This document provides information and guidance on preparing for and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the objectives of preventing transmission, protecting oneself and family, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle during lockdown. It covers the stages of an epidemic, definitions of isolation and quarantine, the nature and transmission of coronavirus, symptoms and diagnosis of COVID-19, treatment, prevention methods like social distancing and hygiene, guidance for high-risk groups, obligations during lockdown, and maintaining mental health.
Coronavirus ( COVID19 ) CSD ICT Center Global curriculumHaein Shin
Public Health Concern: Coronavirus COVID-19 information share for ICT Center Global trainees.
ICT Center Global Model is a program by Center for Sustainable Development (CSD) at Earth Institute, Columbia University and Infrastructure for Sustainable Development (i4SD)
This topic is about Coronavirus FAQ: Covid-19 by Academic Assignments which is assignment writing service company, this post is about As indicated by the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is an irresistible ailment brought about by the most as of late found coronavirus.
Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, in the Hubei Province of China. It is rapidly spreading, resulting in an epidemic throughout china, followed by an increasing number of cases in other countries throughout the world. In February 2020, the WHO designated the disease COVID 19, which stands for corona viruses 2019. The virus that causes COVID 19 is designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS COV 2 previously, it was referred to as 2019 nCoV. Anushka Bharti | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandul "COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46439.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/46439/covid19/anushka-bharti
Coronavirus ( COVID19 ) CSD ICT Center Global curriculumHaein Shin
Public Health Concern: Coronavirus COVID-19 information share for ICT Center Global trainees.
ICT Center Global Model is a program by Center for Sustainable Development (CSD) at Earth Institute, Columbia University and Infrastructure for Sustainable Development (i4SD)
This topic is about Coronavirus FAQ: Covid-19 by Academic Assignments which is assignment writing service company, this post is about As indicated by the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is an irresistible ailment brought about by the most as of late found coronavirus.
Coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens. At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, in the Hubei Province of China. It is rapidly spreading, resulting in an epidemic throughout china, followed by an increasing number of cases in other countries throughout the world. In February 2020, the WHO designated the disease COVID 19, which stands for corona viruses 2019. The virus that causes COVID 19 is designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS COV 2 previously, it was referred to as 2019 nCoV. Anushka Bharti | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandul "COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46439.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/46439/covid19/anushka-bharti
A Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Prevention o...ijtsrd
Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice toward coronavirus disease COVID 19 Background The World Health Organization declared COVID 19 as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 and declared as a global health emergency. Since then, many efforts are being carried out to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID 19 epidemic in India. The control measures COVID 19 is affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices KAP towards COVID 19. Knowledge attitude and practice of people should be directed towards strict preventive practices in order to prevents the spread of the virus. Materials and Methods The aim of the current electronic cross sectional study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among selected rural community. Structured questionnaire was created in the google forms, the link was generated and distributed among the people though email and other media to participate in the survey. A total 153 subject was enrolled through convenient sampling technique. Collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Results Majority of participant 91.50 were having the adequate information regarding the covid 19 and most of participants, 52.28 were got the information from multimedia included television, radio and newspaper regarding COVID 19. About 52.28 participants were the aware about the online training program by the government .Among 153 participants, 115 had adequate knowledge, 23 had moderately adequate and 15 had inadequate knowledge. Most 75.16 of the participants had adequate knowledge, in 15.03 moderately adequate and in 9.80 inadequate knowledge found regarding prevention of COVID 19. The mean knowledge score was 15.54 with standard deviation of 2.93. Most of the 102 66.66 had most favourable attitude, 31 20.26 had favourable and 20 13.07 had unfavourable attitude . The mean attitude score was 34.76 with standard deviation of 2.86.Majority of the participants, 129 had good practice, 20 had average practice and 4 had bad practice . Most 84.31 of the participants had good practice, in 13.07 average practice and in 2.61 bad practice found regarding prevention of COVID 19. The mean practice score was 25.2 with standard deviation of 2.56. Lalan Kumar "A Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Prevention of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): An Electronic Cross-Sectional Survey among Selected Rural Community" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30657.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30657/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-regarding-prevention-of-novel-coronavirus-covid19-an-electronic-crosssectional-survey-among-selected-rural-community/lalan-kumar
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine (BHSM) is responding to an outbreak of
respiratory disease caused by a novel (new) corona virus that was first detected in China
and which has now been detected in almost 90 locations internationally. The Virus has
been named “SARS-CoV-2” and the disease it caused has been named “Corona Virus
Disease 2019”(abbreviated “COVID-19”).
The Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine, Delhi (BHSM) in its meeting held on 6th
March, 2020 and it was unanimously decided to formulate Advisory to the
Homoeopathic Physicians.
Covid-19 Pandemic, where are we now? Latest update on Covid-19 Second Wave 20...Shivam Parmar
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update51_pandemic_overview_where_are_we_now.pdf?sfvrsn=709278aa_5
What you need to know about
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) What is coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? How can I help protect myself? How does COVID-19 spread? Is there a vaccine? And other. https://counter-strike-download.procs.lt
A Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Prevention o...ijtsrd
Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice toward coronavirus disease COVID 19 Background The World Health Organization declared COVID 19 as a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020 and declared as a global health emergency. Since then, many efforts are being carried out to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID 19 epidemic in India. The control measures COVID 19 is affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices KAP towards COVID 19. Knowledge attitude and practice of people should be directed towards strict preventive practices in order to prevents the spread of the virus. Materials and Methods The aim of the current electronic cross sectional study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among selected rural community. Structured questionnaire was created in the google forms, the link was generated and distributed among the people though email and other media to participate in the survey. A total 153 subject was enrolled through convenient sampling technique. Collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Results Majority of participant 91.50 were having the adequate information regarding the covid 19 and most of participants, 52.28 were got the information from multimedia included television, radio and newspaper regarding COVID 19. About 52.28 participants were the aware about the online training program by the government .Among 153 participants, 115 had adequate knowledge, 23 had moderately adequate and 15 had inadequate knowledge. Most 75.16 of the participants had adequate knowledge, in 15.03 moderately adequate and in 9.80 inadequate knowledge found regarding prevention of COVID 19. The mean knowledge score was 15.54 with standard deviation of 2.93. Most of the 102 66.66 had most favourable attitude, 31 20.26 had favourable and 20 13.07 had unfavourable attitude . The mean attitude score was 34.76 with standard deviation of 2.86.Majority of the participants, 129 had good practice, 20 had average practice and 4 had bad practice . Most 84.31 of the participants had good practice, in 13.07 average practice and in 2.61 bad practice found regarding prevention of COVID 19. The mean practice score was 25.2 with standard deviation of 2.56. Lalan Kumar "A Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Prevention of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): An Electronic Cross-Sectional Survey among Selected Rural Community" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30657.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30657/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-regarding-prevention-of-novel-coronavirus-covid19-an-electronic-crosssectional-survey-among-selected-rural-community/lalan-kumar
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine (BHSM) is responding to an outbreak of
respiratory disease caused by a novel (new) corona virus that was first detected in China
and which has now been detected in almost 90 locations internationally. The Virus has
been named “SARS-CoV-2” and the disease it caused has been named “Corona Virus
Disease 2019”(abbreviated “COVID-19”).
The Board of Homoeopathic System of Medicine, Delhi (BHSM) in its meeting held on 6th
March, 2020 and it was unanimously decided to formulate Advisory to the
Homoeopathic Physicians.
Covid-19 Pandemic, where are we now? Latest update on Covid-19 Second Wave 20...Shivam Parmar
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update51_pandemic_overview_where_are_we_now.pdf?sfvrsn=709278aa_5
What you need to know about
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) What is coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? How can I help protect myself? How does COVID-19 spread? Is there a vaccine? And other. https://counter-strike-download.procs.lt
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
CORONA VIRUS & it’s effect on daily lifeDanao Maibam
The world is facing a challenging. An essential key to combat COVID-19 is to be educated and be familiar to the disease itself and to plan strategies that will help the world win the fight against the crisis.
They are members of the family Coronaviridae, enveloped and positive stranded RNA viruses. The virions are typically decorated with large, club-or petal-shaped surface projections (spikes) which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation
COVID-19 has 5 clinical variants based on severity;
• Asymptomatic form – in this form, one gets infected without manifesting any symptom whatsoever. The person thus ends up just as a mere carrier, spreading the infection to others.
• Mild disease –this affects the upper respiratory tract producing symptoms such as sneezing, mild fever, cough, malaise, etc; The infected individual recovers rapidly, with or without any supportive treatment.
• Moderate disease –this is a lower respiratory tract infection, which may present as pneumonia and would need some supportive treatment, but may not be sick enough to need oxygen therapy.
• Severe disease – this group develop severe pneumonia and get so sick that they need oxygen therapy.
• Critical disease – this group of patients get so bad and develop acute respiratory disease syndrome and ventilator respiratory failure, so much that they would need a ventilator to survive.
COVID-19 : Introduction,Nomenclature,Incubation Period,Structure,Symptoms,Transmission,Flowchart,Diagnosis,Treatment,Drugs under testing,Prevention,Importance of Social Distancing,Effects in Lungs,Effects in Other organs,Replication,Severity,Stages,Comparison,Facts.
Coronavirus sickness (COVID-19) is AN communicable disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2
virus.
the majority infected with the virus can expertise delicate to moderate respiratory diseaseand recover while not requiring special treatment. However, some can become seriously sick
and need medical attention. Older individuals and people with underlying medical
conditions like disorder, diabetes, chronic respiratory illness, or cancer
area units seem to develop serious sickness. Anyone will get sick with COVID-19 and
become seriously sick or die at any age.the simplest thanks to forestall and curtail transmission is to be hip to concerning the
sickness and the way the virus spreads. shield yourself et al from infection by staying
a minimum of one meter excluding others, carrying a properly fitted mask, and laundry yourhands or exploitation AN alcohol-based rub oftentimes. Get insusceptible once it’s your flip and
follow native steering.
The virus will unfold from AN infected person’s mouth or nose in little liquid particles
after they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. These particles vary from larger
metabolic process droplets to smaller aerosols. it's necessary to follow metabolic process rule,
as an example by coughing into a flexed elbow, and to remain home and self-isolate till you
recover if you are feeling unwell.
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the recently found virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (or coronavirus). Before the outbreak originated in Wuhan, China on December 2019, there was no information about this virus. Case Definition (India), Symptoms, Statistics, Preventive Measures, Management
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
#Covid19: Information guide for general Public.
1. 1
#COVID19
HOW TO PREPARE OUR CITIZENS FOR
THE PANDEMIC
Dr. Madhur Verma MD
Assistant Professor of Community and Family Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bathinda, Punjab.
Email: drmadhurverma@gmail.com
*Disclaimer: The views are of the presenter and do not represent the policy of the institution. However, data has been adapted from reputed national and international sources.
2. 2
Objectives of today’s session
1. To know about the disease in terms of its nature, routes of transmission,
signs and symptoms, diagnosis and available treatment options
2. To know methods of protecting oneself and family members and what to do
in case a family member becomes infected
3. To know how to maintain a healthy lifestyle during lockdown
4. To differentiate between prevalent myths and facts
3. 3
Phases of epidemic
1. The first stage: cases of an infection are imported into a country which
was not the source of the infection.
2. The second stage: when there are cases of local transmission in the
country. In this stage, the trajectory of the virus can be identified from
the source to all the infected individuals.
3. Third stage: Community transmission starts. It becomes hard to track the
chain of transmission of the virus in a large number of cases.
4. Fourth stage of an outbreak is when an infection becomes endemic and
keeps resurfacing round the year, like malaria and dengue in India.
5. 5
Corona virus
Coronaviruses are a related group of viruses that cause diseases in mammals
and birds.
The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona, meaning "crown".
The name refers to the characteristic appearance of the virus, which have
a large surface projections creating an image that resembles a crown.
6. 6
IS IT A NEW VIRUS???
Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s in an acute respiratory
infection of domesticated chickens.
Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s.
Past Outbreaks of coronavirus diseases
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-2003
• Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-2012.
This time it’s the new strain of Coronavirus that was discovered in 2019 and
has not been previously identified in humans.
7. 7
COVID-19
The name of the disease is Corona Virus Disease – discovered in 2019 -
COVID-19.
The name of the organism that causes the disease is SARS-CoV-2.
• This stands for Severe (because it is serious) Acute Respiratory
Syndrome- Coronavirus (the name of the family of viruses) 2.
8. 8
Is the coronavirus disease more severe
than the flu?
COVID-19 causes more severe disease than seasonal influenza and is 10 times
more deadly than the swine flu.
While many people globally have built up immunity to seasonal flu strains,
COVID-19 is a new virus to which no one has immunity.
That means more people are susceptible to infection, and some will suffer
severe disease.
9. 10
COVID 19
The incubation period of COVID 19 (time between getting the infection and
showing symptoms) is 2 to 14 days.
Some people with the infection, but without any serious symptoms can also
spread the disease.
10. 11
How do you get infected ?
The virus travels through the respiratory droplets of an infected person.
When the person sneezes or coughs, the virus is deposited on the person’s
hand if the hand covers the mouth, or droplets fall on a surface when the
mouth/nose is not covered.
From the surface/hand, the virus will get transferred to an uninfected person’s
hand and when that hand comes in touch with the nostril, eyes or mouth the
virus gets inside the body.
11. 12
How does COVID-19 spread?
Transmission can happen in two ways:
• Direct close contact: one can get the infection by being in close contact with COVID-19
patients (within one Metre of the infected person), especially if they do not cover their
face when coughing or sneezing.
• Indirect contact: the droplets survive on surfaces and clothes for many days. Therefore,
touching any such infected surface or cloth and then touching one’s mouth, nose or eyes
can transmit the disease.
12. 13
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
SNEEZE/ COUGH
BY INFECTED PERSON
INFECTED DROPLETS
GET ON YOUR HAND
AND WHEN TOUCH
ANY SURFACE OR PERSON
VIRUS
TRANSFERRED!!
SNEEZE/ COUGH
BY INFECTED PERSON INFECTED DROPLETS
INFECTED DROPLETS
GET ON YOUR HAND
VIRUS
TRANSFERRED!!
INFECTED DROPLETS
07
13. 15
Definition of a COVID 19 Suspect
Let us remember that the suspect needs to have any one of the 5 things:
1. Any kind of fever, cough or a difficulty in breathing.
2. If the person has travelled from any place which has been an outbreak area
for COVID in the last 14 days.
3. If the person has been in close contact of another person who is positive for
COVID
4. A person who has tested but has not got the results
5. A person who may not have the symptoms but the lab reports come as
positive.
14. 16
Now, a Contact is:
1. Someone who is providing direct care to a person who is confirmed to be
positive for COVID
2. Someone who has stayed together with a person who has been tested as
positive for COVID
3. Someone who has travelled together for more than 6 hours in close space
with a person who later becomes positive for COVID
15. 17
Contact of COVID 19
The types of contacts can then be further divided into contact who are at a high
risk and those who are at low risk
1. The high risk ones are those who have directly been in touch with the patient or
any body fluids while taking care during home quarantine, travelled with a
patient, been in the same room/house and shared utensils, etc. with the patient.
2. A low risk contact is someone who would have been in the same place but well
outside the range of one meter, may have travelled in the same bus or train or
flight but sat atleast 1 meter away from the person who tested positive.
16. ADVISORY FOR CONTACTS
1.If symptoms develop (fever, cough, difficulty
in breathing), use mask, self-isolate and
immediately inform designated health
workers by telephone
1. Home quarantine for at least 28 days after
the last exposure with the case.
2. Initiate self-health monitoring for
development of fever or cough and maintain
a list of contacts on daily basis.
3. Active monitoring (eg. Daily visits or
telephone calls) for 28 days after the last
exposure shall be done by designated
health workers
18
Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Governemnt of India. Avaialble at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/2COVID19PPT_25MarchPPTWithAnimation.pdf
17. 19
Clinical profile of COVID-19
The Symptoms Of Covid-19
Are Fever, Cough, and Difficulty
in Breathing
18. 20
Signs & Symptoms:
Appear 2-14 days after coming in contact with a
case
In the initial stages:
• High fever
• Dry Cough
• Shortness of breath
With increasing severity:
• Diarrhoea
• Severe respiratory distress
• Lack of oxygenation will cause bluish discolouration of lips
In some cases with severe co-morbidities, the disease can cause:
• Signs of kidney failure
• Respiratory failure
• Death
19. 21
Signs & Symptoms:
Caution:
These symptoms and signs are not exclusive for COVID-19
These may be present in other respiratory illnesses also
So, there is high suspicion if along with these symptoms there is :
travel from an affected area
contact with a known case
Having a patient of COVID-19 at home
History of visit to a crowded area without precaution
21. 23
• At present tests are available in laboratories only
• For the sake of quality, tests should be carried out in ICMR recommended labs only
• Point of care tests are not available yet
Diagnosis of COVID19
22. 24
COVID-19 testing - when and how?
All individuals need not be tested, because Disease is primarily reported in
Individuals with travel history to the affected areas or close contacts of positive
cases.
The guidelines for testing are being revised continuously, keeping in view the
current case load, availability of the test kits and other logistics.
23. 25
WHOM TO TEST
ALL symptomatic people who
• Had come in contact of confirmed cases
• Have history of travel to areas with confirmed cases in last 14 days
• Are healthcare workers
• Are hospitalized patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) or Influenza Like
Illness (ILI) or severe pneumonia.
Asymptomatic direct and high-risk contacts of confirmed cases should be tested once
between day 5 and day 14 of coming in his/her contact.
List of labs (Govt. & Private) can be accessed at: icmr.nic.in
24. 26
• At present there are no medicines that can cure a person of the disease
• PREVENTION IS THE ONLY SOLUTION TO THIS DISEASE AT PRESENT !
• But, spontaneous recovery is the rule, as only 2-3% diseased persons have died so far
• Supportive treatment helps speedy recovery
• But treatment can be given in medical supervision only
Treatment of COVID19
26. 29
DO
DO
NOT
• Do not hold events where people have to gather (even if it is
a corner meeting with three or four friends, or an evening
chat on the chaupal)
• Do not go to crowded places likemarkets, shopping,
melas, and parties
• Do not use publictransport
PREVENTION: SOCIAL DISTANCING
SOCIAL Distancing: deliberately increasing the physical space between people to avoid spreading
illness.
• Stay at home unlessabsolutely
necessary
• Keep a distance of atleast one meter
between yourself and another person
28. 31
Practice good hygiene
Wash your hands frequently using soap and water:
• After coming home from outside or meeting other people especially if they are ill.
• After having touched your face, coughing or sneezing.
• Before preparing food, eating or feeding children.
• Before and after using toilet, cleaning etc.
30. 33
Coughing and sneezing etiquettes
While coughing or sneezing cover your nose and mouth with handkerchief.
Wash the handkerchief at least daily
It is preferable to cough/sneeze into your bent elbow rather than your palms.
Never use the saree pallu or gamcha for sneezing into as you may use these for
wiping your hands and the germs will get transferred from your hand to your nose,
mouth or eyes.
Practice good respiratory hygiene
31. 34
Do not Spit or shout in public places to avoid the spread of droplets.
Do not touch your eyes, nose and mouth with unclean hands.
Ensure that the surfaces and objects are regularly cleaned.
Practice good hygiene
32. 35
Practice food safety
Use different chopping
boards and knives for
raw meat and cooked
foods
Wash your hands
between handling
raw and cooked food
34. 37
Practice food safety
Even in areas experiencing
outbreaks, meat products
can be safely consumed if
these items are cooked
thoroughly and properly
handled during food
preparation
36. 39
PREVENTION: HIGH RISK GROUPS
High risk groups are people who are at a higher risk from severe illness
if they get covid-19. They includes:
PREGNANT WOMEN
(As we do not know the
impact of the disease on
pregnancy as of yet, it is
better to take care)
OLDER ADULTS PEOPLE WHO HAVE UNDERLYING
MEDICAL CONDITIONS LIKE:
▪On Cancer Medication
▪Heart Disease
▪Diabetes
▪Lung Disease
▪Kidney Disease
37. 40
Be SAFE from #coronavirus
if you are 60+ or if you have an underlying
condition like:
Cardiovascular disease
Respiratory condition
Diabetes
Avoid crowded areas or places where you
might interact with people who are sick.
38. 41
#Coronavirus #COVID19
Other adults and people with
underlying conditions
Keep regular routines and schedules
as much as possible or help create
new ones in a new environment,
including regular exercising, cleaning,
daily chores, singing, painting or
other activities.
39. 42
#Coronavirus #COVID19
People with underlying conditions
If you have an underlying health
conditions, make sure to have access
to any medications that you are
currently using.
Activate your social contacts to
provide you with assistance, if
needed.
40. 43
#Coronavirus #COVID19
Other adults and people with
underlying conditions
Make sure you have up to 2 weeks of
all your regular medicines that you
may require.
41. 44
#Coronavirus #COVID19
Other adults and people with
underlying conditions
Be prepared and know in advance
where and how to get practical help if
needed, like calling a taxi, having
food delivered and requesting
medical care.
44. 47
#MentalHealth #COVID19 #coronavirus
Choose a limited time each day
when you will check #COVID19
updates.
Constantly listening to media
coverage about #coronavirus can
make you more anxious and
upset.
45. 48
#MentalHealth #COVID19 #coronavirus
Seek information only from
trusted sources and mainly to
take practical steps to
prepare your plans and
protect yourself and loved
ones.
46. 49
#MentalHealth #COVID19 #coronavirus
COVID-19 has and is likely to affect
people from many countries. Do not
attach it to any ethnicity or nationality.
Be empathetic to all those who are
affected, in and from any country –
they deserve our support, compassion
and kindness.
47. 50
#MentalHealth #COVID19 #coronavirus
Honor caretakers and healthcare
workers supporting people affected
with COVID-19 in your community.
Acknowledge the role they play to
save lives and keep your loved ones
safe.
49. 52
Avoid travel if you have
a fever and cough
If you have a fever, cough and
difficulty breathing seek medical
care early and share previous
travel history with your health
care provider
50. 53
Insert local logo
Avoid close contact
with people suffering
from a fever and cough
Frequently clean hands by
using alcohol-based
hand rub or soap and water
Avoid touching eyes,
nose or mouth
Insert local logo
Avoid close contact
with people suffering
from a fever and cough
Frequently clean hands by
using alcohol-based
hand rub or soap and water
Avoid touching eyes,
nose or mouth
51. 54
Insert local logo
When coughing or sneezing
cover mouth and nose with
flexed elbow or tissue - throw
tissue away immediately and
wash hands
If you choose to wear a mask, be
sure to cover mouth and nose –
avoid touching mask once it’s on
Immediately discard single-use mask
after each use and wash hands after
removing masks
52. 55
Insert local logo
If you become sick
while travelling,
inform crew and seek
medical care
early
If you seek medical
attention, share travel
history with your health
care provider
53. 56
Insert local logo
Eat only well-
cooked food
Avoid spitting in public
Avoid close contact
and travel with
animals that are sick
60. 63
Stay healthy during lock down!!!
Online exercise
classes
#BeActive #HealthyAtHome
Dancing
Playing active
Video games Jumping rope
Muscle
strength
and
balance
training
61. 64
Be active at home during
#COVID19 outbreak
Looking after yourself, your family and
friends is important through these
stressful times.
WHO encourages everyone at home to
do simple and fun physical activities to
stay healthy and active.
#BeActive #HealthyAtHome
62. 65
Be active at home during
#COVID19 outbreak
Doing any activity around the home is
better than none at all.
Be active during #COVID19 outbreak to
maintain your heart health, muscle
strength and flexibility.
It is good for your mental health too!
#BeActive #HealthyAtHome
63. 66
#COVID19
March 2020
minutes
moderate
intensity
weekly
minutes
vigorous
intensity
weekly
Make more moments active
This guidance is intended for non-symptomatic people.
It does not replace any medical guidance in case of any health condition.
Continue indoor
exercise routine
Perform
household
chores
Read, draw,
play music
Meditate and do
something relaxing
Tips to stay active at home during
#COVID19 outbreak
64. 67
Tips to stay active at home
during #COVID19 outbreak
Regularly check your sitting
posture while working from
home
#BeActive #HealthyAtHome
Break up your sitting and stand
up while working, on the phone,
or watching TV
WOKING FROM HOME IS
CHALLENGING, I NEED
TO REGULARLY STAND
UP AND STRETCH…
65. 68
#COVID19
March 2020
BOOST YOUR
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Good nutrition and healthy diet are essential to maintain
optimal health, boost your immune system and prevent
communicable and non-communicable diseases
Eat a variety
of foods
Eat plenty of
vegetables
and fruit
Eat less salt
and sugars
Eat moderate
amounts of
fats and oils
66. 69
SAY NO TO TOBACCO
IN THE TIME OF COVID-19...
AND ALWAYS!
Increased risk of
serious illness due
to unhealthy lungs
Higher chance of
transmission from
hand to mouth
Smoking makes you more vulnerable to COVID-19.
So, stop smoking and give your lungs a chance!
#COVID19
March 2020
69. 72
#COVID19 #coronavirus
The stress and adversity
during this time can
increase the risk for
depression.
If you are feeling sad,
hopeless and having
thoughts of harming
yourself, talk to a mental
health professional or
someone you trust about
your feelings. It will help.
#MentalHealth
70. 73
#MentalHealth #coronavirus
If someone you know is feeling hopeless and having
thoughts of harming themselves because of #COVID19 -
talk to them.
Talking about suicide will not increase the risk and can
help people in crisis process their feelings and relieve the
stress.
71. 74
#COVID19 #coronavirus
Quarantine can lead to
loneliness – especially for
older people or people who
live alone.
Loneliness can contribute
to poor physical and mental
wellbeing. Connect with
other people, through social
media, telephone, and
online communities, and
maintain #MentalHealth.
72. 75
#mentalhealth #coronavirus
#COVID19 can be difficult for
children to understand.
Talk kindly to them using words
they can understand and
encourage them to practice
healthy habits through
activities such as songs and
dances.
This will help them feel more
secure.
73. 76
#mentalhealth #coronavirus
Older people may find it difficult to stay connected
during a #COVID19 quarantine.
Loved ones should connect with them regularly through
telephone, messaging apps, and social media to help
them feel safe and secure.
74. 77
#mentalhealth #coronavirus
Care providers for older adults
Share simple facts about what is going on and how to
reduce risk of infection.
Use words that older people with or without cognitive
impairment can understand.
75. 78
#COVID19
Amplify hopeful stories and positive
images of local people who have
experienced COVID-19.
For example, stories of people who
have recovered or who have
supported a loved one and are willing
to share their experiences.
78
76. 79
#mentalhealth #coronavirus
Protect yourself and be supportive to others.
For example, check-in by phone on neighbours or elder
people in your community who may need extra assistance.
Working together as one community an help to create
solidarity in addressing COVID-19 together.
77. 80
#COVID19 #coronavirus
Community resources - including civic groups,
neighborhood organizations and others - can help provide
psychosocial support for people living with mental health
conditions during this time.
We all have a role in maintaining our community's
#MentalHealth.
79. 82
• Fear of Falling ill and dying
• Fear of losing livelihoods, not being able to work during isolation, and of being dismissed
from work
• Fear of being socially excluded/placed in quarantine because of being associated with
the disease
• Feeling powerless in protecting loved ones and fear of losing loved ones because of the
virus or being separated during quarantine
• Feelings of boredom, loneliness and depression due to being isolated
In any epidemic, it is common for individuals to feel stressed and worried because they have:
WHAT IS STIGMA?
80. 83
The level of stigma associated with covid-19 is based on three main factors:
1. Covid-19 is a new disease about which many things are still being
discovered.
2. When something is unknown people are worried which leads to fear
3. Rumours or fake news give wrong information and spreads the fear.
Why is stigma associated with
#COVID19?
81. 84
Makes people hide
their problems
Keeps people away from
accessing health services
and seeking help
Discourages them & may at
times prevent them from
adopting healthy behaviours
WHAT DOES STIGMA DO?
82. 85
As a responsible citizen, we should:
• Inform that COVID 19 is a simple infection and 80% are mild cases.
• Inform that Covid-19 can happen to anyone.
• Comply with the LOCKDOWN and engage in relaxing activities.
• Ask people to stay away from watching negative things on the TV and also fake news
• Guide Whatsapp groups to help in giving hope and positive news to help people handle
stress.
• Use terms like people who have COVID-19 instead of “covid-19 cases” or “victims”.
• Make special efforts to reach out to high risk groups including senior citizens and children.
What can we do about stigma?
85
85. 88 #Coronavirus
Getting your workplace
ready for #COVID19
advise co-workers to avoid
public transport and
crowded places.
Promote regular
teleworking across your
organization.
Teleworking will help your
business keep operating
while your employees stay
safe.
88
87. 90
#Coronavirus
Getting your workplace
ready for #COVID19
• Keep workplaces
clean and hygienic
• Promote regular and
thorough hand
washing
• Promote good
respiratory hygiene
• Consult national
travel advice before
going on business
travel
• Advise those who are
sick to stay home
90
89. 92
All women have the right to a
safe and positive childbirth
experience, whether or not they
have a confirmed COVID-19
infection.
Respect and dignity
Clear communication
by maternity staff
A companion of choice
Pain relief strategies
Mobility in labour where possible
and birth position of choice
90. 93
Before, during and after
childbirth, all women have
the right to high quality
care. This includes:
Antenatal and
intrapartum
Newborn Postnatal Mental health
91. 94
I’m pregnant.
How can I protect myself
against COVID-19?
Wash your hands
frequently
Put space
between yourself
and others
Avoid touching your
eyes, nose and mouth
Cough or sneeze into
your bent elbow or a
tissue
If you have fever, cough or difficulty breathing, seek care early. Call
beforehand, and follow medical advice.
92. 95
Close contact and early, exclusive
breastfeeding helps a baby to thrive.
A woman with COVID-19 should
be supported to breastfeed safely, hold
her newborn skin-to-skin, and share a
room with her baby.
93. 96
Women with COVID-19
can breastfeed if they wish to
do so. They should:
Practice respiratory
hygiene and wear a mask
Wash hands before and
after touching the baby
Routinely clean and
disinfect surfaces
94. 97
If a woman with COVID-19 is too
unwell to breastfeed, she can be
supported to safely provide her
baby with breastmilk in other ways,
including by:
Expressing milk Relactation Donor human
milk
98. 101
The use of medical masks in the community may create a false sense of security, with
neglect of other essential measures, such as hand hygiene practices and physical distancing,
and may lead to touching the face under the masks and under the eyes, result in
unnecessary costs, and take masks away from those in health care who need them most,
especially when masks are in short supply.
When to use a mask
Further reading: WHO Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 6 April 2020
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331693/WHO-2019-nCov-IPC_Masks-2020.3-
eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
99. 102
When to use a mask
However, many states and union-territories of India have made the wearing of face masks
mandatory for people stepping out of their home.
This has been done due to the increasing no. of asymptomatic infections, and chances of
airborne transmission — in which the disease spreads in the much smaller particles from
exhaled air, known as aerosols (which is still debated)- cannot be ruled out.
104. 107
Myth Facts
The corona virus can be transmitted through
mosquitoes.
The corona virus CANNOT be transmitted through
mosquito bites.
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
105. 108
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Only people with symptoms of COVID-19 can spread the
disease
Even people with the COVID-19 infection but no
symptoms can spread the disease.
106. 109
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Eating garlic and drinking alcohol can prevent COVID 19 Garlic is a healthy food that has other benefits but does not
protect you against the coronavirus.
Eating garlic and drinking alcohol does not prevent COVID 19
107. 110
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
With the summers coming up, the coronavirus will be
killed
COVID-19 Has been detected in all areas, including areas
with hot and humid weather. The best way to protect
yourself against covid-19 is by frequently washing your
hands with soap and water, covering your coughs and
sneezes and avoiding crowded places.
108. 111
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Having a bath with hot water will kill the virus The virus lives inside the body where the
temperature is maintained at 37ºc and is not
affected bya hot water bath that you have.
109. 112
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Getting the pneumonia vaccine will protect
you against the virus
While vaccines for pneumonia will certainly
protect you against other organisms that
cause pneumonia, the vaccine for novel
coronavirus is under development.
110. 113
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Spraying alcohol or disinfectant over
your body can prevent infection
Spraying with alcohol or sanitiser on clothes and
body will not prevent you from getting infection.
Infection spreads when the virus enters the body
through nose or mouth.
Cleaning and wiping hands with alcohol is to
prevent the germ from entering your system
through infected hands when you touch your
mouth or you eat food with infected hands.
111. 114
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Regularly rinsing the nose with saline will
prevent the infection
Rinsing nose with saline has in few cases
helped in containing common cold, but has
no evidence to suggest it is effective against
the novel coronavirus infection
112. 115
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
Coronavirus can be passed through
chicken and meat
There is no such evidence of coronavirus
spreading through meat and poultry
products.
However it is always advised to have
properly cooked meat and chicken.
113. 116
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
A person with coronavirus can recover
fully and be no more infectious.
80% of the people have recovered from
the disease without needing special
treatment. But information on the virus
treatment is still being researched
114. 117
Myths vs. reality for COVID-19
Myth Facts
The virus can die easily once it is out of the
body
We do not know about this particular virus
as of now. similar viruses (SARS, MERS)
survive from 8 to 24 hours depending on
types of surfaces
115. 118
For further information : Call at Ministry of Health, Govt. of
India’s 24X7 control room number +91-11-2397 8046