The document discusses different parameter passing techniques in programming languages, including pass by value, pass by reference, and pass by result/value-result. It provides examples in languages like C, C++, Java, C#, Pascal, Ada to illustrate how each technique works and the differences between them. It also covers topics like parameter modes (in, out, in-out), parameter arrays, and variable arguments.

1. Paradigmas de Linguagens de Programação Paradigma Imperativo [Passagem de parâmetros] Aula #4 (CopyLeft)2009 - Ismar Frango ismar@mackenzie.br

2. Passagem de parâmetros Valor – C, Java... Referência – FORTRAN, C++, Pascal... Resultado (out) – Ada, C# Valor-resultado /*Copy-restore*/ (inout) – Ada, C#. Read-only – C/C++ (const) Macro - C Nome – ALGOL ... “ I write the music, produce it and the band plays within the parameters that I set.” Sting

4. Valor ou referência? int h, i; void B( int* w ) { int j, k; i = 2*(*w); *w = *w+1; } void A( int* x , int* y ) { float i, j; B( &h ); } int main() { int a, b; h = 5; a = 3; b = 2; A( &a , &b ); } int* &a

5. Passagem por valor (C++) 2 1 void f(int *p) { *p = 5; p = NULL; } int main() { int x=2; int *q = &x; f(q); } x = 5 q != NULL

6. Passagem por referência (C++) 2 2 void f(int A[]) { A[0] = 5; } int main() { int B[10]; B[0] = 2; f(B); cout << B[0] << endl;} 5

9. Associação posicional vs. Nomeada (Ada) procedure POS_PARAM is procedure ADD_UP(X_VAL,Y_VAL,Z_VAL: INTEGER ) is begin PUT(X_VAL+Y_VAL+Z_VAL); NEW_LINE; end ADD_UP; begin end POS_PARAM ADD_UP(2,4,6); ADD_UP(X_VAL=>2, Y_VAL=>4, Z_VAL=>6); ADD_UP(Z_VAL=>6, X_VAL=>2, Y_VAL=>4); ADD_UP(2, Z_VAL=>6, Y_VAL=>4); PPA POSITIONAL PARAMETER ASSOCIATION NPA NAMED PARAMETER ASSOCIATION

10. Passagem por valor x referência (Pascal) program P; var X, Y: Integer ; procedure Swap(A, B: Integer ); var Temp: begin Temp := A; A := B; B := Temp; end ; begin readln(X, Y); Swap(X, Y); writeln(X, Y) end . valor Novas variáveis no ARI de Swap PFs VL http://stwww.weizmann.ac.il/g-cs/benari/articles/varparm.pdf

11. Passagem por valor x referência (Pascal) program P; var X, Y: Integer ; procedure Swap( var A, B: Integer ); var Temp: begin Temp := A; A := B; B := Temp; end ; begin readln(X, Y); Swap(X, Y); writeln(X, Y) end . ref aliases VL

12. Passagem por valor (Java) public class Teste{ private static void aloca(String x) { x=&quot;Hello&quot;;} public static void main(String args[]) { String b=&quot;World&quot;; aloca(b); System.out.println(b); } } World

13. Passagem por valor (Java) public class Teste{ private static String aloca(String x,String y) { x=x+y; return x;} public static void main(String args[]) { String a=&quot;Hello, &quot;; String b=&quot;World&quot;; String c = aloca(a,b); System.out.println(c==a); String d=&quot;World&quot;; String e=new String(&quot;World&quot;); System.out.println(b==d); System.out.println(b==e); String f=e.intern(); System.out.println(b==f); } } false true false true

14. Passagem por valor (C#) void Foo (StringBuilder x) { x = null ; } ... StringBuilder y = new StringBuilder(); y.Append ( &quot;hello&quot; ); Foo (y); Console.WriteLine (y==null); false void Foo (StringBuilder x) { x.Append ( &quot; World&quot; ); } ... StringBuilder y = new StringBuilder(); y.Append ( “Hello&quot; ); Foo (y); Console.WriteLine (y); Hello World

15. Passagem por valor (Java) String first = new String(“Hello”); String second = first; first += “World”; System.out.println(second); Hello void giveMeAString (Object y) { y = &quot;This is a string&quot;; } ... Object x = null; giveMeAString (x); System.out.println (x); null

16. O que ocorre aqui? public class Teste2 { public static void foo (String x) { x+=&quot; World&quot;; } public static void main(String []a) { String y = new String(&quot;Hello&quot;); foo (y); System.out.println(y); } } Hello public class Teste3 { public static void foo (StringBuilder x) { x.append(&quot; World&quot;); } public static void main(String []a) { StringBuilder y = new StringBuilder(); y.append(&quot;Hello&quot;); foo (y); System.out.println(y); } } Hello World

17. Passagem e Alocação Java vs. C vs. C# class Elefante { public int peso=1000; //:-( Thou shalt not do this! } public class Teste{ public static void main(String args[]) { Elefante dumbo = new Elefante(); dumbo.peso=2000; Elefante dumbinho = dumbo; dumbinho.peso=500; System.out.println(dumbo.peso); } } 500 Java

18. Passagem e Alocação Java vs. C vs. C# #include <stdio.h> typedef struct { int peso; }Elefante; int main() { Elefante *dumbo = malloc (sizeof(Elefante)); dumbo->peso=2000; Elefante *dumbinho = dumbo; dumbinho->peso=500; printf(&quot;%d&quot;,dumbo->peso); return 0; } 500 C

19. Passagem e Alocação Java vs. C vs. C# C #include <stdio.h> typedef struct { int peso; }Elefante; int main() { Elefante dumbo; dumbo.peso=2000; Elefante dumbinho = dumbo; dumbinho.peso=500; printf(&quot;%d&quot;,dumbo.peso); return 0; } 2000

20. Java vs. C vs. C# using System; public struct Elefante { public int peso; } public class testecs { public static void Main(string []a) { Elefante dumbo = new Elefante(); dumbo.peso=2000; Elefante dumbinho = dumbo; dumbinho.peso=500; Console.WriteLine (dumbo.peso); } } 2000 C#

21. Java vs. C vs. C# using System; public class Elefante { public int peso; } public class testecs { public static void Main(string []a) { Elefante dumbo = new Elefante(); dumbo.peso=2000; Elefante dumbinho = dumbo; dumbinho.peso=500; Console.WriteLine (dumbo.peso); } } 500 C#

22. Passagem por referência (C#) void Foo ( ref StringBuilder x) { x = null ; } ... StringBuilder y = new StringBuilder(); y.Append ( &quot;hello&quot; ); Foo ( ref y); Console.WriteLine (y== null ); using System; using System.Text; public class testecsref { public static void Foo1 ( ref Elefante x) { x.peso=1000 ;} public static void Foo2 (Elefante x) { x.peso=0 ;} public static void Main(string []a) { Elefante dumbo=new Elefante(); Foo1 ( ref dumbo); Console.WriteLine (dumbo.peso); Foo2 (dumbo); Console.WriteLine (dumbo.peso); } } public class Elefante { public int peso; } public struct Elefante { public int peso; } 1000 0 1000 1000 Qual a diferença entre passar um value object por referência e um reference object por valor? true

23. Value objects x reference objects (C#) void Foo ( ref IntHolder x) { x.i=10; } ... IntHolder y = new IntHolder(); y.i=5; Foo ( ref y); Console.WriteLine (y.i); 10 public struct IntHolder { public int i; } Value object + passagem por referência void Foo (IntHolder x) { x.i=10; } ... IntHolder y = new IntHolder(); y.i=5; Foo (y); Console.WriteLine (y.i); 5 public class IntHolder { public int i; } Reference object + passagem por valor

24. Parâmetros out (C#) void Foo ( out int x) { int a = x; // Can't read x here - it's considered unassigned // Assignment - this must happen before the method can complete normally x = 10; // The value of x can now be read: int a = x; } ... // Declare a variable but don't assign a value to it int y; // Pass it in as an output parameter, even though its value is unassigned Foo ( out y); // It's now assigned a value, so we can write it out: Console.WriteLine (y);

25. Parâmetros in, out, in out (Ada) procedure Quadratic( A, B, C: in Float; Root1, Root2: out Float); procedure Sort(V: in out Vector); with CS_IO; use CS_IO; procedure OUT_MODE_EXAMPLE is VALUE_1, VALUE_2: float; MEAN: float; procedure MEAN_VALUE (NUM_1, NUM_2: in float; NUM_3: out float) is begin NUM_3:= (NUM_1+NUM_2)/2.0; end MEAN_VALUE; begin MEAN_VALUE(VALUE_1, VALUE_2, MEAN); put(&quot;The mean is &quot;); put(MEAN);new_line; new_line; end OUT_MODE_EXAMPLE;

26. Parâmetros in, out, in out (Ada) with CS_IO; use CS_IO; procedure IN_OUT_MODE_EXAMPLE is VALUE_1, VALUE_2: float; procedure MEAN_VALUE (NUM_1: in out float; NUM_2: in float) is begin NUM_1:= (NUM_1+NUM_2)/2.0; end MEAN_VALUE; begin get(VALUE_1);get(VALUE_2); put(&quot;BEFORE MEAN VALUE: VALUE_1 = &quot;); put(VALUE_1);put(&quot;, VALUE_2 = &quot;);put(VALUE_2);new_line; MEAN_VALUE(VALUE_1, VALUE_2); put(&quot;The mean is &quot;); put(VALUE_1);new_line; put(&quot;AFTER MEAN VALUE: VALUE_1 = &quot;); put(VALUE_1);put(&quot;, VALUE_2 = &quot;);put(VALUE_2);new_line; end IN_OUT_MODE_EXAMPLE;

27. Parameter arrays –”params” (C#), ... (Java) void ShowNumbers ( params int [] numbers) { foreach ( int x in numbers) { Console.Write (x+ &quot; &quot; ); } Console.WriteLine(); } ... int [] x = {1, 2, 3}; ShowNumbers (x); ShowNumbers (4, 5); static int sum (int ... numbers) { int total = 0; for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) total += numbers [i]; return total; } C# Java

28. Parâmetros variáveis (C++) void myprintf( char *format, ... ){ va_list vl; int i; va_start ( vl, args ); for( i = 0; args[i] != ''; ++i ){ union any_t { int i; float f; char c; } any; if( args[i]=='i' ){ any.i = va_arg( vl, int ); printf( &quot;%i&quot;, any.i ); } else if( args[i]=='f' ){ any.f = va_arg( vl, float ); printf( &quot;%f&quot;, any.f ); }else if( args[i]=='c' ){ any.c = va_arg( vl, char ); printf( &quot;%c&quot;, any.c ); } else{ throw SomeException; } va_end( vl ); }

29. Parâmetros default (Ada, C++) with CS_IO; use CS_IO; procedure EXAMPLE is N1: float:= 4.2; N2: float:= 9.6; procedure MEAN_VALUE (X1: in out float; X2: in float := 6.4 ) is begin X1:= (X1+X2)/2.0; end MEAN_VALUE begin MEAN_VALUE(N1); put(N1); new_line; MEAN_VALUE(N1, N2); put(N1); new_line; end EXAMPLE; #include <iostream> using namespace std; int a = 1; int f(int a) { return a; } int g(int x = f(a)) { return x; } int h() { a = 2; { int a = 3; return g(); } } int main() { cout << h() << endl; } 2 O que é impresso aqui?

30. Parâmetros read-only (C++) class IntList { public: const Print (ostream &o); }; void f(const IntList &L) { L.Print(cout); } bool Compare(const vector <int> & A) // precondition: A is sorted { int k; for (k=1; k<A.size(); k++) { if (A[k-1] == A[k]) return true; } return false; } E se aqui não fosse const?

31. Macros #define MAXLINE 100 char line[MAXLINE]; ... getline(line, MAXLINE); #define A 2 #define B 3 #define C A + B int x = C * 2; O que acontece aqui? Por que não tem ponto-e-vírgula?

32. Pass-by-name (ALGOL) procedure double(x); real x; begin x := x * 2 end; double(C[j]) C[j] := C[j] * 2. real procedure Sum(j, lo, hi, Ej); value lo, hi; integer j, lo, hi; real Ej; begin real S; S := 0; for j := lo step 1 until hi do S := S + Ej; Sum := S end; Sum(i, 1, n, x[i]*i) Como simular isso em C++ ou Java?

33. Pass-by-name (ALGOL) procedure swap (a, b); integer a, b, temp; begin temp := a; a := b; b:= temp end; swap(x, y) temp := x; x := y; y := temp swap(i, x[i]) temp := i; i := x[i]; x[i] := temp Antes i = 2 x[2] = 5 Depois i = 5 x[2] = 5 x[5] = 2

34. +Exercícios...

35. /* I f *y is zero and x > 0 : set *k to biggest integer. * If *y is zero and x <=0 : leave *k unchanged. * If *y is not zero : * set *k to be x divided by *y and increment *y by 1. */ #define INT_MAX 1000 void check_divide ( int *k, int x, int *y) { if (*y = 0) if (x > 0) *k = INT_MAX; else *k = x / * y / * *y cannot be 0 */ ; *y++; } int main( ) { int a=2; check_divide(&a, a, &a); cout<<a; } 0 C++

36. /* I f *y is zero and x > 0 : set *k to biggest integer. * If *y is zero and x <=0 : leave *k unchanged. * If *y is not zero : * set *k to be x divided by *y and increment *y by 1. */ #define INT_MAX 1000 void check_divide ( int *k, int x, int *y) { if (*y == 0) { if (x > 0) *k = INT_MAX; } else { *k = x / * y / * *y cannot be 0 */ ; (*y)++;} } int main( ) { int a=2; check_divide(&a, a, &a); cout<<a; } 3 C++

37. #define TAM 10 void change ( int v[ ], int &ntx) { for (;ntx>0;ntx--) v[ntx]=ntx---1; } int main() { int k[TAM],i=0,; for (;;) { if (i==TAM) break ; k[i++]= i*2;} change(k,i); for (;;) { if (i>TAM) break ; cout<<k[i++]<<endl;} } 0 2 1 6 3 10 5 14 7 18 9 C++

38. using namespace System; double average( ... array<Int32>^ arr ) { int i = arr->GetLength(0); double answer = 0.0; for (int j = 0 ; j < i ; j++) answer += arr[j]; return answer / i; } int main() { Console::WriteLine(&quot;{0}&quot;, average( 1, 2, 3, 6 )); } Visual C++ (.NET) 3

39. void g ( int &a) { a++; } void h ( int &a) { a*=2; } void k ( int &a) { a*=10; } void f( int &number, void (*function)( int &) ) { (*function )( number ); } int main() { int select, count=0; for (select = 1; select<=3 ;select++) { switch ( select ) { case 1: f( count, g ); break ; case 2: f( count, h ); break ; case 3: f( count, k ); default: break; } } cout << count; } 20 C++

40. Pascal procedure swap(arg1, arg2: integer); var temp : integer; begin temp := arg1; arg1 := arg2; arg2 := temp; end ; ... { in some other procedure/function/program } var var1, var2 : integer; begin var1 := 1; var2 := 2; swap(var1, var2); end ; Var1=1 Var2=2

41. public class TestY { public static void differentArray(float[] x) { x = new float[100]; x[0] = 26.9f; } public static void main(String a[]) { float[ ] xx = new float[100]; xx[0] = 55.8f; differentArray(xx); System.out.println(&quot;xx[0] = &quot; + xx[0]); } } Java 55.8

42. procedure sub1(x: int; y: int); begin x := 1; y := 2; x := 2; y := 3; end; sub1(i, a[i]); Algol a={2,3}