This document discusses the challenges of distinguishing between hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola, dengue, and malaria in West Africa. It notes that in Burkina Faso, many fevers are attributed to malaria but up to 78% test negative for malaria. Studies have found dengue rates of 2.7-10% in some areas. However, surveillance for diseases like dengue is weak, diagnostic tools are limited, and health workers have little training on differentiating fevers. The authors argue that strengthening surveillance for all hemorrhagic fevers, not just Ebola, will be important to improve diagnosis and response to outbreaks in the region.
This document summarizes a study on influenza-like illness (ILI) sentinel surveillance in Peru between 2006-2008. Over 6,800 patients with ILI were enrolled from clinics across Peru. Respiratory samples were tested and at least one virus was detected in 42.6% of samples. The most common viruses were influenza A (25.1%), influenza B (9.7%), and parainfluenza (3.2%). Genetic analysis found multiple lineages of influenza A and B circulating. This study characterized the viral causes of ILI in Peru and has implications for vaccine design and clinical treatment in South America.
This document summarizes several communicable diseases and control programs in the Philippines. It discusses tuberculosis (TB), focusing on the National TB Program's DOTS strategy achieving global targets. Emerging issues like drug resistance need addressing. The National Leprosy Control Program aims to ensure MDT drug availability and prevent disabilities. Schistosomiasis and its life cycle transmission via snails in contaminated water is outlined. Filariasis caused by worm transmission through mosquitoes can cause swelling and disability. The National Filariasis Elimination Program aims to eliminate it by 2017. Malaria transmitted by mosquitoes and its various causative agents are also summarized.
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the San commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
This document discusses vector-borne diseases and prevention/control efforts. Over 1 billion people are infected annually by diseases spread by insects/vectors, causing over 1 million deaths. Common diseases include malaria, dengue, and others. Prevention methods include long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, outdoor spraying, larviciding of water sources, and other insect repellents. Integrated approaches targeting multiple diseases are most effective. Increased investment is needed to scale up prevention and research new solutions.
Epidemiological method of investigation. Epidemic Diagnosis. Eneutron
This document discusses epidemiological methods for investigating and controlling infectious diseases, including observation, inspection, examination, and analysis of morbidity. It describes several historic pandemics such as the Plague of Justinian, the Black Death, and the 1918 influenza pandemic. Prevention and control measures outlined include improving public health, medical interventions, health education, and preventing disease importation. Specific measures discussed are prophylactic vaccination, isolation of infectious individuals, disrupting transmission through sanitation and disinfection, quarantine, and increasing population resistance.
This chapter introduces communicable diseases and their epidemiology in Ethiopia. It defines key epidemiological terms used to describe diseases. Communicable diseases pose a major health burden in Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to their transmission, including poverty, poor sanitation and lack of access to health care. The major communicable diseases affecting Ethiopia are described.
This document summarizes a study on influenza-like illness (ILI) sentinel surveillance in Peru between 2006-2008. Over 6,800 patients with ILI were enrolled from clinics across Peru. Respiratory samples were tested and at least one virus was detected in 42.6% of samples. The most common viruses were influenza A (25.1%), influenza B (9.7%), and parainfluenza (3.2%). Genetic analysis found multiple lineages of influenza A and B circulating. This study characterized the viral causes of ILI in Peru and has implications for vaccine design and clinical treatment in South America.
This document summarizes several communicable diseases and control programs in the Philippines. It discusses tuberculosis (TB), focusing on the National TB Program's DOTS strategy achieving global targets. Emerging issues like drug resistance need addressing. The National Leprosy Control Program aims to ensure MDT drug availability and prevent disabilities. Schistosomiasis and its life cycle transmission via snails in contaminated water is outlined. Filariasis caused by worm transmission through mosquitoes can cause swelling and disability. The National Filariasis Elimination Program aims to eliminate it by 2017. Malaria transmitted by mosquitoes and its various causative agents are also summarized.
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the San commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
This document discusses vector-borne diseases and prevention/control efforts. Over 1 billion people are infected annually by diseases spread by insects/vectors, causing over 1 million deaths. Common diseases include malaria, dengue, and others. Prevention methods include long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, outdoor spraying, larviciding of water sources, and other insect repellents. Integrated approaches targeting multiple diseases are most effective. Increased investment is needed to scale up prevention and research new solutions.
Epidemiological method of investigation. Epidemic Diagnosis. Eneutron
This document discusses epidemiological methods for investigating and controlling infectious diseases, including observation, inspection, examination, and analysis of morbidity. It describes several historic pandemics such as the Plague of Justinian, the Black Death, and the 1918 influenza pandemic. Prevention and control measures outlined include improving public health, medical interventions, health education, and preventing disease importation. Specific measures discussed are prophylactic vaccination, isolation of infectious individuals, disrupting transmission through sanitation and disinfection, quarantine, and increasing population resistance.
This chapter introduces communicable diseases and their epidemiology in Ethiopia. It defines key epidemiological terms used to describe diseases. Communicable diseases pose a major health burden in Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to their transmission, including poverty, poor sanitation and lack of access to health care. The major communicable diseases affecting Ethiopia are described.
Control of a disease means reducing it to a level where it is no longer a public health problem. Control must meet population demands, be nationwide, permanent, affordable, acceptable, and implemented like a military operation. Disease control is based on scientific evidence and research, and carried out like a scientific military project with defined targets and timelines. Control aims to modify root environmental causes of disease and generate wealth, not just eliminate illness.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgrammeDrAnup Kumar
The document summarizes the history and strategies of India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). It discusses the origins of the program in 1946 and outlines the various initiatives over time to control malaria, including the National Malaria Control Programme in 1953, National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958, and the establishment of NVBDCP in 2004 to combat six vector-borne diseases. The current goals of NVBDCP through 2030 are outlined, including the phased elimination of malaria from across India and maintaining malaria-free status.
#Covid19: Information guide for general Public.MADHUR VERMA
This document provides information and guidance on preparing for and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the objectives of preventing transmission, protecting oneself and family, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle during lockdown. It covers the stages of an epidemic, definitions of isolation and quarantine, the nature and transmission of coronavirus, symptoms and diagnosis of COVID-19, treatment, prevention methods like social distancing and hygiene, guidance for high-risk groups, obligations during lockdown, and maintaining mental health.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was implemented in 2002-2003 in India to control six vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The NVBDCP focuses on early diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, integrated vector management through indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets, and epidemic preparedness. The programme is coordinated across states and districts and works with other health programs. In 2016, India launched a National Framework for Malaria Elimination with goals to eliminate malaria by 2030 by phasing states through categories of transmission intensity and interrupting indigenous transmission.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme is India's program for preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, kala azar, dengue, and chikungunya. It aims to reduce mortality from these diseases by half by 2012. Key strategies include disease management, insecticide resistance monitoring, legislation, community involvement, laboratory quality assurance, long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, and inter-sectoral collaboration. The program oversees control of specific diseases like malaria, with goals of reducing cases and deaths. It monitors progress through indicators and has launched frameworks for eliminating particular diseases at national and state levels by target dates.
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and control programs. It outlines the bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal agents that cause STDs. The objectives of STD control programs are to educate about risks and prevention, describe clinical presentations, and manage complications. Control strategies include case detection through screening high-risk groups, contact tracing, treatment, health education, and preventing infection and minimizing adverse effects. The national STD control program in India was established in 1949 and operates specialized clinics for diagnosis and treatment across the country. A community health nurse's role includes case finding, managing clinics and follow-up, educating pregnant women, and prevention through education and ensuring treatment completion.
Public Health Response to Ebola Statement of Dr. FriedenDawn Dawson
House Energy and Commerce Committee Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Public Health Response to Ebola October 16, 2014
Statement of Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, M.D., M.P.H.
Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The National Health Programme aims to control communicable diseases like malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and AIDS through various disease-specific programmes. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme and National Malaria Control Programme work to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India. A three-pronged strategy of early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and vector control is used. Urban areas also have malaria control schemes focused on source reduction and larval control.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
National vector borne disease control programme 2 by nitin vermaKartikesh Gupta
The document summarizes India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which aims to prevent and control vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and chikungunya. The strategy includes disease management through early detection and treatment, integrated vector management using indoor spraying and larvivorous fish, and behavior change communication. The objectives are to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and JE by half and eliminate kala azar by 2010 and lymphatic filariasis by 2015. It provides recent case numbers and trends for these diseases and outlines prevention and control efforts.
National Vector Born Disease Control Programme:- Newer Concepts.amol askar
This document summarizes information on malaria prevention and treatment strategies in India, including:
1) The National Drug Policy for malaria was updated in 2013 to reflect new effective drugs and resistance, with ACT now used to treat P. falciparum and chloroquine + primaquine for P. vivax.
2) India's National Framework for malaria elimination aims to eliminate malaria nationally by 2030, categorizing states by transmission levels and setting objectives to achieve elimination in different states by 2022, 2024, and 2027.
3) Key interventions include scaling up prevention, diagnosis and treatment, strengthening surveillance, and ensuring zero indigenous transmission nationally by 2030.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme under the National Health Mission that aims to control and prevent six vector-borne diseases: malaria, kala-azar, filariasis, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The programme focuses on disease management, integrated vector management, and supportive interventions like indoor residual spraying and larvivorous fish. Its goals are to reduce mortality from certain diseases and eliminate kala-azar and filariasis by targeted years. The programme is coordinated by the Directorate of NVBDCP and implemented at national, state, district, and local levels.
This document discusses infection prevention and control strategies for emerging infectious diseases. It provides an overview of emerging infections that have occurred in the Philippines from 1989 to 2015, including Ebola, SARS, influenza, and others. The core components of infection prevention programs are described, including administrative, environmental, and engineering controls as well as personal protective equipment. The importance of basic infection control practices, such as hand hygiene, are emphasized. Modes of transmission for MERS-CoV and Ebola are discussed. Ongoing emerging threats are noted to highlight the need for strengthened infection prevention and control protocols.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). Some key points:
1) RNTCP was established in 1993 to address the failures of the previous National Tuberculosis Programme, such as low treatment completion rates. RNTCP's goals are to reduce TB mortality and interrupt transmission.
2) RNTCP follows the DOTS strategy - ensuring political commitment, quality diagnosis, quality drugs, direct observation of treatment, and systematic monitoring. It has treatment categories based on patient type with standardized regimens.
3) Major achievements include treating over 19 million patients since inception and achieving case detection and treatment success rates in line with global targets. However, challenges remain such as ineffective private
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is India's central agency responsible for preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, lymphatic filariasis, kala-azar, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. It focuses on integrated vector management through indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated bed nets, larvivorous fish, and environmental management. The NVBDCP also supports disease management, capacity building, operational research, and monitoring through a network of regional and district offices. Its goal is to reduce transmission of these diseases in India through coordinated efforts at all levels of government.
This document discusses infectious diseases and healthcare-associated infections. It begins with an overview of hospital epidemiology and the roles of epidemiologists in identifying risks of infection and developing strategies to minimize those risks. Common sites of healthcare-associated infections are the urinary tract, respiratory tract, bloodstream, surgical wounds, and gastrointestinal tract. Factors that can promote healthcare-associated infections include prolonged use of medical devices, extremes of age, surgery and other procedures, immune status, understaffing, and poor infection control practices. The document then discusses measures for quantifying disease frequency like prevalence, incidence and case definitions.
El documento presenta un problema de resolución de sistemas de ecuaciones lineales mediante el método de Gauss. Tres personas (A, B y C) comparten el coste de un regalo de 86€. Se plantea un sistema de 3 ecuaciones con 3 incógnitas (X, Y, Z) para representar cómo cada persona paga una parte. La resolución del sistema mediante el método de Gauss determina que A paga 64,5€, B paga 8,6€ y C paga 12,9€.
La anorexia nerviosa se caracteriza por un intenso miedo a ganar peso y una imagen distorsionada del propio cuerpo, lo que conduce a una dieta exagerada y exceso de ejercicio que causa un grave adelgazamiento. Sus síntomas incluyen amenorrea, disminución de peso significativa, atrofia muscular, piel pálida y reseca, debilidad, mareos, y alteraciones en el carácter e insomnio.
ВИВЧЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МЕХАНІЗМУ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ ПРОЕКТІВ БУДІВНИЦТВА...Yevgenia Tsyuman
Проаналізовано вплив основних параметрів проекту будівництва автомобільної дороги на умовах ДПП на основні показників проекту. Підтверджено можливість застосування математичної моделі системи інвестування проектів будівництва автомобільних доріг на базі ДПП для оцінювання терміну окупності проектів ДПП в залежності від основних параметрів проекту.
Control of a disease means reducing it to a level where it is no longer a public health problem. Control must meet population demands, be nationwide, permanent, affordable, acceptable, and implemented like a military operation. Disease control is based on scientific evidence and research, and carried out like a scientific military project with defined targets and timelines. Control aims to modify root environmental causes of disease and generate wealth, not just eliminate illness.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgrammeDrAnup Kumar
The document summarizes the history and strategies of India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). It discusses the origins of the program in 1946 and outlines the various initiatives over time to control malaria, including the National Malaria Control Programme in 1953, National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958, and the establishment of NVBDCP in 2004 to combat six vector-borne diseases. The current goals of NVBDCP through 2030 are outlined, including the phased elimination of malaria from across India and maintaining malaria-free status.
#Covid19: Information guide for general Public.MADHUR VERMA
This document provides information and guidance on preparing for and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the objectives of preventing transmission, protecting oneself and family, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle during lockdown. It covers the stages of an epidemic, definitions of isolation and quarantine, the nature and transmission of coronavirus, symptoms and diagnosis of COVID-19, treatment, prevention methods like social distancing and hygiene, guidance for high-risk groups, obligations during lockdown, and maintaining mental health.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was implemented in 2002-2003 in India to control six vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The NVBDCP focuses on early diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, integrated vector management through indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets, and epidemic preparedness. The programme is coordinated across states and districts and works with other health programs. In 2016, India launched a National Framework for Malaria Elimination with goals to eliminate malaria by 2030 by phasing states through categories of transmission intensity and interrupting indigenous transmission.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme is India's program for preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, kala azar, dengue, and chikungunya. It aims to reduce mortality from these diseases by half by 2012. Key strategies include disease management, insecticide resistance monitoring, legislation, community involvement, laboratory quality assurance, long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, and inter-sectoral collaboration. The program oversees control of specific diseases like malaria, with goals of reducing cases and deaths. It monitors progress through indicators and has launched frameworks for eliminating particular diseases at national and state levels by target dates.
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and control programs. It outlines the bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal agents that cause STDs. The objectives of STD control programs are to educate about risks and prevention, describe clinical presentations, and manage complications. Control strategies include case detection through screening high-risk groups, contact tracing, treatment, health education, and preventing infection and minimizing adverse effects. The national STD control program in India was established in 1949 and operates specialized clinics for diagnosis and treatment across the country. A community health nurse's role includes case finding, managing clinics and follow-up, educating pregnant women, and prevention through education and ensuring treatment completion.
Public Health Response to Ebola Statement of Dr. FriedenDawn Dawson
House Energy and Commerce Committee Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Public Health Response to Ebola October 16, 2014
Statement of Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, M.D., M.P.H.
Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The National Health Programme aims to control communicable diseases like malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, and AIDS through various disease-specific programmes. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme and National Malaria Control Programme work to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India. A three-pronged strategy of early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and vector control is used. Urban areas also have malaria control schemes focused on source reduction and larval control.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
National vector borne disease control programme 2 by nitin vermaKartikesh Gupta
The document summarizes India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which aims to prevent and control vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and chikungunya. The strategy includes disease management through early detection and treatment, integrated vector management using indoor spraying and larvivorous fish, and behavior change communication. The objectives are to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and JE by half and eliminate kala azar by 2010 and lymphatic filariasis by 2015. It provides recent case numbers and trends for these diseases and outlines prevention and control efforts.
National Vector Born Disease Control Programme:- Newer Concepts.amol askar
This document summarizes information on malaria prevention and treatment strategies in India, including:
1) The National Drug Policy for malaria was updated in 2013 to reflect new effective drugs and resistance, with ACT now used to treat P. falciparum and chloroquine + primaquine for P. vivax.
2) India's National Framework for malaria elimination aims to eliminate malaria nationally by 2030, categorizing states by transmission levels and setting objectives to achieve elimination in different states by 2022, 2024, and 2027.
3) Key interventions include scaling up prevention, diagnosis and treatment, strengthening surveillance, and ensuring zero indigenous transmission nationally by 2030.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme under the National Health Mission that aims to control and prevent six vector-borne diseases: malaria, kala-azar, filariasis, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The programme focuses on disease management, integrated vector management, and supportive interventions like indoor residual spraying and larvivorous fish. Its goals are to reduce mortality from certain diseases and eliminate kala-azar and filariasis by targeted years. The programme is coordinated by the Directorate of NVBDCP and implemented at national, state, district, and local levels.
This document discusses infection prevention and control strategies for emerging infectious diseases. It provides an overview of emerging infections that have occurred in the Philippines from 1989 to 2015, including Ebola, SARS, influenza, and others. The core components of infection prevention programs are described, including administrative, environmental, and engineering controls as well as personal protective equipment. The importance of basic infection control practices, such as hand hygiene, are emphasized. Modes of transmission for MERS-CoV and Ebola are discussed. Ongoing emerging threats are noted to highlight the need for strengthened infection prevention and control protocols.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). Some key points:
1) RNTCP was established in 1993 to address the failures of the previous National Tuberculosis Programme, such as low treatment completion rates. RNTCP's goals are to reduce TB mortality and interrupt transmission.
2) RNTCP follows the DOTS strategy - ensuring political commitment, quality diagnosis, quality drugs, direct observation of treatment, and systematic monitoring. It has treatment categories based on patient type with standardized regimens.
3) Major achievements include treating over 19 million patients since inception and achieving case detection and treatment success rates in line with global targets. However, challenges remain such as ineffective private
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is India's central agency responsible for preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, lymphatic filariasis, kala-azar, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. It focuses on integrated vector management through indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated bed nets, larvivorous fish, and environmental management. The NVBDCP also supports disease management, capacity building, operational research, and monitoring through a network of regional and district offices. Its goal is to reduce transmission of these diseases in India through coordinated efforts at all levels of government.
This document discusses infectious diseases and healthcare-associated infections. It begins with an overview of hospital epidemiology and the roles of epidemiologists in identifying risks of infection and developing strategies to minimize those risks. Common sites of healthcare-associated infections are the urinary tract, respiratory tract, bloodstream, surgical wounds, and gastrointestinal tract. Factors that can promote healthcare-associated infections include prolonged use of medical devices, extremes of age, surgery and other procedures, immune status, understaffing, and poor infection control practices. The document then discusses measures for quantifying disease frequency like prevalence, incidence and case definitions.
El documento presenta un problema de resolución de sistemas de ecuaciones lineales mediante el método de Gauss. Tres personas (A, B y C) comparten el coste de un regalo de 86€. Se plantea un sistema de 3 ecuaciones con 3 incógnitas (X, Y, Z) para representar cómo cada persona paga una parte. La resolución del sistema mediante el método de Gauss determina que A paga 64,5€, B paga 8,6€ y C paga 12,9€.
La anorexia nerviosa se caracteriza por un intenso miedo a ganar peso y una imagen distorsionada del propio cuerpo, lo que conduce a una dieta exagerada y exceso de ejercicio que causa un grave adelgazamiento. Sus síntomas incluyen amenorrea, disminución de peso significativa, atrofia muscular, piel pálida y reseca, debilidad, mareos, y alteraciones en el carácter e insomnio.
ВИВЧЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МЕХАНІЗМУ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ ПРОЕКТІВ БУДІВНИЦТВА...Yevgenia Tsyuman
Проаналізовано вплив основних параметрів проекту будівництва автомобільної дороги на умовах ДПП на основні показників проекту. Підтверджено можливість застосування математичної моделі системи інвестування проектів будівництва автомобільних доріг на базі ДПП для оцінювання терміну окупності проектів ДПП в залежності від основних параметрів проекту.
Los animales anfibios se caracterizan por vivir parte de su vida en el agua y parte en la tierra, respirando a través de branquias cuando son larvas y desarrollando pulmones cuando son adultos. Algunos ejemplos de anfibios son la rana leopardo, la rana, el sapo, la salamandra, la lagartija y el gallipato. Los mamíferos se distinguen por ser vivíparos y amamantar a sus crías. Ejemplos comunes incluyen el macaco, el lobo, el tigre, la pan
Saud A.H. Khokhar has over 30 years of experience providing legal research, writing, and document preparation services under attorney supervision. He has expertise in areas such as real estate, foreclosure, bankruptcy, matrimonial law, immigration, and landlord/tenant law. Saud has also drafted appeals and legal filings in numerous representative court cases. He holds a Bachelor's degree from Pace University and certificates in internet technology and real estate. Saud is also a licensed real estate broker, mortgage broker, insurance broker, and notary public.
West Africa Ebola Outbreak 1
West Africa Ebola Outbreak
Joseph Toole
Principles of Epidemiology PHE 5015 S01
12 Jun 2016
Introduction
Around two years ago, there was worldwide uproar concerning Ebola. The outbreak had occurred in West Africa with individuals nations’ health departments stretched to the limit while trying to cope with the situation. Well wishing nations had to volunteer in terms of health practitioners and funds among other ways in order to assist the nations. Ebola is an infectious disease that is deadly discovered in Zaire in 1976. It is caused by Ebola virus which can be spread via contact with an infected person. Its spread it’s fast since contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This paper will cover an overview of outbreak in 2014 in West Africa, observations, recommendations and conclusion.
Overview, Investigative methodology and rationale for the topic
The first outbreak of the epidemic was discovered in early 2014. It was reported in countries of West Africa namely: Sierra Lone, Guinea and Liberia. The three countries were the huge victims of the epidemic. Most of the victims of the outbreak died with a few survivors (CDC, 2016 n.d. - a). The reported symptoms among the victims were fatigue, fever, severe headaches, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and unexplained bleeding (CDC, 2016 n.d.-b). The symptoms are discovered roughly between 2 -21 days after infection. The methodology employed in order to determine the magnitude the outbreak encompassed different aspects. There was laboratory tests, study design and patients, data analysis and ethical considerations played a vital role. Study was carried out around the suspected victims. Lab tests were done via use of victim’s blood or oral swap. Ethical considerations were employed to determine the response of public health to the outbreak and contain it. Data analysis was vital in order to relate each case to a certain geographical location. Data from center for disease, World health Organization, European center for Disease prevention and control, National Institute of health will play a critical role in this paper since it will back up the facts presented. The rationale behind choosing the topic is to assist in comprehending the methods employed by epidemiologists in order to understand diseases in populations determine what disease is affecting the population and finally employ measures to treat as well as prevent its future occurrence.
Ebola in West Africa
Outbreaks in Africa have been reported as early as 2007. The ailment was previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever which is capable of affecting both humans and primates. It has a couple of species which include the Sudan virus, Reston virus, Bundibugyo virus, Tae Forest virus and Ebola virus. Reston is common in the monkey species. Few cases have been reported regarding the outbreak since it was discovered ranging from around 1-400 annually. For instance, in Gulu villag.
National Department of Health on the CoronavirusSABC News
The South African Department of Health issued a statement regarding the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China. While there are no confirmed cases in South Africa yet, port health professionals are conducting temperature screenings and enhanced surveillance of travelers from Asia. South Africa has distributed guidelines to healthcare workers and activated outbreak response teams. The WHO does not currently recommend travel restrictions but advises practicing good hygiene. As of January 20, 2020, there were 282 confirmed cases in China and several other countries, with most patients experiencing mild symptoms and six deaths reported in Wuhan.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It covers the causative agent, classification, risk factors, global and local burden, and strategies for management. TB is caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a major global health problem exacerbated by HIV. In Kenya, TB prevalence was 103,159 in 2012, with 39% co-infected with HIV. The Stop TB strategy aims to reduce the global TB burden by 50% by 2015 through improved detection and treatment programs.
COVID-19: Knowledge Base, Attitudes and Practices among Practising Journalist...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a study that examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of journalists in Abuja, Nigeria regarding COVID-19. The study utilized the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) model to assess how journalists' knowledge impacted their attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 protocols. The study found that journalists had generally good knowledge of COVID-19, which positively influenced their attitudes. However, their knowledge did not strongly correlate with adopting recommended practices. The study suggests journalists must follow public health protocols to effectively spread COVID-19 information to the public and encourage adherence to containment measures.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
The document discusses a research proposal on assessing public awareness of the impacts of the Ebola outbreak. It provides background on Ebola, including its history and transmission. The largest Ebola outbreak started in West Africa in 2014. The purpose of the study is to evaluate Malaysian public knowledge of Ebola's effects. It will investigate the causes and impacts of Ebola and solutions to increase public awareness of the outbreak. The significance is to ensure Malaysians understand Ebola risks and precautions.
Running head Ebola outbreak in western AfricaEbola outbreak in .docxsusanschei
Running head: Ebola outbreak in western Africa
Ebola outbreak in western Africa
Ebola outbreak in western Africa
Joseph Toole
Principles of Epidemiology
5 June 2016
Since the beginning of March 2014, West Africa experienced the largest Ebola outbreak in history. The unprecedented scale of the most recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa as of April 29, 2015, caused more than 10884 fatalities in 26277 cases that were reported. Prior to this outbreak, the virus had caused relatively smaller outbreaks the most devastating on being in a small village in Uganda known as Gulu where there were more than 425 deaths were reported in isolated cases in central Africa. The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically the various major themes surrounding the 2014 outbreak, including the epidemiological studies, the methods utilized, the approach to the study as well as the data collection and statistical measures and analysis. The report will compile a comprehensive database of estimates including the epidemiological parameters based on the data from previous outbreaks. The most recent outbreak has ironically provided an opportunity for understanding the patterns of transmission of EDV (Van Kerkhove, Bento, Mills, Ferguson, & Donnelly, 2015).
Before the intensification of the Ebola outbreak, the western African countries were making considerably remarkable progress economically. In Liberia and Sierra Leone, in particular, rapid economic development was clearly evident as the countries continued to fight and rise from years of civil strife and abject poverty. In the previous year, the two countries were ranked among the top ten countries in the world in GDP growth .guinea as a country had a relatively slower economic growth but with prospects of tremendous growth with the initiation of the expected simandou iron ore project on which major key investors in the iron mining industry had signed. The industry was however had hit by the outbreak since the prices began to drop considerably while mining plans were halted due to the Ebola outbreak. The effect of the project as described above has raised concerns about the profitability of these projects in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and a guinea, the IMF had prospected the GDP growth of the countries that year to be 11.3 percent, 5.9 percent, and 4.5 percent respectively. As a result of the outbreak, the IMF revised the growth rates to 8.0 percent, 2.5 percent, and 2.4 percent respectively (WHO, 2016).
In addition to the fatalities, the Ebola outbreak almost brought the economy of the affected West African nations to a standstill. The agricultural sector being the key economic sector in these nations was hard hit since the outbreak came during the planting season affecting the normal planting activities, therefore, diminishing the yields of the staple maize and rice crops. The prices of everyday consumer agricultural product rose by more than 150% pushing the nations to the brink of starvation and unparallel ...
Stepping Forward: Urologists' Effort During the COVID-19 Outbreak in SingaporeValentina Corona
Urologists in Singapore played an important role in responding to the COVID-19 outbreak. One quarter of the urology department staff were deployed to screen patients at the National Centre for Infectious Disease. This reduced urology services and impacted training. Lessons learned include maintaining emergency plans, effective administration, senior doctors leading by example, embracing technology, and remembering doctors' role in serving public health during crises.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted in the San community of Platfontein, South Africa, which is an historically disadvantaged ethnic minority group. The aim was to detect undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis cases in their homes using WHO screening tools. While passive case finding relies on symptomatic individuals seeking care, targeted active screening is important for disease control and has been shown to stop epidemics by finding infectious cases early through screening high-risk groups according to WHO guidelines.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
The detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis in participants within a high risk tuberculosis community, who face the challenges of extreme poverty, increased tuberculosis incidence and prevalence, increased HIV incidence and prevalence, language and cultural barriers, high incidences and prevalence of sexual abuse, substance abuse, severe acute malnutrtion and illiteracy.
Systematic home screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in the san commun...Dalton Malambo
The detection of active pulmonary tuberculosis in participants within their homes, who reside in a high risk tuberculosis community confronted with minority ethnic groups, language and social barriers, high prevalence and incidence of HIV infections, high prevalence of abuse against women, high prevalence of teenage pregnancies, high prevalence of substance abuse and a high prevalence of poverty and illiteracy.
Week 4: Week 4 - Epidemiology—Introduction
Epidemiology—Introduction
The study of epidemics is epidemiology. Its primary focus is on the distribution and causes of disease in populations. Epidemiology involves developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease by studying its origin, spread, and vulnerabilities.
As a discipline, epidemiologic research addresses a variety of health-related questions of societal importance. Epidemiologic research methods are used by clinical investigators and scientists who conduct observational and experimental research on the prevention and treatment of disease.
The Cholera epidemic, a case from the 19th century, was enabled by the global movement of people. Having appeared in India in 1817, it spread throughout Asia and the Middle East within a decade. It was reported in Moscow in 1830 and then spread to Warsaw, Hamburg, Berlin, and London in 1831 (Snow, 1855, 2002). When it crossed the Atlantic to reach North America, Cholera gained the notoriety of the first truly global disease.
The modern day world is dominated by free trade and rapid transportation. An unprecedented rate of global interchange of food, consumer products, and organisms—including humans—is occurring. The threat of pandemics in the 21st century has heightened the importance of epidemiology at national and international levels.
Although diseases such as Influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), West Nile Virus, Salmonella, are commonly recognized as epidemics, as they cause large scale disruption of health in populations. The field of epidemiology also addresses epidemics of obesity (Ogden et al., 2007), diabetes (Zimmet, 2001), mental health (Insel & Fenton, 2005), and any other disease that may cause large scale disruption of health in populations.
In general, there are ten stages to an outbreak investigation:
1. Investigation preparation
2. Outbreak confirmation
3. Case definition
4. Case identification
5. Descriptive epidemiology
6. Hypothesis generation
7. Hypothesis evaluation
8. Environmental studies
9. Control measures
10. Information dissemination
Investigation preparation requires a health crisis manager to identify a team of professionals who will lead the outbreak investigation, review the scientific literature, and notify local, state, and national organizations of the potential outbreak.
Outbreak confirmation requires actual laboratory confirmation of the disease, which may involve the collection of blood, urine, and stool samples from ill people and performing bacteriologic, virologic, or parasitic testing of those samples.
Case definition is the process by which we establish a set of standard criteria to determine who is and is not infected with respect to a specific outbreak; that is, a protocol is developed to determine case patients.
Case identification requires the health crisis manager and team of professionals to conduct a systematic and organize.
The document provides a risk assessment of a potential Zika virus outbreak in the WHO African region. It analyzed hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities and coping capacities to develop a risk ranking of countries. Key indicators included Zika transmission factors, urbanization, connectivity, treatment seeking, and government and laboratory capacities. Maps in an annex show the distribution of these indicators. The analysis aims to inform prevention and preparedness efforts for a potential Zika outbreak in Africa.
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
The document discusses the malaria control program in the Philippines. It provides background on malaria, including how it is transmitted and prevalence in the country. The vision, mission, goals, and beneficiaries of the malaria control program are outlined. Key strategies of the program include early diagnosis and treatment, controlling mosquito spread through insecticide-treated nets and indoor spraying, and community-based education. The program is implemented through partnerships between the Department of Health, World Health Organization, and other organizations. Accomplishments and proposed activities are also summarized.
COVID 19 is a contagious disease caused by a betacoronavirus, which began in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Until now, this new illness has affected more than 6 million people worldwide, and has claimed more than 300 000 human lives. Governments around the globe were faced with the coronavirus pandemic crisis and designed strategies to slow or halt viral transmission. Measures undertaken included enforcing countrywide lockdowns, banning mass gatherings, closing schools and businesses and halting international travel.
The document reports on the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak as of 30 January 2020. It provides an overview of the global situation, with 7818 confirmed cases globally and over 7700 in China. The risk assessment is very high in China, high at the regional level, and high at the global level. It outlines WHO's strategic objectives to limit transmission and minimize social and economic impacts. It also provides technical details on detection methods, surveillance activities, and response recommendations.
National guideline for Dengue (Latest) by DGHSJony Hossain
This document provides an introduction and summary of the 4th Edition 2018 of the National Guideline for Clinical Management of Dengue Syndrome published by the National Malaria Elimination & Aedes Transmitted Disease Control Program of Bangladesh.
The summary includes:
1) It is the 4th edition of Bangladesh's national guideline for clinically managing dengue syndrome.
2) It was published in 2018 by the National Malaria Elimination & Aedes Transmitted Disease Control Program under the Directorate General of Health Services.
3) The guideline was updated based on the latest WHO/SEARO guidelines and provides evidence-based recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and management of dengue to standardize care across Bangladesh.
2. 2 Pan African Medical Journal. 2015;22(Supp 1):3 | Marie Munoz et al.
as the incidence, prevalence, seasonality and epidemic peaks [6, 7]. The
Department of Health of Burkina Faso has made dengue a priority for
2014 by undertaking a series of actions such as writing a surveillance
plan for dengue and preparing training modules for HCWs which should
have been ready by the end of 2014. However, these actions have faced
challenges such as the lack of funding for diagnostic tests, research and
validation meetings. Also since the beginning of the epidemic, attention
and efforts have been displaced to provide a greater focus on the Ebola
response.
Surveillance of dengue and hemorrhagic fevers in Burkina Faso
the integrated surveillance approach recommended by the WHO. An
elaborate program targets 45 diseases that are important from a public
health perspective [4] with a clearly established pathway that allows
Ministry of Health from health care facilities effectively. This system
diseases such as meningitis, dracunculiasis and poliomyelitis.
However, despite the undeniable strengths of the national system,
dengue and other hemorrhagic fevers surveillance encounter an array of
about dengue so it is rarely evoked as a diagnosis. Indeed, preliminary
results from a study conducted by our team to evaluate professional
practices of HCWs regarding non-malaria febrile illnesses indicate that
few of them had received training on dengue or non-malaria febrile
illnesses. Furthermore, when presented with clinical vignettes illustrating
fever cases with negative malaria RDTs most HCWs chose to treat
the patients with antibiotics and few could recall danger symptoms or
mentioned dengue.
Frontline health care workers also lack diagnostic means to tell apart the
undifferentiated fevers that they encounter. In the past years, dengue
RDTs have become available but mainly in the private health sector. They
population. There is only one reference laboratory for hemorrhagic fevers
in the country. It has irregular and scarce access to reactives other than
for Ebola. Samples are sent to Dakar or to France to test for a panel of
hemorrhagic fever with the delays and costs that this conveys.
in health care settings have evolved rapidly. The center region (which
includes the capital) did not report any cases of dengue in 2013 while
centers mostly private. Indeed, unequal participation in the reporting at
cases, also compounds the problem of patchy surveillance. In addition,
hemorrhagic fevers are not reportable as a syndrome. Even if the suspect
an hemorrhagic fever and should be reported immediately, there have
reported cases of fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by dengue.
Support for Ebola is also empowering countries to distinguish
between different febrile syndromes
The main actors on the ground such as MSF and the WHO have made
Among other actions, raising awareness about all hemorrhagic fevers,
strengthening health systems, especially surveillance, and increasing
universal precautions at all levels have been advocated as important
actions [8].
The introduction of Ebola in any neighbouring country of those currently
affected is sadly a risk that all West African countries must face as
happened in Mali and Nigeria. Recognition of the disease based on contact
with infected cases could well be ineffective given high mobility in the
region. Furthermore, reports of other hemorrhagic fevers in the region for
instance the outbreak of Lassa fever in Benin in November 2014 [9] could
Ebola cases. This has led us to believe that Ebola and other hemorrhagic
fevers cannot be considered separately as a vertical problem but need to
be taken as a syndromic approach as far as initial management, diagnosis
and surveillance are concerned. We are joining our voices with those
who advocate for strengthening health systems as a whole, and not
Ministries of Health in the region to increase the ability to diagnose and
manage hemorrhagic fever is thus paramount. Health facilities at all levels
need to be provided with individual and collective means of protection
pointed out by the WHO in directives for malaria management [10]. Front
line HCWs must be trained to diagnose and manage the different febrile
illnesses in particular hemorrhagic fevers and this cannot be achieved
without making available appropriate diagnostics means. Research for
RDTs for Ebola, as pointed out by the WHO, is of course essential [11],
as is the availability of dengue RDTs and reactives to test a panel of
hemorrhagic fevers in national decentralized laboratories. Finally, the
monitoring system of all hemorrhagic fevers, not only Ebola, needs to
be supported. It is also time to think about innovative solutions that
systems to improve the detection of infectious disease and enable timely
access softwares, new collaborations between academic sectors and
governments).
Burkina Faso and other countries in the West African region are preparing
febrile illnesses are already the main reason for consultation, creating
systems that have the ability to distinguish between the different patterns
of fevers in a timely fashion, especially hemorrhagic fever, appears to be
vital to protect healthcare workers and to contain new outbreaks in yet
unaffected countries.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Acknowledgements
The research project is part of the “Community research studies and
interventions for health equity in Burkina Faso”. We thank the Canadian
number ROH-115213). MM holds a Rossiter scholarship from the CIHR.
VR holds a CIHR-funded Research Chair in Applied Public Health (CPP-
137901). We would also like to thank Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay for
References
1. Ministère de la santé, Directives nationales pour la préparation et la
riposte a une épidémie de maladie a virus Ébola. 2014. p. 48
2.
A. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa - Clinical Manifestations and
Management. N Engl J Med 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2054-7.
3.
al. Accuracy of a rapid diagnostic test on the diagnosis of malaria
infection and of malaria - attributable fever during low and high
transmission season in Burkina Faso. Malaria Journal 2010; 9:192.
4.
de la maladie et la riposte. Section 1 à 8: Étapes de la surveillance.
Ouagadougou: Ministère de la santé; 2012. 214 p.
5. Ministère de la santé. Rapport d’étape de l’investigation de cas
suspects de Dengue dans la région sanitaire du Centre. 2013:
Ouagadougou: Ministère de la santé; 2013. 12 p.
6. Parra BCM, Meda B, Ly A, Bonnet E, Fournet F, Dabire RK, Ocampo
CB, Kuanda S, Agier I, Ridde V. Presence of three dengue serotypes
replace “,” by “.”
3. 3Pan African Medical Journal. 2015;22(Supp 1):3 | Marie Munoz et al.
in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and its public health implications.
2014: 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, New Orleans, LA.
7. Ridde V, Carabali M, Ly A, Druetz T, Kouanda S, Bonnet E et al. The
need for more research and public health interventions on dengue
fever in Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Jun 19;8(6)
8.
2014 December; 2(4): 374–375.
9. Medical Xpress. Two dead from Ebola-like Lassa fever in Benin:
lassa-fever-benin.html.
10. Organisation mondiale de la santé. Orientation sur les mesures
temporaires de lutte antipaludique dans les pays affectés par le virus
Ebola. 2014 (cited 2014 November 22); Available from: http://apps.
fre.pdf?ua=1&ua=1.
11. Organisation mondiale de la santé. Ebola: il est urgent de disposer
de tests diagnostiques rapides, sensibles, sûrs et simples. 2014
(cited 2014 November 23); Available from: http://www.who.int/
mediacentre/news/ebola/18-november-2014-diagnostics/fr/.
PAMJ is an Open Access Journal published in partnership with the African Field
Epidemiology Network (AFENET)