Project-based learning (PBL) involves students designing, developing, and constructing hands-on solutions to a problem. The educational value of PBL is that it aims to build students’ creative capacity to work through difficult or ill-structured problems, commonly in small teams. Typically, PBL takes students through the following phases or steps:
Identifying a problem
Agreeing on or devising a solution and potential solution path to the problem (i.e., how to achieve the solution)
Designing and developing a prototype of the solution
Refining the solution based on feedback from experts, instructors, and/or peers
Depending on the goals of the instructor, the size and scope of the project can vary greatly. Students may complete the four phases listed above over the course of many weeks, or even several times within a single class period.
Because of its focus on creativity and collaboration, PBL is enhanced when students experience opportunities to work across disciplines, employ technologies to make communication and product realization more efficient, or to design solutions to real-world problems posed by outside organizations or corporations. Projects do not need to be highly complex for students to benefit from PBL techniques. Often times, quick and simple projects are enough to provide students with valuable opportunities to make connections across content and practice. Implementing Project-Based Learning
As a pedagogical approach, PBL entails several key processes: (1) defining problems in terms of given constraints or challenges, (2) generating multiple ideas to solve a given problem, (3) prototyping — often in rapid iteration — potential solutions to a problem, and (4) testing the developed solution products or services in a “live” or authentic setting.
Defining the Problem
PBL projects should start with students asking questions about a problem. What is the nature of problem they are trying to solve? What assumptions can they make about why the problem exists? Asking such questions will help students frame the problem in an appropriate context. If students are working on a real-world problem, it is important to consider how an end user will benefit from a solution.
Generating Ideas
Next, students should be given the opportunity to brainstorm and discuss their ideas for solving the problem. The emphasis here is not to generate necessarily good ideas, but to generate many ideas. As such, brainstorming should encourage students to think wildly, but to stay focused on the problem. Setting guidelines for brainstorming sessions, such as giving everyone a chance to voice an idea, suspending judgement of others’ ideas, and building on the ideas of others will help make brainstorming a productive and generative exercise.
Prototyping Solutions
Designing and prototyping a solution are typically the next phase of the PBL process.
Essay On Integrated Water Management
Essay The Glegg Water Management
The Pros And Cons Of Water Contamination
Abstract On Water Pollution
Watershed Management Essay
New Water Management System Essay
Maintaining Drinking Water Quality Essay
The Water Crisis and Solutions Essay
Essay on Water Treatment Process
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Management
Warrenville Storm Water Management Essay
Protecting Our Water Resources Essay
The drafting process the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to water should resist overly rigid approaches to implementation and target setting which could limit development options for poor countries. Key challenges include realistic targets, carefully considering the local context to address the needs of the poor, and promoting sustainable water resources development in a way that values healthy ecosystems. Read IWMI’s new report here: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/setting_and_achieving_water-related_sustainable_development_goals.pdf
Presentation by Peter G. McCornick & Julie van der Bliek at the Water for Food Conference, Seattle, October 19, 2014.
Essay On Integrated Water Management
Essay The Glegg Water Management
The Pros And Cons Of Water Contamination
Abstract On Water Pollution
Watershed Management Essay
New Water Management System Essay
Maintaining Drinking Water Quality Essay
The Water Crisis and Solutions Essay
Essay on Water Treatment Process
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Management
Warrenville Storm Water Management Essay
Protecting Our Water Resources Essay
The drafting process the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to water should resist overly rigid approaches to implementation and target setting which could limit development options for poor countries. Key challenges include realistic targets, carefully considering the local context to address the needs of the poor, and promoting sustainable water resources development in a way that values healthy ecosystems. Read IWMI’s new report here: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/setting_and_achieving_water-related_sustainable_development_goals.pdf
Presentation by Peter G. McCornick & Julie van der Bliek at the Water for Food Conference, Seattle, October 19, 2014.
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, on behalf of the UK Committee for National and International Hydrology, convened a special session on International Catchment Management Science and Application at the World Water Congress XV in May 2015.
Design Criteria
•Water efficient fittings and appliances
•On-site water capture and reuse
•Water supply flow rates optimised to balance required performance and conservation
•Local retention of stormwater runoff, stormwater treatment train with consideration of raingardens, roofgardens and swales
•Wastewater minimised and/or reused; information on water use readily available
•In-house water supply flow rate optimised
•Plumbing system designed for water and energy efficiency
•Site design recognition of local soil and climate conditions and low water use garden design applied.
Green Solutions for Water and Waste is one of VTT’s Spearhead Programmes that has been running since 2011. This publication presents some of the research highlights from the first half of the programme. Focal areas of this programme have been water treatment technologies and waste management. In water treatment the research has focused in enzyme and membrane technologies and membrane surface treatment methods, water monitoring technologies, and sludge treatment. Regarding waste treatment methods and technologies the focus has been in refining organic waste and conceptualising new business on valorisation of waste streams.
The Water Imperative: New Standards in Corporate Water LeadershipCoro Strandberg
Water security is a top global issue. Virtually every product requires water at some point in its production, manufacturing or use. Water shortages and lack of access to clean, fresh water are two top global risks – and by 2030 global water consumption is expected to rise by 40%.
As water demand rises around the world it will be difficult for many businesses to operate as usual. Whole sectors, companies and corporate value chains depend on water for their success. WWF, RBC and Molson Coors present their thoughts on the risks and opportunities to business and how to manage them. Coro Strandberg, Strandberg Consulting, introduces guidelines to help companies become transformational corporate water leaders.
Presented by IWMI's Peter McCornick at the World Water Day dialogue titled “Water, jobs and prosperity in Sri Lanka: Partnerships for sustainability”, held in IWMI Headquarters in Colombo Sri Lanka, on March 23, 2016.
“The Vital Few and The Water Benefit Calculator” by Derek Schlea and Paul Hicks at the 2023 Water for Food Global Conference. A recording of the presentation can be found on the conference playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSBeKOIXsg3JNyPowwJj6NDSpx4vlnCYj.
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, on behalf of the UK Committee for National and International Hydrology, convened a special session on International Catchment Management Science and Application at the World Water Congress XV in May 2015.
Design Criteria
•Water efficient fittings and appliances
•On-site water capture and reuse
•Water supply flow rates optimised to balance required performance and conservation
•Local retention of stormwater runoff, stormwater treatment train with consideration of raingardens, roofgardens and swales
•Wastewater minimised and/or reused; information on water use readily available
•In-house water supply flow rate optimised
•Plumbing system designed for water and energy efficiency
•Site design recognition of local soil and climate conditions and low water use garden design applied.
Green Solutions for Water and Waste is one of VTT’s Spearhead Programmes that has been running since 2011. This publication presents some of the research highlights from the first half of the programme. Focal areas of this programme have been water treatment technologies and waste management. In water treatment the research has focused in enzyme and membrane technologies and membrane surface treatment methods, water monitoring technologies, and sludge treatment. Regarding waste treatment methods and technologies the focus has been in refining organic waste and conceptualising new business on valorisation of waste streams.
The Water Imperative: New Standards in Corporate Water LeadershipCoro Strandberg
Water security is a top global issue. Virtually every product requires water at some point in its production, manufacturing or use. Water shortages and lack of access to clean, fresh water are two top global risks – and by 2030 global water consumption is expected to rise by 40%.
As water demand rises around the world it will be difficult for many businesses to operate as usual. Whole sectors, companies and corporate value chains depend on water for their success. WWF, RBC and Molson Coors present their thoughts on the risks and opportunities to business and how to manage them. Coro Strandberg, Strandberg Consulting, introduces guidelines to help companies become transformational corporate water leaders.
Presented by IWMI's Peter McCornick at the World Water Day dialogue titled “Water, jobs and prosperity in Sri Lanka: Partnerships for sustainability”, held in IWMI Headquarters in Colombo Sri Lanka, on March 23, 2016.
“The Vital Few and The Water Benefit Calculator” by Derek Schlea and Paul Hicks at the 2023 Water for Food Global Conference. A recording of the presentation can be found on the conference playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSBeKOIXsg3JNyPowwJj6NDSpx4vlnCYj.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Outline
• Why we should know PBL
• Essentials of PBL
• PBL in Civil Engineering
• Sustainable Development Goals
• SDG 6 (Water)
• Innovative Projects and Ideas
• Projects and Startup related to WATER
• Upcoming Conferences related to WATER
4. Project-based learning
Project-based learning (PBL) is a student
centered pedagogy that involves a dynamic
classroom approach in which it is believed
that students acquire a deeper knowledge
through active exploration of real-world
challenges and problems. (Wikipedia definition)
7. Sustainable Development Goals
The Report highlights the severity and magnitude of the challenges before us.
The confluence of crises, dominated by COVID-19, climate change, and
conflicts, are creating spin-off impacts on food and nutrition, health,
education, the environment, and peace and security, and affecting all the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
29. Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 6
6.1
Drinking
Water
6.2
Sanitation
and Hygiene
6.3
Water
quality
6.4
Water-use
Efficiency
6.5
Water
resource
managem
ent
6.6
Eco-
systems
Means of Implementation
6.A
International
cooperation
and capacity
development
6.B
Local
participation
30. PBL Lab
Sl
No
PBL Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
1 Pervious concrete as a
sustainable material
Data
Collection &
Explore
Investigation &
Theoretical
Background
Application
2 Start-up Related to
Solid Waste
Management
3 Start-up Related To
Water Resources
Management
4 Home for Homeless
5 Geo-spatial Start up
36. Start-up Related To WRM
• FLUID – Smart Water Metering
• Compared to their conventional counterparts, smart water meters possess
a vast array of benefits, including leak detection and prevention, energy
reduction, real-time information disclosure, higher precision, as well as a
description of water consumption patterns. Besides, wireless networking
and two-way remote communications with a local utility eliminate the
need for any manual checks as well as reflect relevant and accurate online
data 24/7. US-based FLUID develops and manufactures ultrasonic smart
water meters, which enable intelligent alarms and have no moving parts,
thus, they are unaffected by wear and tear. The peculiarity of this solution
implies an easy clamping-on of the meter without a plumber. In addition,
it allows setting water goals and receiving insights about water usage
habits in order to learn more and increase savings.
37. Start-up Related To WRM
• Lishtot – Drinking Water Quality Control
• Maintaining a high quality of potable water is one of the sustainability
challenges nowadays and it poses many doubts. Advanced control and
testing devices enable smart city residents to get their drinking water’s
safety checked based on various important parameters, e.g, conductivity,
pH, temperature, or chemical properties to increase awareness and health
confidence. Israeli startup Lishtot offers a “testing as a service” solution
named TestDrop Pro. This portable device utilizes differential signaling in
an electrical circuit that assists in accurate detecting of various
contaminants, heavy metals, chemicals and bacteria at different levels of
purity. Furthermore, the app presents immediate results, as opposed to
lab testing.
38. Start-up Related To WRM
• Elentec – Onsite Wastewater Reuse
• Mass amounts of effluent disposal in many parts of the globe bring
attention to the question of water onsite reuse cycle in smart cities.
Wastewater recycling and polishing removes all contaminants from
residential sewage and industrial waters, includes primary, secondary or
tertiary stages of purification, and returns water back in the system for
groundwater restoring or onsite reuse in agriculture and industry.
British Elentec facilitates the implementation of electro-coagulation (EC)
in secondary wastewater treatment and tertiary polishing, which proves to
produce less footprint, be more safe and stable, compared to traditional
chemical reclamation. Its off-the-grid and modular reactors are mostly
applied in the following industries: automotive, municipal sewage,
aquaculture, mining, brewing, dairy, etc.
39. Start-up Related To WRM
• WaterGen – Atmospheric Water Generation (AWG)
• Atmospheric water generation systems are a new technology trend called
to increase drinking water supply in the world and, especially, in
indigenous and water-scarce communities. Typical AWGs convert rain, fog,
dew, vapor, and natural air humidity into potable water by continuously
replicating a natural process of condensation and carefully storing the
outcome. Originating from Israel, WaterGen and its heat-exchange GENius
technology provide a room for more cost-efficiency, that is, generating
clean water at relatively low energy usage (250Wh per liter) at affordable
prices (around 2 cents per liter). The company manufactures scalable
AGW products to meet various needs: from a separate household to big
smart cities.
40. Start-up Related To WRM
• WaterFX – Eco-Friendly Desalination
• High salinity water treatment is also a crucial trend towards tackling a
water scarcity problem in smart cities, increasing freshwater coverage and
pursuing zero liquid discharge. As usual, desalination of the sea or brackish
waters requires substantial amounts of energy and powerful brine
disposal facilities. In contrast to traditional practices, eco-friendly
desalination focuses on advanced evaporation with the use of
renewables. WaterFX, a startup from the USA, addresses these challenges
based on solar energy, which ensures lower operation costs and larger
amounts of freshwater received. The company’s solutions spread over the
treatment of seawater, groundwater, and impaired salty waters, leaving no
liquid byproducts. Besides, WaterFX introduced a beta-version of LQUID, a
decentralized platform for desalinated water trade and analytics.
41. 1 Project
• The Indian Rivers Inter-link is a
proposed large-scale civil
engineering project that aims
to effectively manage water
resources in India by
linking Indian rivers by a
network of reservoirs and
canals to enhance
irrigation and groundwater
recharge, reduce persistent
floods in some parts
and water shortages in other
parts of India.
42. • Water and adaptation to climate change
• Impacts of climate change and variability on transboundary basins are evident in many regions
in the world and increasing floods and droughts pose a challenge to water managers around
the globe. Transboundary cooperation in adaptation is necessary to prevent maladaptation and
increase the overall effectiveness of adaptation. The Water Convention and its Task Force on
Water and Climate, led by the Netherlands and Switzerland, support countries in developing
transboundary adaptation strategies and implementation of priority adaptation measures
though guidance, projects on the ground and exchange of experience.
2 Project
43. 3 Project
Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) was an IAHS initiative operating
throughout the decade of 2003-2012, established with the primary aim
of reducing uncertainty in hydrological predictions.
44. 4 Project
The general objective of this Sao Paulo Water Quality and Pollution Control Project is
to assist Brazil in developing a cost-effective approach to control water pollution. The
project also proposes policy and institutional reforms which minimize allocative
distortions. The project consists of investments and institutional support for two water
pollution control components covering water basins in two of the most congested and
polluted metropolitan areas in Brazil