figure 27 Melaka Tengah highlighted within Melaka
Figure 28 When facades are not facing streets, the side elevations are exposed with minimal openings
Figure 29 View (B) from juntion connecting main road into J.H.K
Figure 30 View (C) Alternate view of junction from main road into J.H.K
Figure 31 View (D) Juntion from Jalan Tukang Besi into J.H.K
Figure 32 Site plan diisplaying the flow of traffic from the two-way main road (Jln Merdeka ) into single lane secondary road Jalan Hang Kasturi in lighter yellow
Figure 33 The view of back allerys taken at eye level
Figure 34 Site plan displaying The location of major back alleys
Figure 35 Jonker walk sign in day time
Figure 36 Jonker walk market at night
Figure 37 Tanhkera mosque in 1972
Figure 38 Tanhkera mosque courtyard
Figure 39 Furniture on display
Figure 40 Museum as seen from street
Figure 41 Facade of Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca.
Figure 42 Collabration between Khiels and local artist from Gombak, Mohd. Anuar (known also as Fritilldea) has produced this bright abstract painted walls outside the
Khiel’s store near Jonker Walk
Figure 43 Located just across the Khiels store, Orang Utan House is a gallery that showcases the work of artist Charles Cham where he also sells T-shirts. It is located in
Jalan Tukang Besi and there are two smaller branches in the area.
Figure 44 Realistic street art as seen in the back alleys that are formed around and in the back of the shophouses. The homogenous white walls have been adorned with
a series of similar works that make an interesting walk.
Figure 45 Strait-Chinese or Baba Nyonya were the first wave of Han Chinese. Image. c 1941
Figure 46 Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca is the oldest functioning temple in Malaysia (2012 by Michankow)
Figure 47 Wooden engraving depicting a battle during the first Opium War. The war occured as China was increasingly predatorial against weaker countries to exploit
them illegally.
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Figure 48 The picture (1860s) shows the surface mining at Kelian Pauh, by the early Chinese miners. This was the first area where tin-deposits were found. The Founder
was the Malay chief, Long Jaafar.
Figure 49 The current Hua Zhong or Federation of Chinese Associationa Malaysia logo as designed in 1991 (2012 from Hua Zhong)
Figure 50 Levels of authority
Figure 51 Divisions under General Assembly
Figure 52 Current banner on Fui Chew Association Melaka’s website with their vibrant logo on the left
Figure 53 An employee conducting daily morning prayers in the altar room after showing up for work in the building.
Figure 54 The altar room as seen with committee members in 1989
Figure 55 An association member holding up an honorary banner
Figure 56 The region behind the shophouse and back alley showing the steel door of the kitchen
Figure 57 94, Jalan Hang Kasturi on the right side as seen from the main street
Figure 58 Example of early dutch style
Figure 59 Example of Southern China stye
Figure 60 Depiction of early traditional stye
Figure 61 Example of Early Strait Eclectic Style
Figure 62 Example of Late Strait Eclectic Style
Figure 63 Example of Art Deco Style
Figure 64 Example of Early Modern Style
Figure 65 Shophouses styles introduced briefly with timeline( 20114 from Properture)
Figure 66 Showing the summarized version Southern Chinese Eclectic Features of ou Features of a typical Penang shophouse that are very familiar to the ones as seen
in Malacca and Singapore (2013 from Warisan Dunia)r assigned Building
Figure 67 Features of a typical Penang shophouse that are very familiar to the ones as seen in Malacca and Singapore (2013 from Warisan Dunia)
Figure 68 Spaces according to the ground floor plan
Figure 69 Current condition of five foot way
Figure 70 Facade as seen in 1989
Figure 71 Main Hall
Figure 72 Air-well facing the altar(top) and hall(bottom)
Figure 73 Altar fwith rontal view
Figure 74 Side profile of altar
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Figure 75 erpective view of altar
Figure 76 Back air-well
Figure 77 Dry kitchen used for storage
Figure 78 Back door of kitchen
Figure 79 Bathroom cubicles
Figure 80 Storage in wet kitchen
Figure 81 Spaces according to the first floor plan
Figure 82 Gallery area
Figure 83 Paraphernalia
Figure 84 Hung honourary banners
Figure 85 Gallery as viewed from gallery
Figure 86 Main air-well facing stairs
Figure 87 Main air-well facing office
Figure 88 Viewing the air-well from interior
Figure 89 Office interior
Figure 90 Office exterior
Figure 91 Altar room with high ceiling with grand altar and seating
Figure 92 Altar on balcony
Figure 93 Balcony space when facing buildings across
Figure 94 Ground floor plan colour coded to show degree of privacy and publicity each space receives
Figure 95 First floor plan colour coded to show degree of privacy and publicity each space receive
Figure 96 Ground floor plan with spaces labelled and directional arrows to show circulation of visitors and employees
Figure 97 First floor plan with spaces labelled and directional arrows to show circulation of visitors and employees
Figure 98 Local site plan with Fui Chew Association highlighted in orange
Figure 99 The sunpath with the Fui Chew Association in the center
Figure 100 The heirarchy of the structure expressed using colours
Figure 101 Cross ventilation accross Western Section
Figure 102 Cross ventilation accross ground floor plan
Figure 103 Cross ventilation accross first floor plan
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Figure 104 Stack ventilation whereby red regions show warmer air escaping the interiors while blue represents movement of cooler air
Figure 105 The airwells highlighted in red show the main directions where natural lighting and outside air are trnasitted throughout the interior spaces
Figure 106 Natural lighting as rendered in yellow seen coming into the interiors
Figure 107 Catchment area of main air-well on rainy day
Figure 108 The flow of rain water from the tile roofing to the gutters and down the pipes during rainfall. Some water is seen flowing onto zinc extensions. Main air-well
Figure 109 Pipes in the back air- well
Figure 110 The flow of rain water aroud and into the structure as seen in the sectio
Figure 111 Diagramatic summation of the facade and how it is infulenced by oriental philosophies
Figure 112 Diagram expressing how the spaces within a shophouse are symbolic represenation of individuals within ordered societies
Figure 113 Symmetry of elevation
Figure 114 Symmetry of plan shown via circulation
Figure 115 Roof ridge and balcony roof explained in more detail
Figure 116 Roof layering found at main air-well
Figure 117 Tiles and drip tiles as seen above balcony roo
Figure 118 Function and aprts of drip tile explained
Figure 119 Roof eave width highlighted
Figure 120 Concrete parapet walls that act as railings for the balcony
Figure 121 Division between main air-well and living room
Figure 122 Conrete bar that separates the places
Figure 123 Opening between the partition or door
Figure 124 Partition between wet and dry kitchen
Figure 125 View of office from corridors
Figure 126 As seen in this photo taken in the 80s, the partition was still arched
Figure 127 View of doors of altar room
Figure 128 Gallery room with curtains seen covering doorway to vacant back room
Figure 129 The gable end of the last pitch of the roof is plain. The wet kitchen area as an inclined roof instead of a pitched roof
Figure 130 The gable ends of roof structures throughout the front two pitched roofs.
Figure 131 Gable ends seen of the first three pitches from the front
Figure 132 View of the solid door from inside
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Figure 133 hinge connects solid-wood entrance door with the timber foor-frame
Figure 134 The solid door as seen from the outside. Metal grills outside placed for added security
Figure 135 Granite block at entrance though inconvenient with the eldery employees prevent flood water from entering interior
Figure 136 Open balcony door from altar room
Figure 137 Balcony doors as seen from the outside of the altar room/balcony
Figure 138 Balcony doors as seen from the inside of the altar room with latches highlighted in red
Figure 139 Timber rod latched as seen from the inside of the altar room
Figure 140 Doors as seen from the interior
Figure 141 Steel doors painted red as seen from the back of the house
Figure 142 Hall window seen on inside
Figure 143 Opened up hall window
Figure 144 The balcony windows seen
Figure 145 The balcony windows seen from outside
Figure 146 Continuous louvred windows
Figure 147 Individual louvred windows for each cubicle
Figure 148 The back of the shophouse is very regular and undecorated but clean and well maintained
Figure 149 As seen on the left, louvred windows are found at the back air-well whereby natural light enters the vacant room on the first floor
Figure 150 Air-vents when lights turned off and on on the right
Figure 151 Air-vents when lights turned off and on on the right
Figure 152 Main air well as viewed from the center if the gallery room
Figure 153 Back air-well which is covered with a jacked zinc roof
Figure 154 Ground floor and first floor plans with the type of flooring found labeled
Figure 155 Back stair-case near the dry kitchen
Figure 156 Right :Side elevation of stairs
Figure 157 Staircase from eye- level
Figure 158 The various types of cielings as seen throughout the ground floor as highlighted using the cieling plan of the ground floor
Figure 159 Cieling as seen looking up at 5-foot-way
Figure 160 Cieling as seen looking up at hall
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Figure 161 Plasterboards at wet kitchen
Figure 162 The various cieling types throughout the first floor plan as labelled throughout the first floor cieling plan
Figure 163 Section of altar-room ceiling
Figure 164 Ceiling of altar-room
Figure 165 Cieling of balcony which is exposed Tailiang framing system
Figure 166 Chi tou and capital as seen facing the first floor facade
Figure 167 Chi tou and capital as seen looking upwards from ground floor
Figure 168 Capital and Astragal of the column as seen in the Tuscan order
Figure 169 Bresummer beam attached to astragal of the pseudo-column
Figure 170 The arrow shows the direction of forces flowing down the structure and into the ground with the help of the transverse bresummer beam
Figure 171 Columns as seen from facade
Figure 172 Top region of column
Figure 173 Base of column
Figure 174 Concrete columns surrounding air-well
Figure 175 Timber columns supporting the Moguojia framing in the baclony
Figure 176 Tailiang system labelled in detail based on section of balcony roofing
Figure 177 The timber framing as seen on the right whereby plaster ornamentation is found installed (as seen in amges on LEFT)
Figure 178 Crab symbol as seen on the timber framing of the balcony. The employees have been confused as to its significance. It is intriguing
Figure 179 Guardian lions found in multiples throughout the timber framing
Figure 180 Guardian lions found above main entrance
Figure 181 Magipie birds on trees with flowers. Fruit with lucky coin seen in the center
Figure 182 Example of chinese lucky coin seen within fruit
Figure 183 Poenies and magpies that symbolize high spirits and energy
Figure 184 Pheonixes, being the largest of winged creatures in Chinese mythology is a symbol of domineering feminine power. This was used often one of many
emperial motifs
Figure 185 Red banner
Figure 186 Brick red wall
Figure 187 Red paint
Figure 188 Gold ornamentation
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Figure 189 Green lining
Figure 190 Drip tiles
Figure 191 Chi Tou and capital
Figure 192 Sign above entrance
Figure 193 The white paint in the ground floor contrasts the rich use of colour on the top floor
Figure 194 Paint near Jian Nian where white trims the blue to make it resemble clouds.
Figure 195 Guan Ping, along with Zhou Cang would often appeared at the sides of Guan Ti. From the photo attached, Guan Ping's face is traditionally painted white
which is a stark contrast to Zhou Cang’s coal black complexion, while Guan Yu's tends to be shades of red.
Figure 196 High ceiling appropriate for grand tall altar that provide sense of importance and the heavens
Figure 197 Motifs of deers, magpies and flora are seen on the altar table which represents high spirits
Figure 198 Motifs based on traditional stories seen carved on the altar table
Figure 199 Door knob as viewed from side and front
Figure 200 Timber corbels found at five foot way’
Figure 201 Maze found on first floor columns
Figure 202 Chinese palace lantern
Figure 203 Column and beams by air-well
Figure 204 Wooden latch of balcony door
Figure 205 Jian Nian
Figure 206 Granite blocks at entrance
Figure 207 Base of granite column
Figure 208 Edge of partition opening
Figure 209 Clay air- vents on ridge
Figure 210 U-shape tiles on balcony roof
Figure 211 Louvred windows at back air-well
Figure 212 Zinc roofing
Figure 213 Trusses on the first floor
Figure 214 Wearing out of flooring at air-well
Figure 215 Wearing out paint of timber floors
Figure 216 Peeling paint at back air-well
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Figure 217 Peeling paint at back stairs
Figure 218 Cracking cardboard at walls
Figure 219 Gables discoloured by heavy rains
Figure 220 Breaking clay air-vents
Figure 221 Plan of ground floor with cardboard walls highlighted in purple and various openings
Figure 222 Window bars and pane that have been painted recently
Figure 223 Plaster ornamentation has been painted with gold fairly recently. The beam it is resting on has also been coated
Figure 224 The poor state of the exterior walls in 1989 are contrasting of the state of the facade and parapet today which are well maintained with white paint.
Figure 225 As you can see the interior walls are also in a much more acceptable conditions currently as they are covered with cardbaording walling. However, the arches
for oenings are no longer so
Figure 226 The overall condition of Jalan Hang Kasturi in the past has been far improved after 2008 when malacca received recognition from UNESCO and received
assistance in maintaining the valuable heritage of these streets.
List of tables
Table 1 Function of Chinese Association
Table 2 Brief introduction to the history of the Chinese clan associations throughout the peninsular of Malaysia
Table 3 Materials used briefly according to timeline( 2014 from Properture.com)
Table 4 that shows elements according to their style origins
Table 5 Concepts which involve the balance between Confucianism and Daoism as contrasting philosophies
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Glossary
Jian Nian plaster ornamentation found installed
into eaves of overhanging roof structures
traditionally in ancient Chinese palaces
Chi Tou chinese column heads that transfer
loads of roofs to columns
Mugoujia traditional chinese method of timber
framing
Tailiang traditional chinese method of timber
framing that is also known as post-beam system
Duogong The end of the bracket that extrudes in
the tailiang system. Serves both structural and
decorative purpose
Peranakan descendants of Chinese migrants
who came to South East Asia and assimilated
with Malay cultures
Baba refers to male peranakans
Nyonya refers to female peranakans
Guan Ti also known as Saintly Emperor Guan or
Guan Yu, a well known Bhuddist deity.
Daoism religious or philosophical tradition from
China which emphasizes the volatile and free-
reigning dao or ‘way’
Confucianism a philosophy that originated from
China that puts emphasis on social order and
tries to establish essential ideals of a traditional
Chinese society.
Bresummer a term derived from sommier or
‘pack horse’ in French that refers to a beam that
supports load of great weight
Marseille a city in France, which popularized the
use of Spanish terra-cotta tiles that are now
known as Marseille tiles
Jalan refers to Malay word for street

Feng Shui is the Chinese art or practice of
creating harmonious surroundings that enhance
the balance of yin and yang, as in arranging
furniture or determining the siting of a house.
Masjid the Malay word for mosque
Kaki-lima the five-foot-way found at the facade
of the typical South East Asian shophouse
designed to protect interior from the elements
and create circulation space for pedestrians
Kapitan German word for captain
Creole a type of language that originates from
the meeting of two different languages, one often
European
Kristang is the eurasian ethnicity local to Melaka
which are a mix of Portuguese and local people
Becha local variety of trishaws
Foo-dog refers to the popularized term for
Chinese Imperial lions that are found in palace
gardens in order to symbolic protection and
warding away of evil spirits

Books and Jounrals
1. Dr. Suraini Ad Ali (2015)The 10th Anniversary of the Mubin Sheppard
Memorial Prize, Badan Warisan Malaysia Vol. 5, 6 and 7
2. Martin E. Weaver (1997) Conserving Buildings: A Manual of
Techniques and Materials, Revised Edition ISBN: 978-0-471-50944-8
3. Radford, William A (2002). Architectural Details and Measured
Drawings of Houses of the Twenties . Mineola, N.Y. Dover
Publications.
4. Melaka, Monograf Kalam (2002) Pusat Kajian Bina Dunia Melayu
07.2002 Edisi 1
5. Tan Yeow Wooi (2005) Penang Shophouses A Handbook of Features
and Materials. Tan Yeow Wooi Culture & Research Studio, George
Town, Penang.ISBN 10: 9671334008
6. Kohl, David Grant Chinese architecture in the Straits Settlements and
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10722/29137
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Leine Mann Ltd, London. p.303.
8. Needham, Joseph (1971) Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 4, Pt.
3, Cambridge, 1971, p.61.
9. Kong Yuan Zhi (2001) Persahabatan Kedua-dua Bangsa China-
Malaysia Sari .Nota Penyelidikan/Research Note Cerita Hang Li Po :
Ode Persahabatan Kedua-dua Bangsa China-Malaysia
10. Touru, N (1989) Sejarah Melaka dilihat dari Sumber-sumber Cina,
Esei-esei Budaya dan Sejarah Melaka.
11. William, N, (1983) Reading in Historical Preservation, Why, What,
How?, The state University of New Jersey, Centre for Urban Policy
Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
12. David G.S, (1984). Chinese Architecture in the Straits Settlements
and Western Malaya: Temples, Kongsis and Houses, Heinemann
Asia.
13. Chen, V.F, (1991). The Consrvation of Traditional Values in Urban
Development, Part 1, Majalah Arkitek, Vol 3, No 1
14. Chee, V. F., Houses: 1957 – 1987 (or 30 Years of Dreams Fulfilled?),
Post Merdeka Architecture Malaysia 1957-1987, Kuala Lumpur:
Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia, pp.31-36.
15. Heritage of Malaysia Trust, (1990), A Handbook Malaysian
Architectural Heritage Survey, Kuala Lumpur: Badan Warisan
Malaysia, pp.24-33, 76-79.
16. Department of Architecture University of Seoul, (2007) Analytical
Survey, Heeren Street, Shophouses: Transformation and Mutation
17. Measured Drawing, (2001) Front Façade of buildings Northwest,
Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka, Department of Architecture Universiti
Malaya
18. Raja Nafida binti Raja Shaminan,(2008). Kajian Tiplogi Rumah Kedai
Awal Era Belanda Di Bandar Melaka; Sumbangan Kepada Bidang
Pemuliharan Di Malaysia, PhD Thesis. UTM.
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