The document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) and non-revenue water from the water distribution system of Surat city, India using the BENCHLEAK water balance software. It provides details of the methodology used, including collecting system data, calculating the unavoidable annual real losses (UARL) benchmark, and determining the annual water balance to derive the ILI performance indicator. The results obtained from the BENCHLEAK analysis show that the software is effective for evaluating and comparing leakage levels across water supply systems in a standardized manner.
WaterSmart Data Scientist Will Holleran analyzed how Californians have been reacting to the drought and the new drought restrictions. He found that households respond to messaging at the local level but aren’t as responsive to state-wide messaging, and that mandatory restrictions work in pushing households to save water. He suggests that instead of funding large state-wide campaigns, we should provide funding to local water suppliers for them to educate their customers.He also found that higher users and those with larger lots are not responding to messaging as strongly as others. This is likely because they tend to be more affluent and not price sensitive. We need to work on engagement with those households, and that’s where social comparisons can be particularly effective.
Smart Integrated Infrastructure and Controlling Water LossBlack & Veatch
The tools of Smart Integrated Infrastructure (SII), including data integration and analytics, can help water and wastewater utilities address the complex issue of water loss, from leakage to metering and billing, and to system-wide economics.
Taking an SII approach can help organizations:
• Regain revenue
• Increase productivity
• Improve asset management
The presenters are two Black & Veatch professionals at the forefront of SII. Andrew Chastain-Howley, a management consulting director with Black & Veatch, has worked with government agencies and private entities in North America, the Middle East, Europe and Australia, applying data visualization and analysis to address their water loss issues. Jeff Neemann, director of Black & Veatch’s water treatment technology team and lead of the company’s SII solutions, works with utilities to help them extract value from their data and leverage it for improved operations and planning. Learn more at www.bv.com
Presentation from EPA webinar. "Using EPA’s Energy Use Assessment Tool: An Introduction to Performing Energy Use Assessments at Water and Wastewater Systems" held on December 6, 2012.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MODEL BY EPANET A CASE STUDYvivatechijri
Water is one of the primary needs of all living being of world. Water supply system is a system ofengineered hydraulic and components which provide water supply. The water distribution network plays a virtualrole in preserving and providing desirable life quality to the public, of which reliability of supply is the majorcomponent. A community can only thrive if it can ensure the availability of safe drinking water for its members. Asthe population of any community increases, the demand for water also increases and imposes additional load tothe existing water distribution system. As a result, the existing water distribution system may become unreliable tomeet the demand of the increased population. In order to fulfil the water demand of the continuously growingpopulation, it is essential to provide the sufficient and uniform quantity of water through the designed network ofpipes. EPANET is computer program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic behaviour withinpressurized pipe network. The study presents the hydraulic analysis of pipe line network of Narangi area in Virarcity using EPANET 2.0. The result obtained verified that the pressure at all junction and the flows with theirvelocities at all pipes are feasible enough to provide adequate water to the network of study area and also help tounderstand the pipelines system of the study area in a better way. The study also deals with the future demand ofthe area.
The document discusses implementing an integrated storm water management program for the city of Killeen. It outlines elements of the program including drainage maintenance, capital improvements, and storm water management plans. It also discusses issues driving the need for improved drainage infrastructure maintenance like citizen concerns, water quality and quantity control issues from urbanization. Potential solutions discussed include code revisions, public education, debris removal, inspections, and design/maintenance standards.
This document describes a canal automation system that uses LabVIEW software and hardware components to automatically control water flow through canals. The system uses sensors to measure water levels, a microcontroller to process the data and control motors that open and close gates. It aims to increase water utilization efficiency from 40% to 50% by automating water distribution based on real-time supply and demand. The system takes water levels as input, displays output on an LCD screen, and can open and close gates automatically using LabVIEW software to regulate water flow through the canal network.
Monetizing Risks - A Prioritization & Optimization SolutionBlack & Veatch
This presentation explains a budget prioritization process and model that assists utilities with managing the important balance of asset/system performance, cost, and risk. Originally presentation at Texas Water 2015. Learn more at www.bv.com
WaterSmart Data Scientist Will Holleran analyzed how Californians have been reacting to the drought and the new drought restrictions. He found that households respond to messaging at the local level but aren’t as responsive to state-wide messaging, and that mandatory restrictions work in pushing households to save water. He suggests that instead of funding large state-wide campaigns, we should provide funding to local water suppliers for them to educate their customers.He also found that higher users and those with larger lots are not responding to messaging as strongly as others. This is likely because they tend to be more affluent and not price sensitive. We need to work on engagement with those households, and that’s where social comparisons can be particularly effective.
Smart Integrated Infrastructure and Controlling Water LossBlack & Veatch
The tools of Smart Integrated Infrastructure (SII), including data integration and analytics, can help water and wastewater utilities address the complex issue of water loss, from leakage to metering and billing, and to system-wide economics.
Taking an SII approach can help organizations:
• Regain revenue
• Increase productivity
• Improve asset management
The presenters are two Black & Veatch professionals at the forefront of SII. Andrew Chastain-Howley, a management consulting director with Black & Veatch, has worked with government agencies and private entities in North America, the Middle East, Europe and Australia, applying data visualization and analysis to address their water loss issues. Jeff Neemann, director of Black & Veatch’s water treatment technology team and lead of the company’s SII solutions, works with utilities to help them extract value from their data and leverage it for improved operations and planning. Learn more at www.bv.com
Presentation from EPA webinar. "Using EPA’s Energy Use Assessment Tool: An Introduction to Performing Energy Use Assessments at Water and Wastewater Systems" held on December 6, 2012.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MODEL BY EPANET A CASE STUDYvivatechijri
Water is one of the primary needs of all living being of world. Water supply system is a system ofengineered hydraulic and components which provide water supply. The water distribution network plays a virtualrole in preserving and providing desirable life quality to the public, of which reliability of supply is the majorcomponent. A community can only thrive if it can ensure the availability of safe drinking water for its members. Asthe population of any community increases, the demand for water also increases and imposes additional load tothe existing water distribution system. As a result, the existing water distribution system may become unreliable tomeet the demand of the increased population. In order to fulfil the water demand of the continuously growingpopulation, it is essential to provide the sufficient and uniform quantity of water through the designed network ofpipes. EPANET is computer program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic behaviour withinpressurized pipe network. The study presents the hydraulic analysis of pipe line network of Narangi area in Virarcity using EPANET 2.0. The result obtained verified that the pressure at all junction and the flows with theirvelocities at all pipes are feasible enough to provide adequate water to the network of study area and also help tounderstand the pipelines system of the study area in a better way. The study also deals with the future demand ofthe area.
The document discusses implementing an integrated storm water management program for the city of Killeen. It outlines elements of the program including drainage maintenance, capital improvements, and storm water management plans. It also discusses issues driving the need for improved drainage infrastructure maintenance like citizen concerns, water quality and quantity control issues from urbanization. Potential solutions discussed include code revisions, public education, debris removal, inspections, and design/maintenance standards.
This document describes a canal automation system that uses LabVIEW software and hardware components to automatically control water flow through canals. The system uses sensors to measure water levels, a microcontroller to process the data and control motors that open and close gates. It aims to increase water utilization efficiency from 40% to 50% by automating water distribution based on real-time supply and demand. The system takes water levels as input, displays output on an LCD screen, and can open and close gates automatically using LabVIEW software to regulate water flow through the canal network.
Monetizing Risks - A Prioritization & Optimization SolutionBlack & Veatch
This presentation explains a budget prioritization process and model that assists utilities with managing the important balance of asset/system performance, cost, and risk. Originally presentation at Texas Water 2015. Learn more at www.bv.com
This document discusses the automation of canal irrigation systems. It provides background on publications and organizations related to canal automation in the US dating back to 1968. It outlines the goals of a recent manual on canal automation published in 2016, which was to consolidate advances in the field and recommend best practices globally. The manual covers topics like modernization processes, physical structures, control systems, hydraulics, and implementation of control systems. It aims to help irrigation districts improve resource use, operations, and service through technical, managerial, and infrastructure upgrades.
The document provides an overview of the Colorado Water Watch (CWW) program, which monitors groundwater quality near oil and gas extraction sites in Colorado in real-time. It summarizes the program's highlights from 2014 to 2015, including establishing 5 monitoring stations, collecting baseline water quality data, and installing sensors to continuously monitor water quality parameters. No oil and gas-related groundwater quality changes were detected in the first year of the program. The document also outlines plans to expand monitoring station coverage in 2015.
Water Quality Regulations and Legislation Affecting the Construction Industry...AGC of California
This document summarizes a presentation on various water quality regulations and legislation affecting the construction industry in California. It discusses the requirements under the Construction General Permit, including training for Qualified SWPPP Practitioners. It also outlines new provisions in MS4 permits focusing on runoff volume control and low impact development principles. Additionally, it covers pending federal and state legislation that could impact stormwater pollution prevention plan requirements and conflicts of interest for regional water board members.
Flood Forecasting Technology Workshop, Dublin, Ireland
DHI provided a keynote presentation at the recent Flood Forecasting Technology workshop held at University College Dublin (UCD). The one day workshop described some of the internationally available flood warning platforms, suitable for use in Ireland, and provided an opportunity to discuss requirements with both potential users of warning systems and stakeholders who may use their outputs.
The document discusses a Clean Water Optimization Tool being developed by the Center for Watershed Protection to help municipalities develop cost-effective strategies for meeting water quality goals like the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load. The tool will evaluate practices like bioretention, permeable pavement, and land conservation. It will recommend strategies based on minimizing costs per pound of nutrient or sediment reduced. The tool is being piloted in Maryland's Eastern Shore and will incorporate local data on practice costs and effectiveness.
2 ijaems oct-2015-5-capacity building program for non-revenue water reduction...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Water is precious! The access to safe water in India has commendably improved from 72% in 1990 to 94% in 2014. Delay in providing facilities to counterbalance the population growth and water demand is the major problem in India. Water loss in water distribution systems in an important issue in India. Studies indicate that up to 50-60 percent of treated and pumped water in lost during transit form water treatment plant to consumer end. It has, therefore, attracted a lot of attention of practioners and the researchers as well over the past few years. High levels of non-revenue water (NRW) reflect huge volumes of water lost through physical and apparent loss components, not being invoiced to customers. It seriously affects the financial viability of water utilities through lost revenue and increased costs. The overall objective of a distribution system is to deliver wholesome water to consumers at adequate residual pressure in sufficient quantity and achieve continuity and maximum coverage by reducing losses. A case study of 4-pilot sites of Jaipur city was taken for NRW study. This paper provides a review of the issues and strategy pertaining to reduction of NRW with special reference to India and the necessity of evolving appropriate performance indicator.
New Hampshire Water Conservation Plan for Community Water SystemsFulvia52x
This document provides guidance for developing water conservation plans for new and existing community water systems in New Hampshire. It outlines the information that should be included in conservation plans submitted to the NH Department of Environmental Services for approval. The guidance is separated into sections for new community water systems, existing large systems, and existing small systems. Key elements that plans should address include water auditing and leak detection, metering, pressure management, water use restrictions, and public education programs. Systems are encouraged to follow standards from the American Water Works Association.
Automated Water Management and Distribution System using DTMFijtsrd
Water shortage is a genuine issue in major cities. One of the foremost critical viewpoints of any town administration includes water management. It may be a pivotal perspective as nowadays water assets are exceptionally constrained and nobody can bear its wastage. This project deals with approximate mechanization within the water conveyance and administration with specialized advances. In this system, water volume will be detected by the water level sensor. As the water volume drops the motor is automatically turned on. The supply of water to diverse regions computerized through the utilize of DTMF. Different Solenoid valves are controlled by using the microcontroller for the conveyance of water. Motor speed is controlled with respect to tank water level. This extends deals around the versatile controlled water dispersion totally different zones and conveyance of water. Vinayak Badiger "Automated Water Management and Distribution System using DTMF" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31183.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31183/automated-water-management-and-distribution-system-using-dtmf/vinayak-badiger
WASH sustainability check results (by Marieke Adank and Ryan Schweitzer) sharing the findings of sustainability checks undertaken in Ethiopia in 2015 including the work of Aguaconsult for USAID with a rural focus and by IRC to support the DFID/ UNICEF ONEWASH Plus Programme in small towns.
Presented during the The 7th Annual WASH Ethiopia Multi-Stakeholder Forum (MSF) held from 16-17 December 2015.
This document provides an overview of guidance materials for the management of surface water data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It describes the lifecycle of hydrometric data from collection through analysis and publication. Key documents that provide procedures for surface water data management are the HIS Manual Surface Water and various training modules developed under the Hydrology Project. The manual and modules cover topics like network design, data collection, entry, validation, processing, analysis, and dissemination of water level, stage-discharge, and flow data. The goal is to standardize surface water data management practices across states and agencies to improve data quality and usability.
IRJET - To Study the Hurdles in Designing a Water Supply System for a CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the challenges of designing a water supply system for a city in India. It notes that water scarcity is a major issue in India, with over 600 million people facing extreme water stress. The document then summarizes the key processes involved in a water supply system, including sources of water, treatment, storage, and distribution. It identifies several difficulties that can occur at different phases of a water supply project, such as land acquisition issues in planning, traffic diversion challenges during execution, and quality control problems after completion. The study aims to further analyze how to effectively apply project management strategies to address these hurdles and improve water supply systems, using the city of Jalgaon as a case study.
This document provides guidance for managing sediment and water quality data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It summarizes the key HIS manuals that provide procedures for monitoring, data collection, validation, analysis, dissemination and publication of sediment and water quality data. Specifically, it outlines the multi-volume HIS Manuals for Surface Water and Groundwater, which describe the lifecycle of sediment and water quality data within the HIS. It also lists some additional HPI documentation and training modules that are relevant to sediment and water quality monitoring and analysis. The overall aim is to help users navigate and understand the various documents within the HIS library to properly manage sediment and water quality data.
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 2013 International Energy Program Evaluation Conference in Chicago. The presentation discussed a methodology for incorporating environmental benefits from appliance recycling programs into cost-effectiveness calculations. The methodology provides a framework for evaluating and quantifying aggregate environmental impacts from recycling programs. It involves calculating the materials recycled by the program, determining the environmental benefits from recycling each material, and estimating the monetary value of those benefits. A case study of Southern California Edison's appliance recycling program demonstrated how the methodology can be applied to estimate the gross and net environmental benefits in dollars from such a program.
This document provides guidance for managing hydro-meteorological data in India within a Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the data lifecycle, from monitoring networks and data collection to analysis, dissemination and use. It directs the user to relevant manuals on topics like rainfall, snow, climate and evaporation data processing. The goal is to standardize procedures and provide high quality data to inform water resources planning and management.
This document provides guidance on managing groundwater data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the lifecycle of hydrometric data from collection to dissemination. The document directs the user to relevant manuals within HIS, particularly the Groundwater manual, for guidance on groundwater level monitoring networks, data collection, processing, analysis and publication. It describes the various types of manuals within HIS - design, field operation, and reference - and lists the specific volumes and parts most pertinent to groundwater level data. The overall aim is to help users locate and understand documentation to standardize high quality groundwater data management and inform water resource planning.
This document summarizes the key findings of a research project on best practices for improving energy efficiency at drinking water utilities. The project identified numerous opportunities for utilities to reduce energy use by 10-30% through practices like optimizing pumps and treatment processes, installing variable frequency drives, improving lighting and HVAC systems, and promoting water conservation. The document provides numerous case studies and recommendations in areas like management tools, plant improvements, water treatment, distribution, and alternative energy sources.
Dhi uk 2015 - marine - eco lab up close and personal - securedStephen Flood
2015 DHI UK & Ireland Symposium
Training seminars
Wednesday 22 April 2015
ECO Lab – Up Close and Personal
General introduction to ECO Lab - DHI’s environmental modelling system (Michael Potthoff, DHI Denmark)
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing an Asset Management Program Black & Veatch
The document discusses strategic directions, challenges and opportunities in implementing an asset management program for water utilities. It outlines that 70% of water utilities expect to have good asset management practices in place within 3 years. Common challenges include lack of sufficient asset data, inadequate resources, resistance to change, and organizational silos between different utility departments. Opportunities include identifying cost savings through risk-based capital planning, aligning asset management with existing programs for quick wins, building on existing strong practices, and using an asset management framework to assess and measure progress over time.
This document discusses distributed firewalls as an alternative to traditional firewalls. It provides an overview of distributed firewalls, including that they allow security policies to be centrally defined but enforced across individual endpoints. The key advantages of distributed firewalls are that they do not depend on network topology, protect from internal threats, and avoid bottlenecks since there are multiple secure entry points rather than a single point of failure. The document also reviews related work on distributed firewalls and some of their disadvantages, such as increased complexity if the central management system is compromised.
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of a composite material made of polyaniline and ferric oxide. Polyaniline and ferric oxide were mixed in a 1:1 ratio by weight and heat treated to form the composite. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the composite and determined a particle size of 126 nm. UV-visible spectroscopy showed optical absorption peaks related to electronic transitions in polyaniline and charge transfer in ferric oxide. Magnetic characterization found the composite exhibited ferromagnetism at room temperature with a saturation magnetization of 0.136 emu, indicating the composite has magnetic properties.
This document discusses the automation of canal irrigation systems. It provides background on publications and organizations related to canal automation in the US dating back to 1968. It outlines the goals of a recent manual on canal automation published in 2016, which was to consolidate advances in the field and recommend best practices globally. The manual covers topics like modernization processes, physical structures, control systems, hydraulics, and implementation of control systems. It aims to help irrigation districts improve resource use, operations, and service through technical, managerial, and infrastructure upgrades.
The document provides an overview of the Colorado Water Watch (CWW) program, which monitors groundwater quality near oil and gas extraction sites in Colorado in real-time. It summarizes the program's highlights from 2014 to 2015, including establishing 5 monitoring stations, collecting baseline water quality data, and installing sensors to continuously monitor water quality parameters. No oil and gas-related groundwater quality changes were detected in the first year of the program. The document also outlines plans to expand monitoring station coverage in 2015.
Water Quality Regulations and Legislation Affecting the Construction Industry...AGC of California
This document summarizes a presentation on various water quality regulations and legislation affecting the construction industry in California. It discusses the requirements under the Construction General Permit, including training for Qualified SWPPP Practitioners. It also outlines new provisions in MS4 permits focusing on runoff volume control and low impact development principles. Additionally, it covers pending federal and state legislation that could impact stormwater pollution prevention plan requirements and conflicts of interest for regional water board members.
Flood Forecasting Technology Workshop, Dublin, Ireland
DHI provided a keynote presentation at the recent Flood Forecasting Technology workshop held at University College Dublin (UCD). The one day workshop described some of the internationally available flood warning platforms, suitable for use in Ireland, and provided an opportunity to discuss requirements with both potential users of warning systems and stakeholders who may use their outputs.
The document discusses a Clean Water Optimization Tool being developed by the Center for Watershed Protection to help municipalities develop cost-effective strategies for meeting water quality goals like the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load. The tool will evaluate practices like bioretention, permeable pavement, and land conservation. It will recommend strategies based on minimizing costs per pound of nutrient or sediment reduced. The tool is being piloted in Maryland's Eastern Shore and will incorporate local data on practice costs and effectiveness.
2 ijaems oct-2015-5-capacity building program for non-revenue water reduction...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Water is precious! The access to safe water in India has commendably improved from 72% in 1990 to 94% in 2014. Delay in providing facilities to counterbalance the population growth and water demand is the major problem in India. Water loss in water distribution systems in an important issue in India. Studies indicate that up to 50-60 percent of treated and pumped water in lost during transit form water treatment plant to consumer end. It has, therefore, attracted a lot of attention of practioners and the researchers as well over the past few years. High levels of non-revenue water (NRW) reflect huge volumes of water lost through physical and apparent loss components, not being invoiced to customers. It seriously affects the financial viability of water utilities through lost revenue and increased costs. The overall objective of a distribution system is to deliver wholesome water to consumers at adequate residual pressure in sufficient quantity and achieve continuity and maximum coverage by reducing losses. A case study of 4-pilot sites of Jaipur city was taken for NRW study. This paper provides a review of the issues and strategy pertaining to reduction of NRW with special reference to India and the necessity of evolving appropriate performance indicator.
New Hampshire Water Conservation Plan for Community Water SystemsFulvia52x
This document provides guidance for developing water conservation plans for new and existing community water systems in New Hampshire. It outlines the information that should be included in conservation plans submitted to the NH Department of Environmental Services for approval. The guidance is separated into sections for new community water systems, existing large systems, and existing small systems. Key elements that plans should address include water auditing and leak detection, metering, pressure management, water use restrictions, and public education programs. Systems are encouraged to follow standards from the American Water Works Association.
Automated Water Management and Distribution System using DTMFijtsrd
Water shortage is a genuine issue in major cities. One of the foremost critical viewpoints of any town administration includes water management. It may be a pivotal perspective as nowadays water assets are exceptionally constrained and nobody can bear its wastage. This project deals with approximate mechanization within the water conveyance and administration with specialized advances. In this system, water volume will be detected by the water level sensor. As the water volume drops the motor is automatically turned on. The supply of water to diverse regions computerized through the utilize of DTMF. Different Solenoid valves are controlled by using the microcontroller for the conveyance of water. Motor speed is controlled with respect to tank water level. This extends deals around the versatile controlled water dispersion totally different zones and conveyance of water. Vinayak Badiger "Automated Water Management and Distribution System using DTMF" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31183.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31183/automated-water-management-and-distribution-system-using-dtmf/vinayak-badiger
WASH sustainability check results (by Marieke Adank and Ryan Schweitzer) sharing the findings of sustainability checks undertaken in Ethiopia in 2015 including the work of Aguaconsult for USAID with a rural focus and by IRC to support the DFID/ UNICEF ONEWASH Plus Programme in small towns.
Presented during the The 7th Annual WASH Ethiopia Multi-Stakeholder Forum (MSF) held from 16-17 December 2015.
This document provides an overview of guidance materials for the management of surface water data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It describes the lifecycle of hydrometric data from collection through analysis and publication. Key documents that provide procedures for surface water data management are the HIS Manual Surface Water and various training modules developed under the Hydrology Project. The manual and modules cover topics like network design, data collection, entry, validation, processing, analysis, and dissemination of water level, stage-discharge, and flow data. The goal is to standardize surface water data management practices across states and agencies to improve data quality and usability.
IRJET - To Study the Hurdles in Designing a Water Supply System for a CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the challenges of designing a water supply system for a city in India. It notes that water scarcity is a major issue in India, with over 600 million people facing extreme water stress. The document then summarizes the key processes involved in a water supply system, including sources of water, treatment, storage, and distribution. It identifies several difficulties that can occur at different phases of a water supply project, such as land acquisition issues in planning, traffic diversion challenges during execution, and quality control problems after completion. The study aims to further analyze how to effectively apply project management strategies to address these hurdles and improve water supply systems, using the city of Jalgaon as a case study.
This document provides guidance for managing sediment and water quality data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It summarizes the key HIS manuals that provide procedures for monitoring, data collection, validation, analysis, dissemination and publication of sediment and water quality data. Specifically, it outlines the multi-volume HIS Manuals for Surface Water and Groundwater, which describe the lifecycle of sediment and water quality data within the HIS. It also lists some additional HPI documentation and training modules that are relevant to sediment and water quality monitoring and analysis. The overall aim is to help users navigate and understand the various documents within the HIS library to properly manage sediment and water quality data.
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 2013 International Energy Program Evaluation Conference in Chicago. The presentation discussed a methodology for incorporating environmental benefits from appliance recycling programs into cost-effectiveness calculations. The methodology provides a framework for evaluating and quantifying aggregate environmental impacts from recycling programs. It involves calculating the materials recycled by the program, determining the environmental benefits from recycling each material, and estimating the monetary value of those benefits. A case study of Southern California Edison's appliance recycling program demonstrated how the methodology can be applied to estimate the gross and net environmental benefits in dollars from such a program.
This document provides guidance for managing hydro-meteorological data in India within a Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the data lifecycle, from monitoring networks and data collection to analysis, dissemination and use. It directs the user to relevant manuals on topics like rainfall, snow, climate and evaporation data processing. The goal is to standardize procedures and provide high quality data to inform water resources planning and management.
This document provides guidance on managing groundwater data within India's Hydrological Information System (HIS). It discusses the lifecycle of hydrometric data from collection to dissemination. The document directs the user to relevant manuals within HIS, particularly the Groundwater manual, for guidance on groundwater level monitoring networks, data collection, processing, analysis and publication. It describes the various types of manuals within HIS - design, field operation, and reference - and lists the specific volumes and parts most pertinent to groundwater level data. The overall aim is to help users locate and understand documentation to standardize high quality groundwater data management and inform water resource planning.
This document summarizes the key findings of a research project on best practices for improving energy efficiency at drinking water utilities. The project identified numerous opportunities for utilities to reduce energy use by 10-30% through practices like optimizing pumps and treatment processes, installing variable frequency drives, improving lighting and HVAC systems, and promoting water conservation. The document provides numerous case studies and recommendations in areas like management tools, plant improvements, water treatment, distribution, and alternative energy sources.
Dhi uk 2015 - marine - eco lab up close and personal - securedStephen Flood
2015 DHI UK & Ireland Symposium
Training seminars
Wednesday 22 April 2015
ECO Lab – Up Close and Personal
General introduction to ECO Lab - DHI’s environmental modelling system (Michael Potthoff, DHI Denmark)
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing an Asset Management Program Black & Veatch
The document discusses strategic directions, challenges and opportunities in implementing an asset management program for water utilities. It outlines that 70% of water utilities expect to have good asset management practices in place within 3 years. Common challenges include lack of sufficient asset data, inadequate resources, resistance to change, and organizational silos between different utility departments. Opportunities include identifying cost savings through risk-based capital planning, aligning asset management with existing programs for quick wins, building on existing strong practices, and using an asset management framework to assess and measure progress over time.
This document discusses distributed firewalls as an alternative to traditional firewalls. It provides an overview of distributed firewalls, including that they allow security policies to be centrally defined but enforced across individual endpoints. The key advantages of distributed firewalls are that they do not depend on network topology, protect from internal threats, and avoid bottlenecks since there are multiple secure entry points rather than a single point of failure. The document also reviews related work on distributed firewalls and some of their disadvantages, such as increased complexity if the central management system is compromised.
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of a composite material made of polyaniline and ferric oxide. Polyaniline and ferric oxide were mixed in a 1:1 ratio by weight and heat treated to form the composite. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the composite and determined a particle size of 126 nm. UV-visible spectroscopy showed optical absorption peaks related to electronic transitions in polyaniline and charge transfer in ferric oxide. Magnetic characterization found the composite exhibited ferromagnetism at room temperature with a saturation magnetization of 0.136 emu, indicating the composite has magnetic properties.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester (CRBOME) and its blends with diesel and kerosene. Tests were conducted on blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% CRBOME. Additional tests used blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% CRBOME with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% kerosene respectively, with the remainder being diesel. The engine was tested at various loads and engine performance measures and emissions were evaluated. Results showed that a blend of 20% CRBOME and diesel had similar performance to diesel alone. Replacing 5% diesel with kerosene
This document presents a new technique for enhancing the contrast of low-contrast satellite images using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). It begins with an abstract and introduction describing the technique. The technique uses DWT to decompose an input satellite image into frequency subbands, and SVD to estimate the singular value matrix of the low-low subband. The singular values are modified to enhance contrast before reconstructing the final image. The proposed DWT-SVD technique is compared to general histogram equalization (GHE) and singular value equalization (SVE), with results suggesting it outperforms these methods both visually and quantitatively. The document also discusses using fast Fourier transform and bi-log
This document describes the fabrication of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films using the spray pyrolysis technique. Spray pyrolysis involves spraying a metal salt solution onto a heated substrate where the droplets undergo thermal decomposition to form an oxide thin film. The key deposition parameters that influence the thin film properties are substrate temperature, aerosol transport properties, and precursor decomposition behavior. Higher substrate temperatures result in rougher, more porous films with improved crystallinity and electrical properties. Proper control of deposition parameters allows for the fabrication of thin films with tailored optical and electrical characteristics using the low-cost spray pyrolysis method.
This paper proposes a method for image denoising using wavelet thresholding while preserving edge information. It first detects edges in the noisy image using Canny edge detection. It then applies a wavelet transform and thresholds the coefficients, preserving values near detected edges. Two thresholding methods are discussed: Visushrink for sparse images and Sureshrink for others. The inverse wavelet transform is applied to obtain the denoised image with preserved edges. The goal is to remove noise while maintaining important image features like edges. The method is described to provide better denoising than alternatives that oversmooth edges.
This document summarizes research into synthesizing a silicon carbide composite material for industrial applications. The composite is made up of silicon carbide particles reinforced with fibers, along with binders and fillers. The synthesis process is described in detail, including mixing the constituents, compacting them in a mold, and sintering the compact at increasing temperatures. The final composite material is then characterized through wear and friction tests to evaluate its potential for applications requiring high temperature resistance, such as brake pads and clutch plates.
El documento discute la relación entre el diseño y la cultura. Explica que el diseño refleja la historia y cultura humana y puede usarse para desarrollar habilidades e instituciones. También señala que el diseño contribuye al bienestar humano a través de la calidad de los productos y servicios. Finalmente, concluye que la relación entre diseño y cultura ha cambiado en los últimos años para fomentar la innovación y el desarrollo.
The document details the author's journey from having his football career cut short due to injury to pursuing a degree in computer graphics. It describes his struggles with changing paths, including facing doubts from family. However, he was determined to achieve his goals. After graduating soon, he will be the first in his family to earn a college degree, showing that success is achieving one's goals through perseverance.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of thin films of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 prepared by spin coating technique. Transparent thin films were prepared on glass substrates and annealed at different temperatures from 3000C to 6000C. Structural analysis using GIXRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2. AFM showed a homogeneous globular surface morphology. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated that the optical band gap increased with higher annealing temperatures. Photoluminescence study showed variation in emission peaks for different annealing temperatures and Sr concentrations. Electrical, gas sensing, wettability and self-cleaning properties were also investigated.
This document presents a study on using dynamic surface control (DSC) to achieve synchronization and anti-synchronization of identical Arneodo chaotic systems. DSC is proposed as a method to address issues with conventional backstepping control, such as the "explosion of terms". The paper describes the Arneodo chaotic system, then designs DSC controllers to synchronize and anti-synchronize a master and slave Arneodo system. Simulation results demonstrate the controllers drive the errors to zero, achieving synchronization and anti-synchronization. In conclusion, DSC is an effective method for controlling synchronization in identical chaotic systems.
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The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
This document summarizes a study on variations in abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila immigrans populations across different altitudes. Six populations of D. immigrans were collected from different altitudes ranging from 600-2200 meters. The populations were analyzed for traits related to ecophysiology (abdominal pigmentation, desiccation resistance, cuticular water loss) and reproductive fitness (copulation duration, fecundity rate). Populations from higher altitudes showed darker abdominal pigmentation which correlated with better desiccation resistance. Darker individuals also had longer copulation durations and higher fecundity, indicating reproductive advantages in colder environments. The results suggest abdominal pigmentation plays a role in thermal balance and reproductive success
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This document summarizes a research paper that compares different image filtering methods for reducing noise, including an adaptive bilateral filter, median filter, and Butterworth filter. The paper applies these filters to images with added Gaussian white noise and compares the results based on visual quality, mean squared error (MSE), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). It finds that the adaptive bilateral filter produces the best results with the lowest MSE and highest PSNR, indicating it most effectively removes noise while preserving image details and sharpness.
This document summarizes a research paper on a relational database watermarking technique using clustering. The proposed technique clusters database tuples before embedding and detecting a watermark. It uses Mahalanobis distance to measure tuple similarity during clustering. The watermark is then embedded and detected within each cluster by modifying the least significant bits of numeric fields. Majority decision is used in blind detection to determine watermark bits. The technique aims to improve watermark robustness against database operations while maintaining reversibility.
This document discusses barriers to integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) into teaching and learning environments. It identifies several common barriers at the teacher and infrastructure levels. At the teacher level, barriers include lack of teacher confidence, competency, and motivation to change their practices. At the infrastructure level, common barriers are lack of adequate ICT resources, effective training, and infrastructure support. To improve ICT integration, the document argues that education systems must address these barriers by enhancing teacher skills and confidence, providing sufficient resources and training, and strengthening infrastructure support.
Non Revenue Water Reduction- A Tool for Achiving 24x7 Water SupplyIOSR Journals
The availability of water at cheaper rates promotes the wasteful use of water. People give little or no
attention towards conservation of water. For sustenance of any water supply scheme it is essential that
revenue collected should be sufficient to maintain O & M cost and further development activities. Presently
there is major portion of Non Revenue Water (NRW) in the developing countries and there is urgent need to
curb it for efficient functioning of water supply schemes
This document discusses the development of a methodology to incorporate impacts of climate variability and change, specifically floods and droughts, into basin planning processes. The project aims to improve the ability of water managers in transboundary basins to address implications of increased extreme weather events in plans like Transboundary Diagnostic Analyses, Strategic Action Plans, Integrated Water Resources Management plans, and Water Safety Plans. The methodology will use decision support systems and tools to integrate flood and drought information. The project will develop a generic methodology and test it in pilot basins while also consulting other basins.
Waternomics Methodology: A Standards based Methodology for the Implementation...Waternomics
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Academia: Richard Lawford, Morgan State University, 16th January UN Water Zar...water-decade
Earth observations can help monitor progress on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to water. Satellite imagery and other earth observation data can be used to monitor indicators for SDG targets like water quality, water use efficiency, integrated water resource management, and natural water capital. However, establishing an earth observation-based monitoring system faces challenges like ensuring continuity of data collection, validating indicators in different climates, building national capabilities, and overcoming reluctance to adopt more open approaches. Overall, earth observations have potential to cost-effectively monitor expanded water indicators if integrated into SDG planning and prototyped through further research.
IRJET- Assessment of Non-Revenue Water in a Water Distribution System and Str...IRJET Journal
This document discusses strategies for managing non-revenue water (NRW) in water distribution systems. It begins by defining NRW as water that enters the distribution system but is not billed to customers. This includes physical water losses from leaks as well as commercial losses from meter under-registration and theft. The document estimates that NRW accounts for 40% of water in Indian distribution systems, representing lost revenue. It advocates assessing and reducing NRW through techniques like district metered areas to improve revenue collection and ensure sufficient water access for future population growth. The methodology discussed is preparing a water balance to estimate the components of NRW and identify strategies to reduce losses in the specific distribution system studied.
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Project-based learning (PBL) involves students designing, developing, and constructing hands-on solutions to a problem. The educational value of PBL is that it aims to build students’ creative capacity to work through difficult or ill-structured problems, commonly in small teams. Typically, PBL takes students through the following phases or steps:
Identifying a problem
Agreeing on or devising a solution and potential solution path to the problem (i.e., how to achieve the solution)
Designing and developing a prototype of the solution
Refining the solution based on feedback from experts, instructors, and/or peers
Depending on the goals of the instructor, the size and scope of the project can vary greatly. Students may complete the four phases listed above over the course of many weeks, or even several times within a single class period.
Because of its focus on creativity and collaboration, PBL is enhanced when students experience opportunities to work across disciplines, employ technologies to make communication and product realization more efficient, or to design solutions to real-world problems posed by outside organizations or corporations. Projects do not need to be highly complex for students to benefit from PBL techniques. Often times, quick and simple projects are enough to provide students with valuable opportunities to make connections across content and practice. Implementing Project-Based Learning
As a pedagogical approach, PBL entails several key processes: (1) defining problems in terms of given constraints or challenges, (2) generating multiple ideas to solve a given problem, (3) prototyping — often in rapid iteration — potential solutions to a problem, and (4) testing the developed solution products or services in a “live” or authentic setting.
Defining the Problem
PBL projects should start with students asking questions about a problem. What is the nature of problem they are trying to solve? What assumptions can they make about why the problem exists? Asking such questions will help students frame the problem in an appropriate context. If students are working on a real-world problem, it is important to consider how an end user will benefit from a solution.
Generating Ideas
Next, students should be given the opportunity to brainstorm and discuss their ideas for solving the problem. The emphasis here is not to generate necessarily good ideas, but to generate many ideas. As such, brainstorming should encourage students to think wildly, but to stay focused on the problem. Setting guidelines for brainstorming sessions, such as giving everyone a chance to voice an idea, suspending judgement of others’ ideas, and building on the ideas of others will help make brainstorming a productive and generative exercise.
Prototyping Solutions
Designing and prototyping a solution are typically the next phase of the PBL process.
This document provides guidance on conducting water audits and developing water balances for water utilities. It defines key terms used in water auditing like system input volume, authorized consumption, water losses, billed authorized consumption, and non-revenue water. Developing an accurate water balance is important as it allows utilities to assess water loss situations, identify problems, set improvement priorities, and benchmark performance. Reducing non-revenue water through leak prevention and accurate metering can increase revenues, optimize water availability and system operations, and reduce infrastructure costs for utilities. The document outlines water balance calculation procedures and provides an example of a typical water balance report.
This document summarizes collaborations between the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop sustainable and resource efficient solutions. It outlines the Army's Net Zero Initiative which aims to produce as much energy, limit freshwater use, and reduce waste as possible on military installations. The EPA and Army are partnering on projects to test decentralized water reuse technologies, explore demand-side water conservation through education, and evaluate vehicle decontamination methods. The partnerships aim to demonstrate new solutions while reducing environmental footprints and informing broader adoption.
Setting the Scene: Introducing the Workshop Objectives and its Expected Resul...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
This document provides guidance on designing water quality monitoring programs. It discusses the monitoring cycle, which includes defining information needs, developing a monitoring strategy, network design, sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling, analysis, reporting, and utilizing information. Key steps in the cycle are identifying water management issues, specifying monitoring objectives, rationalizing existing networks, selecting sites, field techniques, and equipment used for sampling. The document is a manual for technical aspects of developing water quality monitoring programs in India to generate justified, complete and accurate data.
This document provides guidance on designing water quality monitoring programs and networks. It discusses key concepts like the monitoring cycle, identifying management issues and information needs, and objectives for different types of monitoring. In India, several government organizations conduct water quality monitoring, including the Central Ground Water Board, National River Conservation Directorate, and Central Pollution Control Board. Common water quality issues include contamination from fecal matter, toxic pollutants, over-abstraction, and agrochemicals. The document provides detailed recommendations for network design, site selection, field techniques, equipment, and other aspects of effective long-term water quality monitoring.
DHI UK - BRIEFING FOR UK AND IRELAND WATER COMPANIES - NO 4 - UDG EDITION - N...Stephen Flood
BRIEFING FOR UK & IRELAND WATER COMPANIES
Welcome to a special 'CIWEM UDG 2016' issue of DHI-UK's biannual newsletter for Water Companies and their Consultants. The full and complete fourth edition will be available soon.
Publication is primarily through Linkedin, so please share with your colleagues and friends.
DSD-Kampala 2023 Analytic Tools for Cooperative Water Resources Assessments i...Deltares
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Budget Allocation Assessment for Water Resources Project in Thailand Using GI...drboon
This document summarizes a study that assessed the appropriateness of water budget allocation among Thailand's 25 major river basins using a GIS-based water poverty index (WPI). The study found that basins like Mae Nam Pattani, Mae Nam Kok, and Mae Nam Mun had lower WPI scores, reflecting higher water shortage, but were allocated less budget per capita compared to other basins. Thus, water budget allocation was inconsistent with levels of water poverty between basins. The study developed a WPI for each basin based on factors of resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. GIS was used to analyze sub-factors for each basin and display water shortage levels according to the WPI ratings.
This document discusses considerations for water quality monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation practices. It addresses questions that different types of monitoring can answer, as well as challenges such as linking observed water quality changes to specific land management practices. The document emphasizes that monitoring alone cannot demonstrate conservation practice effectiveness and that monitoring needs to be strategically designed and combined with explanatory data on practices implemented. It provides examples of how monitoring could be used by various stakeholders and highlights the importance of a watershed planning approach to target conservation.
Monitoring systems change: a rapid landscaping IRC
Harold Lockwood, the Director of Aguaconsult presented on 17 August the findings from a recent landscape of frameworks being used to assess WASH systems during a webinar..
As part of the monitoring group of Agenda For Change, Aguaconsult carried out a rapid landscaping of known frameworks that are being applied in different contexts and that include elements of assessing WASH systems. The landscaping identified 15 such tools or frameworks that include a range of dimensions and indicators to assess both change in systems and in WASH service delivery. The aim of the landscaping is to provide a summary for organisations that are interested in trying to assess WASH systems, and the changes (in strength) of such systems over time. The examples range from newly developed frameworks, to those that are quite well established and broadly applied; the landscaping also identified a number of common features and gaps.
The webinar is the first in a series of conversations about how to effectively measure changes in WASH systems over time.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines pricing strategy in a two-stage supply chain consisting of a supplier and retailer. The supplier offers a credit period to the retailer, who then offers credit to customers. A mathematical model is formulated to maximize total profit for the integrated supply chain system. The model considers three cases based on the relative lengths of the credit periods offered at each stage. Equations are developed to represent the profit functions for the supplier, retailer and overall system in each case. The goal is to determine the optimal selling price that maximizes total integrated profit.
The document discusses melanoma skin cancer detection using a computer-aided diagnosis system based on dermoscopic images. It begins with an introduction to skin cancer and melanoma. It then reviews existing literature on automated melanoma detection systems that use techniques like image preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Features extracted in other studies include asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter and texture-based features. The proposed system collects dermoscopic images and performs preprocessing, segmentation, extracts 9 features based on the ABCD rule, and classifies images using a neural network classifier to detect melanoma. It aims to develop an automated diagnosis system to eliminate invasive biopsy procedures.
This document summarizes various techniques for image segmentation that have been studied and proposed in previous research. It discusses edge-based, threshold-based, region-based, clustering-based, and other common segmentation methods. It also reviews applications of segmentation in medical imaging, plant disease detection, and other fields. While no single technique can segment all images perfectly, hybrid and adaptive methods combining multiple approaches may provide better results. Overall, image segmentation remains an important but challenging task in digital image processing and computer vision.
This document presents a test for detecting a single upper outlier in a sample from a Johnson SB distribution when the parameters of the distribution are unknown. The test statistic proposed is based on maximum likelihood estimates of the four parameters (location, scale, and two shape) of the Johnson SB distribution. Critical values of the test statistic are obtained through simulation for different sample sizes. The performance of the test is investigated through simulation, showing it performs well at detecting outliers when the contaminant observation represents a large shift from the original distribution parameters. An example application to census data is also provided.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a portable device called the "Disha Device" to improve women's safety. The device has features like live location tracking, audio/video recording, automatic messaging to emergency contacts, a buzzer, flashlight, and pepper spray. It is designed using an Arduino microcontroller connected to GPS and GSM modules. When the button is pressed, it sends an alert message with the woman's location, sets off an alarm, activates the flashlight and pepper spray for self-defense. The goal is to provide women a compact, one-click safety system to help them escape dangerous situations or call for help with just a single press of a button.
- The document describes a study that constructed physical fitness norms for female students attending social welfare schools in Andhra Pradesh, India.
- Researchers tested 339 students in classes 6-10 on speed, strength, agility and flexibility tests. Tests included 50m run, bend and reach, medicine ball throw, broad jump, shuttle run, and vertical jump.
- The results showed that 9th class students had the best average time for the 50m run. 10th class students had the highest flexibility on average. Strength and performance generally improved with increased class level.
This document summarizes research on downdraft gasification of biomass. It discusses how downdraft gasifiers effectively convert solid biomass into a combustible producer gas. The gasification process involves pyrolysis and reactions between hot char and gases that produce CO, H2, and CH4. Downdraft gasifiers are well-suited for biomass gasification due to their simple design and ability to manage the gasification process with low tar production. The document also reviews previous studies on gasifier configuration upgrades and their impact on performance, and the principles of downdraft gasifier operation.
This document summarizes the design and manufacturing of a twin spindle drilling attachment. Key points:
- The attachment allows a drilling machine to simultaneously drill two holes in a single setting, improving productivity over a single spindle setup.
- It uses a sun and planet gear arrangement to transmit power from the main spindle to two drilling spindles.
- Components like gears, shafts, and housing were designed using Creo software and manufactured. Drill chucks, bearings, and bits were purchased.
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The document presents a comparative study of different gantry girder profiles for various crane capacities and gantry spans. Bending moments, shear forces, and section properties are calculated and tabulated for 'I'-section with top and bottom plates, symmetrical plate girder, 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange, plate girder with rolled 'C'-section top flange, and unsymmetrical plate girder sections. Graphs of steel weight required per meter length are presented. The 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange profile is found to be optimized for biaxial bending but rolled sections may not be available for all spans.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the first ply failure of laminated composite skew plates under concentrated load using finite element analysis. It first describes how a finite element model was developed using shell elements to analyze skew plates of varying skew angles, laminations, and boundary conditions. Three failure criteria (maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Wu) were used to evaluate first ply failure loads. The minimum load from the criteria was taken as the governing failure load. The research aims to determine the effects of various parameters on first ply failure loads and validate the numerical approach through benchmark problems.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This document presents a system for classifying electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The system first preprocesses raw ECG data by removing noise and segmenting the signals. It then uses a CNN to extract features directly from the ECG data and classify arrhythmias without requiring complex feature engineering. The CNN architecture contains 11 convolutional layers and is optimized using techniques like batch normalization and dropout. The system was tested on ECG datasets and achieved classification accuracy of over 93%, demonstrating its effectiveness at automated ECG classification.
This document presents a new algorithm for extracting and summarizing news from online newspapers. The algorithm first extracts news related to the topic using keyword matching. It then distinguishes different types of news about the same topic. A term frequency-based summarization method is used to generate summaries. Sentences are scored based on term frequency and the highest scoring sentences are selected for the summary. The algorithm was evaluated on news datasets from various newspapers and showed good performance in intrinsic evaluation metrics like precision, recall and F-score. Thus, the proposed method can effectively extract and summarize online news for a given keyword or topic.
1. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
BENCHLEAK: “An Innovative Water Balance Software
for Non-Revenue Water Calculation from Urban Water
70
Supply Network”
Dr. Reena D Popawala
Asso. Prof. in Civil Engineering Department
C.K.Pithawalla College of Engg. & Tech., Surat
Surat-Dumas road-395007 Surat, Gujarat, India
e-mail: reena.popawala@ckpcet.ac.in
Abstract: There is an increasing awareness around the world regarding sustainability of water resources as it is
limited. The active water loss management is one of the primary interests of water utilities in the world. In the last
decade a comprehensive set of analytical tools and water loss reduction strategies has been developed. The IWA
methodology of determining and comparing leakage in water distribution system is now accepted as best practice in
many countries of world. In this research paper, BENCHLEAK software developed by WRC is used and effort is
put forwarded to evaluate Infrastructure leakage Index (ILI) as well as non- revenue water generated from the water
distribution system of Surat city.
KEY WORDS: IWA, BENCHLEAK, WRC, NRW, ILI
1. INTRODUCTION
Within the last few years there has been growing
realization that the rapidly increasing water demands
throughout the world are not sustainable
[McKENZIE R.S et al,(2002)]. Hence significant
advances have been made in the understanding and
modeling of water loss components and on defining
the economic level of leakage for individual systems.
Yet, despite some encouraging success stories, most
water supply system worldwide continues to have
high level of water losses. The problem is the lack of
a meaningful standard approach to benchmarking and
reporting of leakage management performance.
Surprisingly, few countries have a national standard
terminology and standard water balance calculation
and even then, they all differ from each other. Being
aware of the problem of different water balance
formats, methods and leakage performance
indicators, the IWA has developed a standard
international water balance structure and terminology
[Alegre et al, (2000)]. This standard format has
meanwhile been adopted (with or without
modifications) by national associations in a number
of countries and most recently the American Water
Works Association (AWWA). The aim of this paper
is to convince managers of water utilities regarding
high levels of water losses. The introduction of these
new concepts will be an important first step towards
more efficiency and sustainability of water resource.
Several recent studies have shown that major
proposed augmentation schemes can be postponed by
many years if the growth in demand can be trimmed
by only a few percent – a target that is certainly
achievable in most systems. The savings associated
with delaying a new water transfer scheme are so
large that the measures needed to achieve the delay
are not only environmentally attractive but also very
cost effective.
2. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
The WRC has developed low cost software solutions
to assist water suppliers in understanding and
managing their Non-Revenue Water. The new
models are all based on the Burst and Background
Estimate (BABE) component analysis methodology
which was first developed for the UK Water Industry
in the early 1990’s [Lambert et. al (1994)]. The
BABE philosophy has since been accepted and
adopted in many parts of the world as it provides a
simple and pragmatic approach to the very complex
and often confusing problem of leakage from water
distribution systems. The approach was so successful
that it is increasingly being recommended by
international organizations as the most systematic
and pragmatic approach to Leakage Management.
2. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
71
The BABE approach was first introduced to South
Africa in 1994 through a series of courses and
seminars presented countrywide by Ronnie
McKenzie and Allan Lambert (founder of BABE) at
the request of the Water Research Commission. The
methodology and concepts have since been widely
accepted by most water suppliers throughout the
country and have been incorporated to a large degree
in the Code of Practice for the management of
potable water in distribution systems [SABS, (1999)]
In order to address following four key components of
the BABE methodology, four models were developed
over a period of approximately four years. Each
model is a small self-contained program that
addresses one specific issue. This simple and
straightforward approach is adopted in order to avoid
confusion and allow water suppliers to use one or all
of the models as it is considered appropriate rather
than develop a single application covering all aspects.
All four models are available through the Water
Research commission. The various manuals
accompanying the software can be obtained directly
from the WRC website on www.wrc.org.za
[McKENZIE R.S et al,(2000 )].
Logging and analysis of Minimum Night Flows;
Economics of leakage and leakage control;
Pressure Management;
Benchmarking of Leakage and Auditing of Non-
Revenue Water
3. BENCHLEAK: CALCULATION AND
RELIABLE BENCHMARKING OF LEAKAGE
The water suppliers tend to use their own definitions
of real losses and unaccounted-for water; it has been
very difficult to compare leakage levels and levels of
non-revenue water from one system to another
system. By adopting a standard approach to the water
balance, it is now possible to compare results from
different systems in a meaningful manner.
.
A project was initiated by the WRC to look into the
problem of comparing leakage levels in the various
supply systems throughout South Africa. A
standardised approach to leakage benchmarking was
developed through the project and incorporated in the
BENCHLEAK Model. The approach adopted in the
benchmarking project was based upon the work done
by the IWA Task Force on Water Losses [Lambert et
al, (1999)]. The approach developed through the
WRC has been very successful and has already been
adapted for use in many other parts of the world.
Numerous organizations have now developed their
own versions of BENCHLEAK which they are using
to provide first order estimates of the real losses and
non-revenue water in their water supply systems.
However, the basic approach includes the use of the
relatively new Performance Indicator called the
Infrastructure Leakage Index [Lambert, et.al, (1999)]
(ILI) which is a simple ratio of the current annual real
losses (CARL) divided by the unavoidable annual
real losses (UARL).
ILI = CARL / UARL
The unavoidable annual real losses (UARL) can be
easily assessed for most systems as long as the
number of connections, length of mains, location of
customer meters and average operating pressure are
known. Details of all the calculations are provided in
the BENCHLEAK User Guide which is available
from the WRC together with the model. The
BENCHLEAK Model the IWA standardised ‘best
practice’ terminology to describe the basic elements
making up the water balance for a water supply
system.
The methodologies mentioned above address certain
key issues regarding the management of leakage and
non-revenue water, they do not address the many
social and environmental issues which are also very
important. Water suppliers should therefore ensure
that they consider both the social and environmental
issues as well as the technical issues since the success
of a project will depend on both sets of issues being
addressed properly.
4. STANDARDSED WATER BALANCE
A clearly defined water balance is the first essential
step in the assessment of volumes of non-revenue
water and the management of water losses in potable
water distribution systems. In July 2000, the IWA
Task Forces on Performance Indicators and Water
Losses published (Alegre et al., 2000) a standard
international “best practice” water balance, as shown
in Figure 1. This water balance has since been
recognized and adopted as international “best
practice” by number of countries and water utilities
throughout the world. In a series of articles on
various issues concerning leakage in water
distribution systems published recently (in 2004) by
the IWA, most of the articles presented the IWA
water balance as part of the introduction – testament
to the importance placed on the use of a standardised
water balance by many internationally recognized
leakage specialists.
3. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
72
Fig. 1 Standard IWA water balance (source: R.S Mckenzie, 2007)
5. METHODOLOGY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE
LEAKAGE INDEX
Following steps were followed for calculation of
Infrastructure leakage Index of the Surat city.
Preparation of simple data form as per IWA
water balance performance indicator
Data form sent to the hydraulic engineer at
SMC
Collection of data form after 4-5 weeks
Verification of data
Data entered into BENCHLEAK data sheet
Result obtained
The standard IWA water balance was first introduced
in the late 1990’s and due to the efforts of members
of various IWA task teams it has gained considerable
momentum all over the world. As a part of the
process of undertaking a standard water balance,
various performance indicators have also been
produced, the most recent of which is the
Infrastructure Leakage Index or ILI. For research
work, performance indicators were taken from
BENCHLEAK and primary data sheet were prepared
and sent to hydraulic engineer. The data were
received then it is fed into Leakage Benchmarking
sheet of BENCHLEAK Software and Infrastructure
Leakage Index was obtained and compared with
standard ILI values in a meaningful and realistic
manner.
6. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR USED FOR
INFRASTRUCTURE LEAKAGE INDEX:
The following performance indicator are used for
calculation of ILI using BENCHLEAK software is
mention below.
6.1 SYSTEM DATA DETAIL:
These details include basic information related to
water supply network like length of main, number of
service connection, density of service connection,
average operating pressure, % of time when system is
pressurised and population served by supply system.
All the data except % of time when system is
pressurised were readily available. % of time when
system is pressurised was calculated on the basis of
Table 1 system data for ILI
Input description Vari
able
Actual
Data
Unit
s
Length of mains
(Transmission+
distribution)
Lm 2750 Km
Number of service
connections
Ns 376000 Num
ber
Density of service
connection /km of
mains
Ns /
Lm
137 Per
km
Percentage of time
system is pressurised
during year
T 15 %
Average operating
pressure when system
pressurised
P 30 mete
r
Population served by
the supply system
Popu
latio
3300000 num
ber
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n
Water supply hours as study area supplies water
intermittently (two-three hrs) daily.
The frequency at which new leaks occur and the rate
of flow of leaks are related to operating pressure. The
exact relationship between operating pressure and
leakage has not been established, but simplified
assumption adopted that leakage varies linearly with
pressure which yields realistic results. Operating
pressure is constrained by local topography and
minimum levels of service and will vary significantly
between different water supply systems. The average
operating pressure varies from about 15m to about 45
m of head for the reference set with an average value
of 30 m. Density of connections (number of
connections per km of mains) is an important
indicator and can vary significantly from one system
to another. The density of connections can also be
used as a quick check in the verification of data. For
example, a low value of 5 connections per km of
mains suggests that on average there is one
connection for every 200 m of mains. It is possible
where the supply system consists mainly of large
plots and smallholdings. On the other hand, high
density of connections can be expected in some of the
large urban centers due to the existence of high-density
low-income areas where erf sizes are
relatively small. It should be noted that care should
be taken in cases where the person providing the
information estimates the number of connections as
being equal to the number of properties. It is not
always the case that the number of connections is
equal to the number of properties, since it is common
practice to have one saddle connection branching to
two or more erf connections. It is also often found
that undeveloped properties are often not connected.
For comparison purposes the number of service
connections can usually be considered to be equal to
the number of serviced erven.
6.2 OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
The apparent losses are simply considered to be a
percentage of the total losses. A value to the order of
20% is normally considered to be appropriate,
although it can vary from system to system. The
apparent losses represent a component of the water
that escapes the revenue system and any reduction in
apparent losses will result in a greater income to the
water supplier at the effective selling price of the
water. In some situations the apparent losses can be
very high and can even exceed the physical losses (or
real losses), especially in cases where levels of
payment are low and the payment is based on a flat
tariff rather than measured consumption.
The expressing real losses per connection shows no
definite trends with regard to grouping, which proves
that it is not biased in terms of system size, system
input, unit consumption, etc. As in the case of CARL
per connection/day, expressing real losses per
kilometer of mains or per connection per meter of
pressure also shows no definite trends or distribution
patterns.
6.2.1 ESTIMATION OF UNAVOIDABLE
ANNUAL REAL LOSSES (UARL)
The procedure to estimate the unavoidable annual
real losses (UARL) was developed by Lambert
(1999). Basically UARL involves estimating the
unavoidable leakage for three components; namely,
mains, connections at street edge and service
connections after street edge. The formula given in
BENCHLEAK software was used for calculation of
UARL. The data and formula used were,
· Length of mains (Lm)
· Number of service connection (Ns)
· Average operating pressure when system is
pressurised (P)
· Percentage of time when system is pressurised
(T)
On mains = 18*Lm*P*365*T/108
On Service connection= 0.8*Ns*P*365*T/108
Table 2 Unavoidable annual real losses for Surat city
Details Actual
data
units
On mains 81 103 m3/yr
On service connections 494 103 m3/yr
Total volume of UARL 575 103 m3/yr
UARL in
lit/connection/day when
system is pressurised
28 Lit/conn/day
6.3 ANNUAL WATER BALANCE DATA
The annual water balance was calculated based on
system input volume as shown in table .3.
6.3.1 SYSTEM INPUT VOLUME
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74
The system input comprises the water supplied from
the municipal corporation own source as well as
water purchased from other sources. The 2%
correction is allowed for the source bulk meter as
well as any input from unmetered sources which
would usually be relatively small.
Table 3. Water Input volume
6.3.2 COMPONENTS OF AUTHORISED
CONSUMPTION
According to BENCHLEAK software the total
authorized consumption is split into several
Table 4 Volume of authorised consumption of water
Compone
nt of
authorised
consumpti
on
Billed
meter
ed 103
m3/yr
Billed
unmete
red 103
m3/yr
Un
bill
ed
met
ere
d
U
nb
ill
ed
un
m
ete
re
d
Total
103
m3/yr
Water
exported
------ ------ ----
--
---
---
------
Househol
d
2920 18980
0
----
--
---
---
192720
Non house
holds
1825 1825 ----
--
---
---
3650
Standpipe ------ 730 ----
--
---
---
730
Fire
fighting
------ 365 ----
--
---
---
365
Mains
Flushing
------ ------ ----
--
---
---
------
Building
water
------ ------ ----
--
---
---
------
others 20075 ------ ---- --- 20075
Total 24820 19272
0
----
--
---
---
217540
components including exports, households, non-households,
standpipes, firefighting, mains flushing,
building water and the option for adding another two
user-defined categories. In most instances, the
categories included are sufficient to allow the
supplier to provide a reasonable breakdown of the
water use in the area of supply. Some of the items
listed may be excluded or estimated since they may
not be recorded directly. The various headings (billed
metered, billed unmetered etc) are self-explanatory
terms.
6.3.3 ESTIMATION OF WATER LOSSES:
In BENCHLEAK model basically three elements of
water losses are considered. These are as under.
Total Losses;
Apparent Losses; and
Real Losses.
The apparent losses are generally considered to be
losses associated with:
Meter error;
Unauthorised use;
Administration errors.
Table 5 Volume of water loss from the system
Details Actual
result
units
Water losses = system input –
authorised consumption
61174 103
m3/yr
Percentage of total losses
estimated to represent the
apparent losses
20% %
Apparent losses 12235 103
m3/yr
Annual real losses= water
losses- apparent losses
48939 103
m3/yr
The BENCHLEAK Model allows the water supplier
to provide an estimate of losses associated with bulk
meter error but this does not include the losses
associated with the consumer accounts which are
based on the consumer meters. The individual
components of the apparent losses are not listed
separately in the model as most of the time this
Wate
r
supp
lier
Metered
103
m3/yr
Corr
ectio
n to
sour
ce
(%)
Correc
tion to
source
103
m3/yr
Unme
tered
103
m3/yr
Total
103
m3/yr
Fro
m
own
sour
ce
248200 2% 4964 21900 275064
Fro
m
other
supp
lier
3650 ------ ------ ------ 3650
Total 251850 ------ 4964 21900 278714
6. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
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75
details are not available with water supplier. Hence,
the Apparent Losses are simply considered to be a
percentage of the Total Losses mentioned above. A
value to the order of 20% is normally considered
appropriate, although it can vary from system to
system. The Apparent Losses represent the water that
scapes the revenue system and any reduction in
Apparent Losses will result in a greater income to the
water supplier at the effective selling price of the
water. As per [R S McKenzie, ( 2002)] In some
situations the Apparent Losses are very high and can
even exceed the physical losses, especially in cases
where levels of payment are low and the payment is
based on a flat tariff rather than measured
consumption.
The real losses are then calculated directly as the
difference between the total losses and the estimated
apparent losses. The real losses represent the physical
water lost from the system and any reduction in Real
Losses will result in lower purchases of water by the
water supplier.
6.3.4 CURRENT ANNUAL REAL LOSSES PER
CONNECTION:
The “Current Annual Real Losses per connection per
day helps to remove the influence of the size of the
system, and allows a more direct comparison
between different systems and can be calculated
using following formula.
CARL = ARL*106/ (Ns * T/100 * 365)
= 2377 (lit/service connection/day)
Consumption = 1585 lit/Conn/day
Different systems operate under different average
operating pressures. It is also known that leakage is
influenced directly by pressure and in order to
remove this influence the previous indicators of Real
Losses can be divided by the average operating
pressure.
6.4 INFRASTRUCTURE LEAKAGE INDEX
The Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) is the most
recent and preferred performance indicator for
comparing leakage from one system to another. It is a
non-dimensional index representing the ratio of the
current real leakage and the “Unavoidable Annual
Real Losses” (UARL). A high ILI value indicates
poor performance with large potential for
improvement while a small ILI value indicates a
well-managed system with less scope for
improvement.
The detailed Operational Performance Indicators for
Real Losses deals with both UARL and CARL. The
ratio of the Current Annual Real Losses (CARL,
calculated from the standard Water Balance) to the
UARL, is the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI).
The ILI for study area is 85.06. The result reveals the
water system falls in D category (Liemberger, 2005)
and needs immediate attention to reduce water losses.
6.5 NON-REVENUE WATER
The below table represents 21.95% of total input
volume is non revenue water in study area which is
considered high amount and same water can be
utilized to serve more people in the city.
Table 6. Non revenue water as a % system input
Description of
unbilled items
Volume
103
m3/yr
System
Input
103 m3/yr
% of
system
Input 103
m3/yr
Unbilled
consumption
----- 278714 -----
Apparent losses 12235 278714 4.39
Real losses 48939 278714 17.56
Total Unbilled 61174 278714 21.95
REFERENCES:
1. Alegre et al (2000),”Losses from water
supply systems: Standard Terminology and
performance measures”, IWA Manual of
best practice
2. Lambert et. al 1994. The ‘Managing
Leakage’ Series of Reports Report A :
Summary Report. ISBN: 1 898920 06 0
3. Lambart A., Brown T.G. Takizawa M.
Weimer D,(1999) “A review of performance
indicators for real losses from water supply
systems”, AQUA, Dec 1999, ISSN 0003-
7214
4. Liemberger R.(2005) , “Real losses and
apparent losses and the new W392
guidelines from Germany” International
water association specialist workshop,
Redisson resort, Gold coast, Queensland
Austrelia
5. Mckenzie R., J.N. Bhagwan and A.O.
Lambert (2002), ―Leakage Reduction
Software developed Through the Water
Research Commissionǁ, IWA Int. Conf.
7. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
76
―Leakage Managementǁ, pp.280-290,
Lemesos, Cyprus
6. R.S.Mekenzie, C Seago and R. Liemberger
(2007), “ Benchmarking of losses from
potable water reticulation system – Results
from IWA task team, Journal of IWWA,
July-Dec 2008 , Vol.XXXX No. 3-4
7. SABS, (1999),. South African Code of
Practice for the management of potable
water in distribution systems. SABS : 0306,
1999. ISBN 0-626-12046-2.