We are not actually in charge of life, yet behave as if we are the masters of our own destiny. The realization of this fact is quite a hard one. The ridiculousness of our pomposity and presumption can only result in anger or humor.
This document discusses the concept of accountability and its application to teachers, counselors, and counseling as a whole. It defines accountability as the obligation or willingness to accept responsibility for one's actions. It notes that accountability involves evaluation and planning to assess success. It also outlines some typical goals for counselors, such as helping teachers and students, and asserts that guidance is a shared responsibility.
The reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by B.F. Skinner and states that an individual's behavior is determined by the consequences of that behavior. It is based on the law of effect, where behaviors followed by positive consequences will be repeated and behaviors followed by negative consequences will not be repeated. Managers can use positive reinforcement like praise, negative reinforcement like removing undesirable tasks, punishment, or extinction without reinforcement to control employee behavior. However, the theory has been criticized for ignoring inner feelings and motivations and solely focusing on external environmental factors influencing behavior.
Shaping is a technique used to establish new behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations. It involves defining a target behavior and breaking it down into gradual steps that reinforce closer approximations over time. Shaping is commonly used to train animals and rehabilitate human behaviors. Examples of how it is applied include teaching patients to increase time between bathroom visits or training an old man to walk using parallel bars in gradual steps from sitting to taking multiple steps of support. Guidelines for effective shaping specify selecting a desired behavior and reinforcer, then reinforcing mastery of each step before moving to the next approximation.
This document discusses operant conditioning and its basic principles including reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. It defines positive reinforcement as adding a stimulus to strengthen a response and make it more likely to recur. Negative reinforcement is defined as removing a stimulus to strengthen a response. Punishment is adding or removing a stimulus to weaken a response. Extinction is when a behavior disappears when it is no longer reinforced. Examples of operant conditioning principles and their use in clinical settings are also provided.
This document discusses attitudes and how they influence behavior. It defines attitude as a tendency to respond positively or negatively to ideas, objects, people, or situations. Attitudes can be positive or negative and influence choices and responses. People with positive attitudes focus on the good, while negative attitudes focus on the bad. Though attitudes are based on life experiences, behavior is more influenced by situations and social norms. The document also examines the root causes of negative attitudes like low self-esteem and unresolved conflicts, and how to bring about positive change through communication, open-mindedness, and choosing happiness. A positive attitude can lead to positive thinking, motivation, inspiration, and optimism.
This document provides an overview of learning theories and reinforcement concepts relevant to organizational behavior. It discusses three types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Key concepts around reinforcement include contingencies of reinforcement, types of reinforcers, punishment versus negative reinforcement, and schedules of reinforcement. Managers can influence employee behavior through understanding and applying principles of reinforcement, such as contingent reinforcement, appropriate use of punishment, and intermittent reinforcement schedules.
Definition, Characteristics of Attitude, Factors Influence Attitude, Basis of Attitude, Functions of Attitude, Conditions facilitating Attitude change, Formation of Attitude, Steps of Changing Attitude, Relation between Attitude and Production.
The document discusses reinforcement and its role in operant conditioning and behavior analysis. There are two types of reinforcement - positive reinforcement, which involves adding a reward to increase a desired behavior, and negative reinforcement, which involves removing an undesired stimulus to increase a behavior. Proper application of reinforcement in the classroom involves providing a safe, orderly environment with clear rules to facilitate learning. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used effectively in the classroom if applied appropriately.
This document discusses the concept of accountability and its application to teachers, counselors, and counseling as a whole. It defines accountability as the obligation or willingness to accept responsibility for one's actions. It notes that accountability involves evaluation and planning to assess success. It also outlines some typical goals for counselors, such as helping teachers and students, and asserts that guidance is a shared responsibility.
The reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by B.F. Skinner and states that an individual's behavior is determined by the consequences of that behavior. It is based on the law of effect, where behaviors followed by positive consequences will be repeated and behaviors followed by negative consequences will not be repeated. Managers can use positive reinforcement like praise, negative reinforcement like removing undesirable tasks, punishment, or extinction without reinforcement to control employee behavior. However, the theory has been criticized for ignoring inner feelings and motivations and solely focusing on external environmental factors influencing behavior.
Shaping is a technique used to establish new behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations. It involves defining a target behavior and breaking it down into gradual steps that reinforce closer approximations over time. Shaping is commonly used to train animals and rehabilitate human behaviors. Examples of how it is applied include teaching patients to increase time between bathroom visits or training an old man to walk using parallel bars in gradual steps from sitting to taking multiple steps of support. Guidelines for effective shaping specify selecting a desired behavior and reinforcer, then reinforcing mastery of each step before moving to the next approximation.
This document discusses operant conditioning and its basic principles including reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. It defines positive reinforcement as adding a stimulus to strengthen a response and make it more likely to recur. Negative reinforcement is defined as removing a stimulus to strengthen a response. Punishment is adding or removing a stimulus to weaken a response. Extinction is when a behavior disappears when it is no longer reinforced. Examples of operant conditioning principles and their use in clinical settings are also provided.
This document discusses attitudes and how they influence behavior. It defines attitude as a tendency to respond positively or negatively to ideas, objects, people, or situations. Attitudes can be positive or negative and influence choices and responses. People with positive attitudes focus on the good, while negative attitudes focus on the bad. Though attitudes are based on life experiences, behavior is more influenced by situations and social norms. The document also examines the root causes of negative attitudes like low self-esteem and unresolved conflicts, and how to bring about positive change through communication, open-mindedness, and choosing happiness. A positive attitude can lead to positive thinking, motivation, inspiration, and optimism.
This document provides an overview of learning theories and reinforcement concepts relevant to organizational behavior. It discusses three types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Key concepts around reinforcement include contingencies of reinforcement, types of reinforcers, punishment versus negative reinforcement, and schedules of reinforcement. Managers can influence employee behavior through understanding and applying principles of reinforcement, such as contingent reinforcement, appropriate use of punishment, and intermittent reinforcement schedules.
Definition, Characteristics of Attitude, Factors Influence Attitude, Basis of Attitude, Functions of Attitude, Conditions facilitating Attitude change, Formation of Attitude, Steps of Changing Attitude, Relation between Attitude and Production.
The document discusses reinforcement and its role in operant conditioning and behavior analysis. There are two types of reinforcement - positive reinforcement, which involves adding a reward to increase a desired behavior, and negative reinforcement, which involves removing an undesired stimulus to increase a behavior. Proper application of reinforcement in the classroom involves providing a safe, orderly environment with clear rules to facilitate learning. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used effectively in the classroom if applied appropriately.
Attitude
Meaning : a settle way of thinking or feeling about something.
Or
Tolerant and uncooperative behaviour
Positive attitude
Negative attitude.
Neutral attitude.
Sikken attitude.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
Behaviour therapy aims to help clients acquire new coping skills or break bad habits through a collaborative process between therapist and client. It focuses on interpreting a client's behavior and applying principles of learning and conditioning to assess and address their needs. Some key concepts include classical and operant conditioning, which posit that behaviors are learned through responses to stimuli and their consequences. Therapists use techniques like reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control to modify behaviors.
This document defines attitudes and discusses their key characteristics and components. It states that attitudes are learned evaluations people hold towards objects, ideas, events, or other people. Attitudes have three components - affective (feelings), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (beliefs). They are formed through learning via association, observation, rewards/punishment, exposure to information, and cultural/social influences like family, peers, media, and education. Attitudes can be either explicit and conscious, or implicit and unconscious, and influence decisions and behavior.
This document discusses tools and methods for shaping organizational behavior through reinforcement. It describes four types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. Positive reinforcement follows a response with something pleasant, while negative reinforcement follows a response by removing something unpleasant. Punishment creates unpleasant conditions to eliminate undesirable behavior, and extinction eliminates reinforcement of undesirable behavior. Reinforcement is generally more effective than punishment for changing behavior. The document also outlines schedules of reinforcement, including continuous, intermittent, fixed intervals, variable intervals, fixed ratio, and variable ratio.
This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
This document defines resilience as the ability to withstand difficult conditions and recover quickly from misfortune or change. It also refers to being capable of withstanding shock without being permanently deformed or ruptured. The document mentions the Yerkes-Dotson curve and goals/values, and discusses topics like mindlessness/mindfulness, positive/negative attitudes, emotions, therapeutic lifestyle changes, and meaningful relationships. It concludes by recommending accepting happiness and suffering at the same level, taking a pessimistic rather than optimistic view, and doing good to become a resilient person.
This document discusses operant conditioning, which is a form of behavior modification due to consequences inflicted after a behavior. There are two types of operant conditioning: reinforcement, which strengthens behavior making it more likely to occur again, and punishment, which weakens behavior making it less likely to reoccur. Positive reinforcement follows a behavior with a pleasant stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.
This document discusses motivation and how to motivate students. It defines motivation as the internal state that activates and directs behavior. Motivation comes from biological, social, cognitive, affective, conative, and spiritual sources. Theories of motivation include sociocultural, behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic, social learning, and social cognition approaches. To motivate students, teachers should encourage students, get them involved, offer incentives, be creative, draw real-life connections, understand achievement motivation, and follow tips like knowing students' names and making classes relevant. The conclusion reiterates that motivation initiates and guides goal-oriented behaviors through its influence on cognition, behavior, and human behavior.
Lesson 9 applications of operant conditioningcoburgpsych
Positive reinforcement refers to adding a rewarding stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement refers to removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. Shaping uses reinforcement to successively shape behaviors through approximation. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement over time to alter behaviors, such as through token economies in schools and prisons. Punishment risks damaging relationships and teaching only what is undesirable, not desirable behaviors, so it works best if applied consistently right after undesirable behaviors and combined with positive reinforcement.
The document summarizes key aspects of behaviorism and operant conditioning. It discusses how Skinner was a behaviorist who developed a behaviorist approach and theory of learning through experience. It also defines and compares different types of conditioning like classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves rewarding or punishing behaviors to shape learning. The major theorists who developed operant conditioning include Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. The document also defines different types of reinforcement and responses in operant conditioning and provides steps for applying operant conditioning principles to teach behaviors.
The document discusses attitude formation and the components of attitudes. It defines an attitude as a learned predisposition to respond consistently in a favorable or unfavorable way to an object or class of objects. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and conative components. Attitudes are formed through three paths - by first creating beliefs, directly, or by first creating behaviors. Maintaining a positive attitude provides benefits like achieving goals more easily, greater happiness and energy, and the ability to inspire others. Developing a positive attitude involves choosing happiness, looking at the bright side, associating with positive people, and affirming success.
Understanding people's behavior, personality traits, perceptions, attitudes, and compatibility is important for managing people effectively. While human behavior is complex, certain personality traits like extroversion or conscientiousness can help explain individual differences. How people perceive situations depends on their internal and external filters, which means their behavior may seem illogical if you do not understand their perspective. Incompatibilities between personalities or perceptions can cause conflicts but can sometimes be addressed through reassignment, compromise, or removing incompatible individuals.
Carl Rogers was a prominent humanist who believed that people are inherently motivated to develop positively and that individuals know themselves best. His client-centered therapy approach posits that the therapist's role is to provide an atmosphere where clients can help themselves by being open, genuine, and accepting in their relationship so clients can accept all parts of themselves without distortion or denial. Therapists achieve this through unconditional positive regard, reflecting clients' statements back to allow them to listen to themselves.
B.F. Skinner performed stimulus-response experiments with pigeons where he taught them behaviors through operant conditioning by rewarding them when they performed the desired action. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are shaped through reinforcement of stimulus-response patterns. Skinner argued that both positive rewards and negative responses should be used to encourage desired behaviors and discourage undesired ones. His work formed the basis for behavior modification techniques and influenced how many teachers apply principles of reinforcement and punishment in educational settings.
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning. Some key aspects of Skinner's work include:
- He focused on observable behavior and studied how environmental consequences shape behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
- He conducted experiments using operant conditioning techniques like positive reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement in animals and humans.
- His theory of operant conditioning and concepts like reinforcement schedules and shaping behavior were influential but also criticized for being too narrow.
- He applied his behaviorist ideas to society and technology through concepts like teaching machines and behavioral control in communities.
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a tendency to evaluate things positively or negatively. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observation, social roles, and social norms. They influence behavior but the relationship is complex. Attitudes can change through learning, persuasion, and reducing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and actions. Attitudes serve functions like helping organize knowledge, protecting self-esteem, and expressing values. They are measured both explicitly through self-reports and implicitly through response times.
This document discusses self-efficacy in students. It defines self-efficacy as a student's belief in their ability to accomplish goals and defines its sources as mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional state. Students with high self-efficacy are intrinsically motivated, persist through challenges, and achieve personal goals, while those with low self-efficacy avoid challenges and give up easily. The document provides tips for teachers to improve students' self-efficacy such as using moderate tasks, modeling, teaching strategies, feedback, and challenging negative thoughts.
Motivational Interviewing by Ravi Kolli,MDravikolli
Motivational Interviewing is a client-centered treatment approach that aims to resolve ambivalence and increase intrinsic motivation for change. It seeks to increase the importance a client places on changing and their belief that change is possible. Motivational Interviewing has been shown to be effective in treating substance abuse and increasing compliance with medical treatment plans in as little as 1-4 sessions. Key principles of Motivational Interviewing include expressing empathy, rolling with resistance rather than confronting it, developing discrepancy between a client's goals and behaviors, and supporting a client's self-efficacy for change.
The document describes the development of the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES), a measure of psychological resilience. It discusses what resilience is and why it is important to measure. It outlines the process of developing and testing the RSES, which resulted in a 30-item scale with 6 factors: positive outlook, spirituality, active coping, self-efficacy, meaning-making, and acceptance. The RSES was tested on over 900 military service members across branches and found to have high reliability. Ongoing research aims to further validate the RSES and explore resilience as a treatment outcome and way to build countermeasures for stress.
The document discusses motivational interviewing (MI) and the transtheoretical model of health behavior change (TTM). The TTM proposes that behavior change involves progress through six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. MI is a counseling approach used to help people progress through the stages by expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy. The document provides examples of questions counselors can ask and behaviors to watch for at each stage to support movement toward behavior change.
Attitude
Meaning : a settle way of thinking or feeling about something.
Or
Tolerant and uncooperative behaviour
Positive attitude
Negative attitude.
Neutral attitude.
Sikken attitude.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
Behaviour therapy aims to help clients acquire new coping skills or break bad habits through a collaborative process between therapist and client. It focuses on interpreting a client's behavior and applying principles of learning and conditioning to assess and address their needs. Some key concepts include classical and operant conditioning, which posit that behaviors are learned through responses to stimuli and their consequences. Therapists use techniques like reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control to modify behaviors.
This document defines attitudes and discusses their key characteristics and components. It states that attitudes are learned evaluations people hold towards objects, ideas, events, or other people. Attitudes have three components - affective (feelings), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (beliefs). They are formed through learning via association, observation, rewards/punishment, exposure to information, and cultural/social influences like family, peers, media, and education. Attitudes can be either explicit and conscious, or implicit and unconscious, and influence decisions and behavior.
This document discusses tools and methods for shaping organizational behavior through reinforcement. It describes four types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. Positive reinforcement follows a response with something pleasant, while negative reinforcement follows a response by removing something unpleasant. Punishment creates unpleasant conditions to eliminate undesirable behavior, and extinction eliminates reinforcement of undesirable behavior. Reinforcement is generally more effective than punishment for changing behavior. The document also outlines schedules of reinforcement, including continuous, intermittent, fixed intervals, variable intervals, fixed ratio, and variable ratio.
This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
This document defines resilience as the ability to withstand difficult conditions and recover quickly from misfortune or change. It also refers to being capable of withstanding shock without being permanently deformed or ruptured. The document mentions the Yerkes-Dotson curve and goals/values, and discusses topics like mindlessness/mindfulness, positive/negative attitudes, emotions, therapeutic lifestyle changes, and meaningful relationships. It concludes by recommending accepting happiness and suffering at the same level, taking a pessimistic rather than optimistic view, and doing good to become a resilient person.
This document discusses operant conditioning, which is a form of behavior modification due to consequences inflicted after a behavior. There are two types of operant conditioning: reinforcement, which strengthens behavior making it more likely to occur again, and punishment, which weakens behavior making it less likely to reoccur. Positive reinforcement follows a behavior with a pleasant stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.
This document discusses motivation and how to motivate students. It defines motivation as the internal state that activates and directs behavior. Motivation comes from biological, social, cognitive, affective, conative, and spiritual sources. Theories of motivation include sociocultural, behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic, social learning, and social cognition approaches. To motivate students, teachers should encourage students, get them involved, offer incentives, be creative, draw real-life connections, understand achievement motivation, and follow tips like knowing students' names and making classes relevant. The conclusion reiterates that motivation initiates and guides goal-oriented behaviors through its influence on cognition, behavior, and human behavior.
Lesson 9 applications of operant conditioningcoburgpsych
Positive reinforcement refers to adding a rewarding stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement refers to removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. Shaping uses reinforcement to successively shape behaviors through approximation. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement over time to alter behaviors, such as through token economies in schools and prisons. Punishment risks damaging relationships and teaching only what is undesirable, not desirable behaviors, so it works best if applied consistently right after undesirable behaviors and combined with positive reinforcement.
The document summarizes key aspects of behaviorism and operant conditioning. It discusses how Skinner was a behaviorist who developed a behaviorist approach and theory of learning through experience. It also defines and compares different types of conditioning like classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves rewarding or punishing behaviors to shape learning. The major theorists who developed operant conditioning include Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. The document also defines different types of reinforcement and responses in operant conditioning and provides steps for applying operant conditioning principles to teach behaviors.
The document discusses attitude formation and the components of attitudes. It defines an attitude as a learned predisposition to respond consistently in a favorable or unfavorable way to an object or class of objects. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and conative components. Attitudes are formed through three paths - by first creating beliefs, directly, or by first creating behaviors. Maintaining a positive attitude provides benefits like achieving goals more easily, greater happiness and energy, and the ability to inspire others. Developing a positive attitude involves choosing happiness, looking at the bright side, associating with positive people, and affirming success.
Understanding people's behavior, personality traits, perceptions, attitudes, and compatibility is important for managing people effectively. While human behavior is complex, certain personality traits like extroversion or conscientiousness can help explain individual differences. How people perceive situations depends on their internal and external filters, which means their behavior may seem illogical if you do not understand their perspective. Incompatibilities between personalities or perceptions can cause conflicts but can sometimes be addressed through reassignment, compromise, or removing incompatible individuals.
Carl Rogers was a prominent humanist who believed that people are inherently motivated to develop positively and that individuals know themselves best. His client-centered therapy approach posits that the therapist's role is to provide an atmosphere where clients can help themselves by being open, genuine, and accepting in their relationship so clients can accept all parts of themselves without distortion or denial. Therapists achieve this through unconditional positive regard, reflecting clients' statements back to allow them to listen to themselves.
B.F. Skinner performed stimulus-response experiments with pigeons where he taught them behaviors through operant conditioning by rewarding them when they performed the desired action. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are shaped through reinforcement of stimulus-response patterns. Skinner argued that both positive rewards and negative responses should be used to encourage desired behaviors and discourage undesired ones. His work formed the basis for behavior modification techniques and influenced how many teachers apply principles of reinforcement and punishment in educational settings.
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning. Some key aspects of Skinner's work include:
- He focused on observable behavior and studied how environmental consequences shape behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
- He conducted experiments using operant conditioning techniques like positive reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement in animals and humans.
- His theory of operant conditioning and concepts like reinforcement schedules and shaping behavior were influential but also criticized for being too narrow.
- He applied his behaviorist ideas to society and technology through concepts like teaching machines and behavioral control in communities.
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a tendency to evaluate things positively or negatively. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observation, social roles, and social norms. They influence behavior but the relationship is complex. Attitudes can change through learning, persuasion, and reducing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and actions. Attitudes serve functions like helping organize knowledge, protecting self-esteem, and expressing values. They are measured both explicitly through self-reports and implicitly through response times.
This document discusses self-efficacy in students. It defines self-efficacy as a student's belief in their ability to accomplish goals and defines its sources as mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional state. Students with high self-efficacy are intrinsically motivated, persist through challenges, and achieve personal goals, while those with low self-efficacy avoid challenges and give up easily. The document provides tips for teachers to improve students' self-efficacy such as using moderate tasks, modeling, teaching strategies, feedback, and challenging negative thoughts.
Motivational Interviewing by Ravi Kolli,MDravikolli
Motivational Interviewing is a client-centered treatment approach that aims to resolve ambivalence and increase intrinsic motivation for change. It seeks to increase the importance a client places on changing and their belief that change is possible. Motivational Interviewing has been shown to be effective in treating substance abuse and increasing compliance with medical treatment plans in as little as 1-4 sessions. Key principles of Motivational Interviewing include expressing empathy, rolling with resistance rather than confronting it, developing discrepancy between a client's goals and behaviors, and supporting a client's self-efficacy for change.
The document describes the development of the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES), a measure of psychological resilience. It discusses what resilience is and why it is important to measure. It outlines the process of developing and testing the RSES, which resulted in a 30-item scale with 6 factors: positive outlook, spirituality, active coping, self-efficacy, meaning-making, and acceptance. The RSES was tested on over 900 military service members across branches and found to have high reliability. Ongoing research aims to further validate the RSES and explore resilience as a treatment outcome and way to build countermeasures for stress.
The document discusses motivational interviewing (MI) and the transtheoretical model of health behavior change (TTM). The TTM proposes that behavior change involves progress through six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. MI is a counseling approach used to help people progress through the stages by expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy. The document provides examples of questions counselors can ask and behaviors to watch for at each stage to support movement toward behavior change.
The document provides an overview of motivational interviewing. It discusses the efficacy of MI, which has been shown to be effective in treating addiction and other health behaviors in as little as 1-4 sessions. It outlines the stages of change model and describes strategies and principles of MI, including expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, avoiding argumentation, and supporting self-efficacy. The document emphasizes that the spirit of MI is collaborative and aims to evoke motivation for change from clients in a warm, respectful manner.
Motivational Interviewing - Health Psychology for Behavioral ChangeMichael Changaris
This slide show explores motivational interviewing skills, concepts and techniques for health psychologists. Behavior is the main driver of of health. CDC estimates that 50% of health is behaviorally driven while only 10% is having access to a physicians. The ability to integrate skills for behavioral change into health discussions can be a driver for health change at both the individual and systemic level.
This document discusses frustration and conflict in psychology. It defines frustration as occurring when goal-directed behavior is blocked, creating unpleasant emotions. Conflict is described as a painful emotional state resulting from opposing wishes. The document outlines sources of frustration as external environmental factors or internal personal factors. Common reactions to frustration include increased effort, aggression, apathy and fantasy. It identifies different types of conflicts as interpersonal, person-environment, and internal. The document concludes by explaining ways to resolve frustration and conflict such as identifying their source, seeking advice, and learning to accept things that cannot be changed.
This was released as Episode 077 of Counselor Toolbox Podcast. You can find specific episodes and CEU courses based on the podcasts at https://allceus.com/counselortoolbox You can also subscribe on your favorite podcast app like Apple Podcasts, Google Play or Castbox.
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MI Motivational Interviewing Basics Workshop - Health PsychologyDr. Mike Changaris
1. MI is a person-centered approach that focuses on supporting a person's own motivation for change rather than focusing on their disorder or problem.
2. Motivation has stages that can be influenced, and is not a fixed character trait.
3. Defensiveness and resistance are part of the therapeutic process and can be used to help move a person towards change.
4. A therapist's style impacts a person's motivation and behavior change process.
PBS (Positive Behavior Supports) is a non-aversive intervention technique used to help individuals replace negative behaviors with desired behaviors. It involves identifying behaviors, understanding their triggers and consequences, and teaching alternative healthy behaviors. The goals are to improve quality of life by focusing on an individual's strengths rather than punishment. Key principles include positive staff attitudes, recovery-focused goals, environmental controls, positive reinforcement, and natural consequences.
This document discusses attitudes and their importance in organizations. It defines attitudes as mental states that influence responses to people, objects, and situations. Attitudes have three components - affective, cognitive, and behavioral. They serve four functions: adjustment, knowledge, ego-defense, and value expression. In organizations, important job-related attitudes include job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Changing attitudes can be difficult due to barriers like prior commitment and lack of information, but providing new information, using fear appeals, and influencing peers can help overcome these barriers. Measuring the relationship between attitudes and behaviors requires considering moderating variables. The document also discusses self-fulfilling prophecies, cognitive dissonance theory, and emotional intelligence
This document discusses attitudes and their importance in organizations. It defines attitudes as mental states that influence responses to people, objects, and situations. Attitudes have three components - affective, cognitive, and behavioral. They serve four functions: adjustment, knowledge, ego-defense, and value expression. In the workplace, important attitudes include job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Changing attitudes involves overcoming barriers like prior commitment and lack of information by providing new information, using fear appeals, and influencing peers. Measuring the relationship between attitudes and behaviors requires considering moderating variables. The document also discusses self-fulfilling prophecies, cognitive dissonance theory, and emotional intelligence.
Resilience is the ability to bounce back which starts with having a healthy foundation and viewing adversity as an opportunity to grow and face a new challenge
The document discusses the transtheoretical model of behavior change, also known as the stages of change model. It outlines the six stages that individuals progress through when adopting healthy behaviors or quitting unhealthy ones: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Key aspects of each stage are described. The model also identifies ten processes of change that help individuals progress from one stage to the next, including consciousness raising, dramatic relief, and self-reevaluation. The stages of change model has been successfully applied to understanding behavior changes in various health domains like smoking cessation and weight control.
The Stages of Change The stages of change are Preconte.docxjoshua2345678
The Stages of Change
The stages of change are:
Precontemplation (Not yet acknowledging that there is a problem behavior that needs to
be changed)
Contemplation (Acknowledging that there is a problem but not yet ready or sure of
wanting to make a change)
Preparation/Determination (Getting ready to change)
Action/Willpower (Changing behavior)
Maintenance (Maintaining the behavior change) and
Relapse (Returning to older behaviors and abandoning the new changes)
Stage One: Precontemplation
In the precontemplation stage, people are not thinking seriously about changing and are not
interested in any kind of help. People in this stage tend to defend their current bad habit(s) and do
not feel it is a problem. They may be defensive in the face of other people’s efforts to pressure
them to quit.
They do not focus their attention on quitting and tend not to discuss their bad habit with others. In
AA, this stage is called “denial,” but at Addiction Alternatives, we do not like to use that term.
Rather, we like to think that in this stage people just do not yet see themselves as having a
problem.
Are you in the precontemplation stage? No, because the fact that you are reading this shows that
you are already ready to consider that you may have a problem with one or more bad habits.
(Of course, you may be reading this because you have a loved one who is still in the pre-
contemplation stage. If this is the case, keep reading for suggestions about how you can help
others progress through their stages of change)
Stage Two: Contemplation
In the contemplation stage people are more aware of the personal consequences of their bad
habit and they spend time thinking about their problem. Although they are able to consider the
possibility of changing, they tend to be ambivalent about it.
In this stage, people are on a teeter-totter, weighing the pros and cons of quitting or modifying
their behavior. Although they think about the negative aspects of their bad habit and the positives
associated with giving it up (or reducing), they may doubt that the long-term benefits associated
with quitting will outweigh the short-term costs.
It might take as little as a couple weeks or as long as a lifetime to get through the contemplation
stage. (In fact, some people think and think and think about giving up their bad habit and may die
never having gotten beyond this stage)
On the plus side, people are more open to receiving information about their bad habit, and more
likely to actually use educational interventions and reflect on their own feelings and thoughts
concerning their bad habit.
Stage Three: Preparation/Determination
In the preparation/determination stage, people have made a commitment to make a change.
Their motivation for changing is reflected by statements such as: “I’ve got to do something about
this — this is serious. Something has to change. What can I do?”
This is sort of a .
Recovery- Oriented System of Care ,Motivational Approach , in Substance Use D...احمد البحيري
This document discusses recovery-oriented treatment for substance use disorders. It defines treatment as direct medical interventions, while recovery is a sustained process of change addressing biological, psychological, social, and spiritual disturbances from addiction. Recovery aims to improve quality of life through pursuing abstinence and dealing with cravings. The document outlines motivational interviewing techniques including engaging patients, eliciting change talk, and negotiating plans for change. It emphasizes that recovery requires ongoing care beyond initial medical detoxification.
Coping with Stress If living is inevitably stressful, and if chron.docxdickonsondorris
Coping with Stress If living is inevitably stressful, and if chronic stress can disrupt your life and even kill you, you need to learn how to manage stress. Coping refers to the process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived as straining or exceeding an individual’s resources (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Coping may consist of behavioral, emotional, or motivational responses and thoughts. This section begins by describing how cognitive appraisal affects what you experience as stressful. We then consider types of coping responses, including both general principles of coping and specific interventions. Finally, we consider some individual differences in individuals’ ability to cope with stress. coping The process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived to be threatening or overwhelming. Appraisal of Stress When you cope with stressful situations, your first step is to define in what ways they are, in fact, stressful. Cognitive appraisal is the cognitive interpretation and evaluation of a stressor. Cognitive appraisal plays a central role in defining the situation—what the demand is, how big a threat it is, and what resources you have for meeting it (Lazarus, 1993; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). Some stressors, such as undergoing bodily injury or finding one’s house on fire, are experienced as threats by almost everyone. However, many other stressors can be defined in various ways, depending on your personal life situation, the relation of a particular demand to your central goals, your competence in dealing with the demand, and your self-assessment of that competence. The situation that causes acute distress for another person may be all in a day’s work for you. Try to notice, and understand, the life events that are different for you and your friends and family: Some situations cause you stress but not your friends and family; other events cause them stress but not you. Why? Table 12.2 Stages in Stable Decision Making/Cognitive Appraisal Stage Key Questions 1. Appraising the challenge Are the risks serious if I don’t change? 2. Surveying alternatives Is this alternative an acceptable means for dealing with the challenge? Have I sufficiently surveyed the available alternatives? 3. Weighing alternatives Which alternative is best? Could the best alternative meet the essential requirements? 4. Deliberating about commitment Will I implement the best alternative and allow others to know? 5. Adhering despite negative feedback Are the risks serious if I don’t change? Are the risks serious if I do change? Richard Lazarus, whose general theory of appraisal was addressed in the discussion of emotions, distinguished two stages in the cognitive appraisal of demands. Primary appraisal describes the initial evaluation of the seriousness of a demand. This evaluation starts with the questions “What’s happening?” and “Is this thing good for me, stressful, or irrelevant?” If the answer to the second question is “stressful.
This was released as Episode 384 of Counselor Toolbox Podcast. You can find specific episodes and CEU courses based on the podcasts at https://allceus.com/counselortoolbox You can also subscribe on your favorite podcast app like Apple Podcasts, Google Play or Castbox.
An individual's self-efficacy plays a major role in how they approach goals, tasks, and challenges according to research by Albert Bandura and others. Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a certain outcome. Bandura described self-efficacy as determinants of how people think, feel and behave. Research has shown that people with higher self-efficacy are more likely to view difficult tasks as something they can master rather than something to be avoided, and that self-efficacy affects performance accomplishments, goal setting, and persistence.
The document provides information about motivation and motivational interviewing. It discusses key concepts in motivation such as internal and external motivation sources. It also outlines the five stages in the transtheoretical model of behavior change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The document explains motivational interviewing techniques such as expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, and supporting self-efficacy. It emphasizes that motivational interviewing is a collaborative conversation style to strengthen a person's own motivation and commitment to change.
Interrelationship between emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, ...Dr. Krishnanand Tripathi
The document discusses a study that examined the relationship between emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, and employee performance among employees in the supply chain department of textile manufacturing companies in India. A survey was administered to 145 employees. The results found a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment, with emotional intelligence accounting for 34.6% of the variability in organizational commitment. Emotional intelligence was also found to account for 34.6% of the variability in employee performance. Therefore, the study concluded that emotional intelligence positively impacts both organizational commitment and employee performance.
Elaine describes graphology is 'brainwriting' - the handwriting comes directly from the writer in a uniquely personal and individual way, irrespective of how the person has been taught to write: an expert graphologist understands the styles of the different countries and languages and makes allowances for 'taught' influences. Also largely irrelevant to the actual analysis is the content of the written text.
The document describes a performance-potential matrix with three levels - Alpha, Beta and Gamma.
Alpha level performance is low or inconsistent, struggling to achieve goals. Alpha behavior potential sometimes fails to demonstrate company values or collaborate effectively.
Beta level performance is moderate and consistent over time, occasionally exceeding expectations. Beta behavior demonstrates company values, effective collaboration, and application of lessons learned.
Gamma level performance is outstanding and consistent, often exceeding expectations through creativity and innovation. Gamma behavior consistently operates in the company's best interest at all levels and coaches others.
The matrix plots these levels to assess an individual's current performance against their longer-term potential or capacity for growth.
Locus of Control’s Harmonization Effect on Organizational Role Stress and Man...Dr. Krishnanand Tripathi
Do you think that the events in your life - getting hired or getting fired, falling in or out of love, moving from one city to another - are due to your actions or some outside power? How you answer predicts your job satisfaction, stress levels, and how high up you're likely to climb in an organization. Psychologists call it your locus of control. Here's my latest research paper on Locus of Control’s Harmonization Effect on Organizational Role Stress and Managerial Effectiveness. This study is based on a sample of 75 managers working with private organizations belonging to the pharmaceutical, energy and textile sectors. The main objective of the study was to analyze the consequences of the Organizational Role Stress and its impact on management efficiency and the role of Locus of control in balancing in between organizational stress and management efficiency. Looking forwards for your comments and feed backs on it..
This research measures relationship among employee participation and organizational commitment in targeted organizations. Organizational Commitment is measured through open interval model results, rational model results and human relations model results. Data collected from Textiles, Pharmaceutical and Telecom companies operating in Mumbai by using questionnaire with sample size of 219. Correlation and regression analysis is used to establish relationship amongst the variables and to prove the hypotheses. Results confirmed that Organizational Commitment increases when there is active participation of employee in organizations.
Organizations which delegate the authority to employees perform well as compared to those who don’t. Organizations who allow their employees to work in teams proved/shows more performance level than those who have non-team based/individualistic structure. This study has identified two kinds of direct participation which is associated with organisational commitment. It therefore has clear significance for proving a positive relationship between Employee participation and organisational commitment. The outcome of this research supports the argument for more participation of employees in decision making and work autonomy. No negative effect of Employee participation was found to exist in either prior research or this study.
IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND MONETARY REWARDS ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Dr. Krishnanand Tripathi
Results have indicated that employee training and employee incentive have had not a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Trainings no doubt provide opportunities to employees to enhance their competencies but many times it has been found that the companies have imparted adequate training to their employees but because of low job satisfaction and lack of motivation they do not engage with their customers and not able to satisfy them. There is no doubt that training is vital input for better customers service but as we have seen it is not the only variable for customer’s satisfaction. Financial incentives to employees did not lead to customer satisfaction. If the employee is not sufficiently qualified & competent enough in both technically as well as emotionally to respond and meet customers' requirements easily as a result, it leads poor customer satisfaction.
The document discusses the strategic role of human resources (HR) in supporting India's Skill India initiative. It outlines several ways HR can partner to develop skills, including setting up training centers, developing trainers, implementing a talent supply chain model, and innovative training programs. HR is well-positioned to collaborate across government, industry, and society to help train the large number of youth needed and ensure skills align with market demands. By taking a strategic role, HR can help achieve the goal of training 500 million people by 2020 and support India's continued economic and social development.
2. WHAT IS BEHAVIOR
the way in which one
acts or conducts oneself,
especially towards
others.
the way in which an
animal or person
behaves in response to a
particular situation or
stimulus.
8. CHANGE EQUILIBRIUM
(F+C) ˂ (P+V+S)
F=Fear of change
C=Comfort level
P=Pain & dissatisfaction with present situation
V=Vision of the future desired state
S=Knowledge about the first step
9. THE READINESS MATRIX
Champions
• Build visibly on their commitment
Cynics
• Ask them how they see it
• Reframe until you find the right
approach
• Ignore
Complainants
• Explore resistance and
consequences of no change
• Expand their comfort zone
Stress need for solutions, not
blame
Collaborators
• Explain the rational for change
• Beware motives and victim
behavior
HighLow
Willingnesstochangetheirownbehavior
Low High
Recognition of need for change